Rose Cousins

A rose is either a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus ''Rosa'' (), in the family Rosaceae (), or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.

Etymology

The name ''rose'' comes from Latin ''rosa'', which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan, from Greek ῥόδον ''rhódon'' (Aeolic βρόδον ''wródon''), itself borrowed from Old Persian ''wrd-'' (''wurdi''), related to Avestan ''varəδa'', Sogdian ''ward'', Parthian ''wâr''.

Botany

The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from Southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.

The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of ''Rosa sericea'', which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some ''Rosa sericea'', four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes. Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.

The aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. ''Rosa pimpinellifolia'') have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the dog rose (''Rosa canina'') and rugosa rose (''Rosa rugosa''), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.

The sharp growths along a rose stem, though commonly called "thorns", are technically prickles, outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem), unlike true thorns, which are modified stems. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as ''Rosa rugosa'' and ''Rosa pimpinellifolia'' have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.

Evolution

The oldest remains of roses are from the Late Eocene Florissant Formation of Colorado. Roses were present in Europe by the early Oligocene.

Today's garden roses come from 18th-century China. Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.

Species

The genus ''Rosa'' is composed of 140–180 species and divided into four subgenera:

* ''Hulthemia'' (formerly ''Simplicifoliae'', meaning "with single leaves") containing two species from southwest Asia, ''Rosa persica'' and '' Rosa berberifolia'', which are the only roses without compound leaves or stipules.
* ''Hesperrhodos'' (from the Greek for "western rose") contains '' Rosa minutifolia'' and ''Rosa stellata'', from North America.
* ''Platyrhodon'' (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, ''Rosa roxburghii'' (also known as the chestnut rose).
* ''Rosa'' (the type subgenus, sometimes incorrectly called ''Eurosa'') containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
** ''Banksianae'' – white and yellow flowered roses from China.
** ''Bracteatae'' – three species, two from China and one from India.
** ''Caninae'' – pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and North Africa.
** ''Carolinae'' – white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.
** ''Chinensis'' – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-colour roses from China and Burma.
** ''Gallicanae'' – pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.
** ''Gymnocarpae'' – one species in western North America (''Rosa gymnocarpa''), others in east Asia.
** ''Laevigatae'' – a single white flowered species from China.
** ''Pimpinellifoliae'' – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
** ''Rosa'' (syn. sect. ''Cinnamomeae'') – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.
** ''Synstylae'' – white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.

Uses

Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization.

Ornamental plants

The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as ''Rosa glauca'' and ''Rosa rubiginosa''), ornamental thorns (such as ''Rosa sericea'') or for their showy fruit (such as ''Rosa moyesii'').

Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia, and China. It is estimated that 30 to 35 thousand rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are double-flowered with many or all of the stamens having morphed into additional petals.

In the early 19th century the Empress Josephine of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at Malmaison. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.

Cut flowers

Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.

In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in greenhouse