Renaissance Latin

Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Literary Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries, particularly by the Renaissance humanism movement. This style of Latin is regarded as the first phase of the standardised and grammatically "Classical" Neo-Latin which continued through the 16th–19th centuries, and was used as the language of choice for authors discussing subjects considered sufficiently important to merit an international (i.e., pan-European) audience.

Ad fontes

'' Ad fontes'' ("to the sources") was the general cry of the Renaissance humanists, and as such their Latin style sought to purge Latin of the medieval Latin vocabulary and stylistic accretions that it had acquired in the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire. They looked to golden age Latin literature, and especially to Cicero in prose and Virgil in poetry, as the arbiters of Latin style. They abandoned the use of the sequence and other accentual forms of metre, and sought instead to revive the Greek formats that were used in Latin poetry during the Roman period. The humanists condemned much of the large body of medieval Latin literature as " Gothic"—for them, a term of abuse—and believed instead that ancient Latin from the Roman period had to form the basis for judging what was a grammatical and accurate style of Latin.

Some 16th-century Ciceronian humanists also sought to purge written Latin of medieval developments in its orthography. They insisted, for example, that ''ae'' be written out in full wherever it occurred in classical Latin; medieval scribes often wrote ''e'' instead of ''ae''. They were much more zealous than medieval Latin writers that ''t'' and ''c'' be distinguished; because the effects of palatalization made them homophones, medieval scribes often wrote, for example, ''eciam'' for ''etiam''. Their reforms even affected handwriting; Humanists usually wrote Latin in a humanist minuscule script derived from Carolingian minuscule, the ultimate ancestor of most contemporary lower-case typefaces, avoiding the black-letter scripts used in the Middle Ages. This sort of writing was particularly vigilant in edited works, so that international colleagues could read them more easily, while in their own handwritten documents the Latin is usually written as it is pronounced in the vernacular. Therefore, the first generations of humanists did not dedicate much care to the orthography till the late sixteenth and seventeenth century. Erasmus proposed that the then-traditional pronunciations of Latin be abolished in favour of his reconstructed version of classical Latin pronunciation, even though one can deduce from his works that he himself used the ecclesiastical pronunciation.

The humanist plan to remake Latin was largely successful, at least in education. Schools taught the humanistic spellings, and encouraged the study of the texts selected by the humanists, to the large exclusion of later Latin literature. On the other hand, while humanist Latin was an elegant literary language, it became much harder to write books about law, medicine, science or contemporary politics in Latin while achieving the higher standards of grammatical accuracy and stylistical fluency. Scholar Jürgen Leonhardt noted how these high standards changed speakers' relationship with the language: "Whereas during the Middle Ages, Latin had an instrumental function in human communications and in peoples' understanding of the world, for the humanists, the act of mastering the language became a measure of human self-perfection. In the end, the most important difference between medieval and humanist Latin may well have been the time and effort to learn it."

Renaissance Latin works and authors

14th century

* 1359. '' Epistolæ familiares'' by Petrarch (1304–1374)
* 1360. '' Genealogia deorum gentilium'' by Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375)

15th century

* 1409. '' Flos Duellatorum'' by Fiore dei Liberi
* 1425. ''Hermaphroditus'' by Antonio Beccadelli (1394–1471)
* 1441. ''De elegantiis Latinæ linguæ'' by Lorenzo Valla (1406–1457)
* 1442. ''Historia Florentini populi'' by Leonardo Bruni (c. 1370–1444)
* 1444. ''Historia de duobus amantibus'' by Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II (1405–1464)
* 1452. '' De re ædificatoria'' by Leone Battista Alberti (1404–1472)
* 1471. ''Contra amores'' by Bartolomeo Platina (1421–1481)
* 1479. ''De inventione dialectica'' by Rodolphus Agricola (1444–1485)
* 1481. ''Introductiones Latinæ'' by Antonio de Nebrija (1441–1522)
* 1486. ''De hominis dignitate'' by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494)
* 1491. ''Nutricia'' by Poliziano (1454–1494)
* ''Theologia Platonica de immortalitate animæ'' by Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499)
* Francesco Filelfo (1398–1481)

16th-century

* 1517. Marko Marulić (1450-1524) '' Davidiad'', '' Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae''

References

Further reading

*Cranz, F. Edward, Virginia Brown, and Paul Oslar Kristeller, eds. 1960–2003. ''Catalogus translationum et commentariorum: Medieval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries; Annotated Lists and Guides.'' 8 vols. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press.
*D’Amico, John F. 1984. “The Progress of Renaissance Latin Prose: The Case of Apuleianism.” ''Renaissance Quarterly'' 37: 351–92.
*Deitz, Luc. 2005. "The Tools of the Trade: A Few Remarks on Editing Renaissance Latin Texts." ''Humanistica Lovaniensia'' 54: 345-58.
*Hardie, Philip. 2013. “Shepherds’ Songs: Generic Variation in Renaissance Latin Epic.” In ''Generic Interfaces in Latin Literature: Encounters, Interactions and Transformations.'' Edited by Theodore D. Paphanghelis, Stephen J. Harrison, and Stavros Frangoulidis, 193–204. Berlin: De Gruyter.
*Houghton, L. B. T. 2013. “Renaissance Latin Love Elegy.” In ''The Cambridge Companion to Latin Love Elegy.'' Edited by Thea S. Thorsen, 290–305. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
*Lohr, C. H. 1974. “Renaissance Latin Aristotle Commentaries: Authors A–B.” ''Studies in the Renaissance'' 21: 228–89.
*McFarlane, I. D., ed. and trans. 1980. ''Renaissance Latin Poetry.'' Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
*Parker, Holt. 2012. “Renaissance Latin Elegy.” In ''A Companion to Roman Love Elegy.'' Edited by Barbara K. Gold, 476–90. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Perosa, Alessandro, and John Sparrow, eds. 1979. ''Renaissance Latin Verse: An Anthology.'' London: Duckworth.

History of Latin

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* Churchill, Laurie J., Phyllis R. Brown, and Jane E. Jeffrey, eds. 2002. ''Women Writing in Latin: From Roman Antiquity to Early Modern Europe''. Vol. 3, Early Modern Women Writing Latin. New York: Routledge.
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Neo-Latin overviews

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* IJsewijn, Jozef with Dirk Sacré. ''Companion to Neo-Latin Studies''. Two vols. Leuven University Press, 1990–1998.
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* Ford, Philip, Jan Bloemendal, and Charles Fantazzi, eds. 2014. ''Brill's Encyclopaedia of the Neo-Latin World''. Two vols. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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See also

* Neo-Latin studies
* List of Neo-Latin authors

External links

An Analytic Bibliography of On-line Neo-Latin Titles
(also Renaissance Latin).

Neo-Latin Humanist Texts
at DigitalBookIndex.
* René Hoven, ''Lexique de la prose latine de la Renaissance. Dictionary of Renaissance Latin from prose sources'', with the collaboration o
Laurent Grailet
Leiden, Brill, 2006 (2nd edition), 683 p.

The Centre for Neo-Latin Studies
focusing on Irish Renaissance Latin.

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