(, meaning "co-humanity" or "humaneness") is the highest

Confucian Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China, and is variously described as a tradition, philosophy, religion, theory of government, or way of life. Founded by Confucius ...

virtue meaning the good quality of a virtuous human when reaching for higher ideals or when being

altruistic Altruism is the concern for the well-being of others, independently of personal benefit or reciprocity. The word ''altruism'' was popularised (and possibly coined) by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as , for an antonym of egoi ...

. According to

Confucius Confucius (; pinyin: ; ; ), born Kong Qiu (), was a Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the Sinosphere originates in the phil ...

, ''Ren'' does not have a singular definition; it encompasses benevolence, trustworthiness, courage, compassion, empathy, and reciprocity. It is expressed through interpersonal relationships and can be cultivated through the observance of proper ritual (''li''). ''Ren'' is also a central principle in Confucian political theory: a ruler with the Mandate of Heaven is one of great virtue, who leads by moral example and prioritizes the well-being of the people.

Etymology

The single

logogram In a written language, a logogram (from Ancient Greek 'word', and 'that which is drawn or written'), also logograph or lexigraph, is a written character that represents a semantic component of a language, such as a word or morpheme. Chine ...

for is a composite of two distinct common

hanzi Chinese characters are logographs used to write the Chinese languages and others from regions historically influenced by Chinese culture. Of the four independently invented writing systems accepted by scholars, they represent the only one ...

, (people or a person) and (two), with assuming its common form inside another character, to which various interpretations have been assigned. Internally can mean "to look up" meaning "to aspire to higher principles or ideals" and, externally one often hears that means "how two people should treat one another". While such folk etymologies are common in discussions of Chinese characters, they are often misleading. In the case of —usually translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness"—humaneness is human-ness, the essence of being human. For Confucius, the interaction of a completely dependent infant and caring parent is the most emotionally charged human interaction, "To love a thing means wanting it to live...". The Way of humaneness is human interaction and, through shared experience, knowing one's family. "Fan Chi asked about humaneness. The Master said it is loving people. Fan Chi asked about wisdom. The Master said it is knowing people." In other words, human love and interaction is the source of humaneness, the source of the human self. Another common interpretation of the graphical elements is Man or a man is the connection or the harmonization of

Heaven Heaven, or the Heavens, is a common Religious cosmology, religious cosmological or supernatural place where beings such as deity, deities, angels, souls, saints, or Veneration of the dead, venerated ancestors are said to originate, be throne, ...

and

Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to Planetary habitability, harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all ...

. Pre-imperial epigraphic sources testify to alternative writings of the same character: (given as a variant of in the Shuowen dictionary), with below , and the latter compound with on the right.

Nature of

has been translated as "benevolence", "perfect virtue", "goodness", or "human-heartedness". When asked, Confucius once defined it by the ordinary Chinese word for love, , saying that it meant to "love others". However, when probed by disciples as to the true definition of ''Ren,'' the Master provided varied answers depending on the circumstances and his audience. It can be "to love others", "to be respectful, tolerant, trustworthy, and kind", to have "courage" and "to be free from worry", and more importantly, to show empathy when dealing with others. In Confucius's words: "wishing to be established himself, seeks also to establish others; wishing to be enlarged himself, he seeks also to enlarge others." Ren is the highest among all Confucian virtues. includes traits that are a part of being righteous, such as: (), meaning to make one's words complement one's actions; (), which means to properly perform everyday rituals; (), meaning conviction and seriousness; and (), which means righteousness. When all these qualities are present, then one can truly be identified as a (), or "superior man"—a morally superior human being. relies heavily on the relationships between two people, but at the same time encompasses much more than that. It represents an inner development towards an altruistic goal, while simultaneously realizing that one is never alone, and that everyone has these relationships to fall back on, being a member of a family, the state, the world, and ultimately the Tao. As such, ''Ren'' is manifested in one's behaviors and treatment of others, and can be achieved by practicing proper ritual in the day to day human interactions. Confucius once said, "Is goodness out of reach? As soon as I long for goodness, goodness is at hand." is close to man and never leaves him. is the basis of Confucian political theory. Confucians held that government should be led by a ''junzi''—a person of virtue—who governs by moral example and prioritizes the welfare of the people above all else. According to the Confucian classics, the

Mandate of Heaven The Mandate of Heaven ( zh, t=天命, p=Tiānmìng, w=, l=Heaven's command) is a Chinese ideology#Political ideologies, political ideology that was used in History of China#Ancient China, Ancient China and Chinese Empire, Imperial China to legit ...

is neither fated nor absolute; it responds to the wishes and interests of the people, with moral character being a primary determinant of an emperor’s right to rule. While virtuous and benevolent rulers can maintain the Mandate, wicked rulers would be abandoned by Heaven and lose the Mandate.

Principles of , , and

The principle of is related to the concepts of and . is often translated as ritual, rites, or ritual propriety; as righteousness. ''Li'', or ritual, guides people's behaviors in nurturing and expressing ''Ren. Li'' regulates the fundamental human relationships between parents and kids, spouses, siblings, friends, and set the foundation to a harmonious society.

Yan Hui Yan Hui (–481 BC) was a Chinese philosopher. He was the favorite disciple of Confucius and one of the most revered figures of Confucianism. He is venerated in Confucian temples as one of the Four Sages. Names Yan Hui is also known by his c ...

, one of the

Four Sages The Four Sages, Assessors,James Legge, Legge, James. The Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, & the Doctrine of the Mean'. 1893. or Correlates (), are four eminent figures in the Chinese philosophy, Chinese philosopher and Confucianism traditio ...

, once asked his master to describe the criteria of . Confucius replied, "If contrary to ritual, do not look; if contrary to ritual, do not listen; if contrary to ritual, do not speak; if contrary to ritual, do not act."

Analects The ''Analects'', also known as the ''Sayings of Confucius'', is an ancient Chinese philosophical text composed of sayings and ideas attributed to Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been compiled by his followers. ...

XII.1 Further, Confucius holds that ritual practice must be accompanied by sincerity so that one's "inner feelings and outer demeanors become one". is the outward expression of Confucian ideals, while ''ren'' is both the inward and outward expressions of those same ideals. According to Hopfe and Woodward: "Basically, seems to mean 'the course of life as it is intended to go'. also has religious and social connotations. When a society lives by , it moves smoothly: men and women respect their elders and superiors; the proper rituals and ceremonies are performed; everything and everyone is in its proper place." In Confucianism, the concept of ''yi'' is closely related to ''ren'', which is based upon the idea of reciprocity. The term ''yi'' contrasts with action done out of self-interest or profitableness (). While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one's life was based upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good. Thus an outcome of ''yì'' is doing the right thing for its own sake, without regarding the material gains.

Etymology

Nature of

Principles of , , and

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Further reading