regent In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been dete ...

is a person selected to act as

head of state A head of state is the public persona of a sovereign state.#Foakes, Foakes, pp. 110–11 "

he head of state He or HE may refer to: Language * He (letter), the fifth letter of the Semitic abjads * He (pronoun), a pronoun in Modern English * He (kana), one of the Japanese kana (へ in hiragana and ヘ in katakana) * Ge (Cyrillic), a Cyrillic letter cal ...

being an embodiment of the State itself or representative of its international persona." The name given to the office of head of sta ...

(ruling or not) because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated. The following is a list of regents throughout history.

Regents in extant monarchies

Those who held a regency briefly, for example during surgery, are not necessarily listed, particularly if they performed no official acts; this list is also not complete, presumably not even for all monarchies included. The list includes some figures who acted as regent, even if they did not themselves hold the title of regent.

Asia

Cambodia

* Prince Sisowath Monireth, Chairman of the Regency Council of Cambodia in 1960 *

Chea Sim Chea Sim (; 15 November 19328 June 2015) was a Cambodian politician. He was President of the Cambodian People's Party from 1991 to 2015, President of the National Assembly of Cambodia from 1981 to 1998 (Vice President from June to October 19 ...

, Acting Head of State of Cambodia from 1993 to 1994, and again from 1994 to 1995, and twice in 2004 *

Nhek Bun Chhay Nhek Bun Chhay (; born 1956) is a Cambodian politician and leader of the Khmer National United Party. Prior to his career in the military, he began as a rebel and supported the royalist forces of Funcinpec until he rose to the rank of general. ...

, Acting Head of State of Cambodia in 2004

Japan

* Regent Empress Dowager

Jingū Jingu may refer to: People *Empress Jingū (c. AD 169–269) *Toshio Jingu (born 1948), a Japanese fencer Other uses *Jingu Stadium, Tokyo, Japan *Jingū, a name for Shinto shrines connected to the Imperial House of Japan *Busanjin District, Sou ...

for her son, the future

Emperor Ōjin , also known as (alternatively spelled ) or , was the 15th (possibly legendary) Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Both the ''Kojiki'', and the ''Nihon Shoki'' (collectively known as the ''Kiki'') record events t ...

Prince Regent A prince regent or princess regent is a prince or princess who, due to their position in the line of succession, rules a monarchy as regent in the stead of a monarch, e.g., as a result of the sovereign's incapacity (minority or illness) or ab ...

Shōtoku for his aunt,

Empress Suiko (554 – 15 April 628) was the 33rd monarch of Japan,Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō''): She introduced Buddhism in Japan and built many Buddhist temples, but she held the balance between Buddhism and Shintoism. Under her rule, Japan ...

Fujiwara Regents The was a powerful family of imperial regents in Japan, descending from the Nakatomi clan and, as legend held, through them their ancestral god Ame-no-Koyane. The Fujiwara prospered since ancient times and dominated the imperial court until the ...

as Sesshō or Kampaku *

Hirohito , Posthumous name, posthumously honored as , was the 124th emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, from 25 December 1926 until Death and state funeral of Hirohito, his death in 1989. He remains Japan's longest-reigni ...

for his father,

Emperor Taishō , posthumously honored as , was the 123rd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 1912 until his death in 1926. His reign, known as the Taishō era, was characterized by a liberal and democratic shift in ...

, from 1921 to 1926. *

Saionji Neishi Saionji (Fujiwara) Neishi / Yasuko (西園寺（藤原）寧子) later Kōgimon'in (広義門院; 1292–1357) was a Japanese Court lady. She was the only female ' (治天の君). She was Saionji Sanekane's daughter, and the consort of Emperor Go ...

, the only female ' (治天の君)

Jordan

Prince Naif bin Al-Abdullah Prince Nayef bin Abdullah (, ''al-Amir Nayif ibn ʿAbd Allāh''; 14 November 1914 – 12 October 1983) was the younger son of King Abdullah I of Jordan, by his second wife, Suzdil Khanum. As a member of the Hashemite dynasty, the royal family of ...

from 20 July to 5 September 1951, due to the schizophrenia of his brother King Talal, who was in a Swiss mental hospital. * A regency council (

Ibrahim Hashem Ibrahim Hashem (; 1886 – 14 July 1958) was a Jordanian politician and judge, known primarily for serving five terms as Prime Minister of Jordan. Part of a Jordanian delegation that visited Iraq when both countries were part of the Arab Fed ...

, Suleiman Toukan, Abdul Rahman Rusheidat and chairing Queen Mother

Zein al-Sharaf Talal Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil (; 2 August 1916 – 26 April 1994) was Queen of Jordan as the wife of King Talal. She was the mother of King Hussein. Family She was born in Alexandria, Egypt, into a family of Hejazi and Turkish Cypriot origin. Her m ...

) took over during the king's ailment and continued after the king's forced abdication (on 11 August 1952), serving from 4 June 1952 to 2 May 1953, until

King Hussein Hussein bin Talal (14 November 1935 – 7 February 1999) was King of Jordan from 1952 until his death in 1999. As a member of the Hashemite dynasty, the royal family of Jordan since 1921, Hussein was traditionally considered a 40th-generati ...

came of age. * Crown Prince Hassan, from 4 July 1998 to 19 January 1999 while his brother

was undergoing cancer treatments.

Malaysia and its constitutive monarchies

= Terengganu

= *

Tengku Muhammad Ismail Tengku Muhammad Ismail ibni Al-Wathiqu Billah Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin ( Jawi: تڠكو محمد إسماعيل ابن الواثق بالله سلطان ميزان زين العابدين; born 1 March 1998) is a member of the Terengganu roy ...

(eight-years of age at the time), co-reigned with the three-member Regency Advisory Council (''Majlis Penasihat Pemangku Raja'') from 2006 to 2011. His father,

Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Al-Wathiqu Billah Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah (; born 22 January 1962) is the Sultan of Terengganu, reigning since 1998. He previously reigned as the King of Malaysia, from 2006 to 2011 ...

the Sultan of

Terengganu Terengganu (; Terengganu Malay: ''Tranung'', formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu) is a sultanate and States and federal territories of Malaysia, federal state of Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, ''Dāru l-Iman (c ...

was elected as 13th

King of Malaysia The King of Malaysia, officially ''Yang di-Pertuan Agong'' ( Jawi alphabet, Jawi: ), is the constitutional monarch and Figurehead, ceremonial head of state of Malaysia. The office was established in 1957, when the Federation of Malaya gained ...

. The Malaysian constitution does not allow a simultaneous reign as both the King of Malaysia and as monarch of the King's native state (deemed absent on the State throne). Sultan Mizan was crowned as King on 13 December 2006 and the prince as the Regent (''Pemangku Raja'') of Terengganu effective on the same date.

Oman

* for the minor Sa`id (II) ibn Sultan (b. 1790 – succeeded 20 November 1804 – d. 19 Oct 1856) : 20 November 1804 – 31 July 1806 Badr ibn Sayf (d. 1806) * for

Sultan Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...

Turki ibn Sa`id (b. 1832 – succeeded 30 January 1871 – died 4 Jun 1888) : August – December 1875 Abdul-Aziz ibn Said – (b. 1850 – d. 1907)

Qatar

* H.E. Shaikh

Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani Abdullah bin Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani (), also known as Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani or Sheikh Abdullah bin Qassim Al Thani, was the Emir of Qatar from 1913 to 1949. Oil was discovered in Qatar for the first time during his rule. ...

was proclaimed as regent when his father Sheikh Qasim bin Muhammad Al Thani became incapacitated, 13 May 1913; succeeded on his death, 17 July 1913

Saudi Arabia

* 30 March 1964 – 2 November 1964 Crown Prince Faisal (b. 1906 – d. 1975) –Regent for his brother

King Saud Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (; 15 January 1902 – 23 February 1969) was King of Saudi Arabia from 9 November 1953 until his abdication on 2 November 1964. During his reign, he served as Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia from 1953 to 1954 a ...

, and later his successor * 1 January 1996 – 21 February 1996 formally, but de facto until 1 August 2005 Crown Prince Abdullah (b. 1924 – d. 2015) –Regent for his brother

King Fahd Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (; 1920, 1921 or 1923 – 1 August 2005) was King of Saudi Arabia, King and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia from 13 June 1982 until his death in 2005. Prior to his ascension, he was Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia from 1 ...

, and later his successor

Thailand

Prayurawongse ''Somdet Chao Phraya'' Borom Maha Prayurawongse (; ; 1788 - 26 April 1855) or Dit Bunnag (; ) was a prominent political figure of Siam during the mid-19th century as a regent for King Mongkut kingdom-wide. He became a '' Somdet Chao Phraya'' &m ...

for King

Mongkut Mongkut (18 October 18041 October 1868) was the fourth Monarchy of Thailand, king of Siam from the Chakri dynasty, titled Rama IV. He reigned from 1851 until his death in 1868. The reign of Mongkut was marked by significant modernization ini ...

(1851–1855) *

Sri Suriwongse Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Sri Suriwongse (, , ; also spelled ''Suriyawong'', etc.; 23 December 1808 – 19 January 1883), whose personal name was Chuang Bunnag (; ; ), was a prominent 19th century Thai figure who served as the regent duri ...

for King

Chulalongkorn Chulalongkorn (20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910), posthumously honoured as King Chulalongkorn the Great, was the fifth king of Siam from the Chakri dynasty, titled Rama V. Chulalongkorn's reign from 1868 until his death in 1910 was cha ...

(1868–1873) * Queen

Saovabha Phongsri Saovabha Phongsri (; RTGS: Saowapha PhongsiPronunciation) was an agnatic half-sister, royal wife and queen consort of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) of Thailand, and mother of both King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) and King Prajadhipok (Rama VII). As in ...

for King

(1897) * Crown Prince Maha

Vajiravudh Vajiravudh (1 January 188126 November 1925) was the sixth Monarchy of Thailand, king of Siam from the Chakri dynasty, titled Rama VI. He reigned from 1910 until his death in 1925. King Vajiravudh is best known for his efforts to create and pro ...

for King

(1907) * Prince Prajadhipok Sakdidej for King

(1925) * Prince

Paribatra Sukhumbandhu Marshal-Admiral Paribatra Sukhumbandhu, Prince of Nakhon Sawan (; Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าบริพัตรสุขุมพันธุ์ กรมพระนค ...

for King

Prajadhipok Prajadhipok (8 November 1893 – 30 May 1941) was the seventh king of Siam from the Chakri dynasty, titled Rama VII. His reign was a turbulent time for Siam due to political and social changes during the 1932 Siamese revolution. He i ...

(1932) * Prince

Narisara Nuwattiwong Prince Chitcharoen, the Prince Narisara Nuwattiwong ( ; 28 April 1863 – 10 March 1947), Prince Naris (นริศ) for short, né Chitcharoen (), was a member of the royal family of Siam (now Thailand), minister, general and scholar. A polymat ...

for King

(1934–1935) * Prince Oscar Anuvatana (d. 1935), Prince

Aditya Dibabha Prince Aditya Dibabha (; ; ; 27 July 1900 – 19 May 1946) was a member of the Thai Royal Family and a Siamese political figure. He served as Chairman of the Regent of Thailand, Regency Council between the years 1935 and 1944, as King Ananda Mahi ...

(1935–1944), Pan Sukhum (1935–1938), General Um Indrayodhin (1935–1942) and

Pridi Banomyong Pridi Banomyong (, , ; 11 May 1900 – 2 May 1983), also known by his noble title Luang Praditmanutham (), was a Thai lawyer, professor, activist, politician, and senior statesman. He served in multiple ministerial posts, as regent, and as pri ...

(1941–1945) for King

Ananda Mahidol Ananda Mahidol (20 September 19259 June 1946) was the eighth Monarchy of Thailand, king of Siam (later Thailand) from the Chakri dynasty, titled Rama VIII. At the time he was recognised as king by the National Assembly of Thailand, National ...

Prem Tinsulanonda Prem Tinsulanonda (, , ; 26 August 1920 – 26 May 2019) was a Thai military officer, politician, and statesman who served as the Prime Minister of Thailand from 1980 to 1988. During Prem’s tenure as prime minister, he was credited with end ...

, regent from 13 October to 1 December 2016 while King

Vajiralongkorn Vajiralongkorn (born 28 July 1952) is King of Thailand. He is the tenth Thai monarch of the Chakri dynasty since ascending the throne in 2016 with the regnal name Rama X. The only son of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) and Queen Sirik ...

was in Germany mourning for his father and predecessor

Africa

Morocco

* The

Wattasid The Wattasid dynasty (, ''al-waṭṭāsīyūn'') was a ruling dynasty of Morocco. Like the Marinid dynasty, its rulers were of Zenata Berber descent. The two families were related, and the Marinids recruited many viziers from the Wattasids. T ...

Vizier

Abu Zakariya Yahya Abu Zakariya Yahya (, Abu Zakariya Yahya I ben Abd al-Wahid (12031249) was the founder and first sultan of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya. He was the grandson of Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati, the leader of the Hintata and second in command ...

was regent during the minority of the

Marinid The Marinid dynasty ( ) was a Berber Muslim dynasty that controlled present-day Morocco from the mid-13th to the 15th century and intermittently controlled other parts of North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia) and of the southern Iberian Peninsula ...

sultan

Abd al-Haqq II Abd al-Haqq II () (Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman Abu Muhammad; 1419 – 14 August 1465) was Marinid Sultan of Morocco from 1420 to 1465. Life Abd al-Haqq II was made sultan in 1420 under the regency of a Wattasid ''vizier'', and later was nomina ...

; the Wattasid Viziers however kept the power beyond the majority of

, until 1459 when most members of their family were killed by the sultan, allowing him to return to power.

Lesotho

* Queen Mamohato was regent for the exiled King Moshoeshoe II in 1970 and again in 1990, and after his death in 1996.

Swaziland

* Tibati Nkambule of Swaziland was regent following the death of

Mbandzeni Mbandzeni (also known as Dlamini IV, Umbandine, Umbandeen) (c. 1855–1889) was the King of Swaziland (now Eswatini) from 1872 until 1889. Ingwenyama Mbandzeni was the son of Mswati II and Nandzi Nkambule. His mother the wife of King Mswati ha ...

, until the majority of his son

Ngwane V Ngwane V (also known as Mahlokohla, Bhunu, Hhili) (11 May 1876 – 10 December 1899) was the King of Swaziland from 1895 until his death on 10 December 1899. Ngwane was born the son of Mbandzeni and his mother was Labotsibeni Mdluli. He ascend ...

(1889 to 1894) *

Labotsibeni Mdluli Labotsibeni Mdluli (c. 1859 – 15 December 1925), also known as Gwamile, was the queen mother and queen regent of Swaziland and the wife of King Mbandzeni. Early life She was born at Luhlekweni in northern Swaziland around 1859, the daughter ...

was regent following the death of her son

, until the majority of his son

King Sobhuza II Sobhuza II (; also known as Nkhotfotjeni, Mona; 22 July 1899 – 21 August 1982) was ''Ngwenyama'' (King) of Swaziland (now Eswatini) for 82 years and 254 days, the longest verifiable reign of any monarch in recorded history. Sobhuza was bo ...

(1899 to 1921) * Queen Dzeliwe was regent after the death of her husband

from 1982 to 1983 *

Prince Sozisa Dlamini Prince Sozisa Dlamini of Swaziland (c. 1912 – 1992) was Chief of Gundvwini. He became the Authorized Person of Swaziland from 1982 to 1985 after the death of King Sobhuza II, and in 1983 was briefly the acting Regent of the country, after he de ...

was regent in 1983, following the death of

and the regency of Queen Dzeliwe * Queen Ntfombi was regent following the death of her husband

, until the majority of his son

King Mswati III Mswati III (born Makhosetive Dlamini; 19 April 1968) is the ''Ngwenyama'' (King) of Eswatini and head of the Swazi royal family. He heads an absolute monarchy, as he has veto power over all branches of government and is constitutionally immune ...

(1983 to 1986)

Europe

Belgium

* Baron Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier, regent of Belgium until Leopold I's formal accession in 1831 *

Prince Charles, Count of Flanders A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. The ...

prince regent A prince regent or princess regent is a prince or princess who, due to their position in the line of succession, rules a monarchy as regent in the stead of a monarch, e.g., as a result of the sovereign's incapacity (minority or illness) or ab ...

of Belgium during his elder brother Leopold III's exile and suspension of royal duties from 1944 to 1950 * Prince Baudouin, Duke of Brabant,

of Belgium from 1950 to 1951, for his father Leopold III

Denmark

Margaret Sambiria Margaret Sambiria (, ' or '; c. 1230 – December 1282) was Queen of Denmark by marriage to King Christopher I, and regent during the minority of her son, King Eric V from 1259 until 1264. She is the first woman confirmed to have formally rule ...

, Regent for her son

Eric V Eric V Klipping (1249 – 22 November 1286) was King of Denmark from 1259 to 1286. After his father Christopher I died, his mother Margaret Sambiria ruled Denmark in his name until 1266, proving to be a competent regent. Between 1261 and 1262, ...

, 1259–1264. *

Agnes of Brandenburg Agnes of Brandenburg (c. 1257 – 29 September 1304) was the Queen consort of Denmark and Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346), Duchess Regnant of Estonia by marriage to King Eric V of Denmark. As a widow, she served as the regent of Denmark for her s ...

, Regent for her son Eric VI, 1286–1293. *

Gerhard III of Holstein Gerhard III of Holstein-Rendsburg ( – 1 April 1340), sometimes called Gerhard the Great, and in Denmark also known as ''Count Gert'' or ''den kullede greve'' ("the bald count"), was a German prince from the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstei ...

, Regent for

Valdemar III Valdemar III (1314–1364) was King of Denmark from 1326 to 1329, while he was underage; he was also Duke of Schleswig as Valdemar V in 1325–26 and from 1330 to 1364. He was a rival king set up against the unsuccessful Christopher II and was w ...

, 1326–1330. * Margrete Valdemarsdatter, Regent for her son Olaf II, 1376–1387. *

Philippa of England Philippa of England (mid-1394 – 5 January 1430), also known as Philippa of Lancaster, was Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1406 to 1430 by marriage to King Eric of the Kalmar Union. She was the daughter of King Henry IV of England b ...

, Regent on behalf of her husband

Eric of Pomerania Erik of Pomerania ( 1381/1382 – 24 September 1459) ruled over the Kalmar Union from 1396 until 1439. He was initially co-ruler with his great-aunt Margaret I of Denmark, Margaret I until her death in 1412. Erik is known as Erik III as King of ...

, 1423–1425. *

Christopher of Bavaria Christopher of Bavaria (Danish language, Danish and Norwegian language, Norwegian: ''Christoffer''; Swedish language, Swedish: ''Kristofer''; 26 February 1416 – 5/6 January 1448) was King of Denmark (1440–48, as Christopher III), King of Sw ...

, regent of the realm prior to his official election as king, 1439–1440. *

Dorothea of Brandenburg Dorothea of Brandenburg (31 December 1430 – 10 November 1495) was Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under the Kalmar Union as the consort of first Christopher III of Denmark and later Christian I of Denmark. She served as interim regent du ...

During the Danish intermarium, 1448. *

Isabella of Austria Isabella of Austria (''Isabel''; 18 July 1501 – 19 January 1526), also known as Elizabeth, was born an Archduchess of Archduchy of Austria, Austria and Infanta of Castile from the House of Habsburg, and subsequently became List of Danish consor ...

, Regent on behalf of her husband

Christian II A Christian () is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christians form the largest religious community in the world. The words ''Christ'' and ''Ch ...

while he was in

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

, 1520. *

Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (28 August 1667 – 15 March 1721) was List of Danish consorts, Queen of Denmark and List of Norwegian consorts, Norway as the first wife of King Frederick IV of Denmark. In 1708–09, she was regent during her husban ...

, Regent during her husband's, Frederick IV trip to

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

, 1708–1709. *

Johann Friedrich Struensee Count, Lensgreve Johann Friedrich Struensee (5 August 1737 – 28 April 1772) was a German-Danish physician, philosopher and statesman. He became royal physician to the mentally ill King Christian VII of Denmark and a minister in the Danish gov ...

, de facto regent for King Christian VII, 1770–1772. * Hereditary Prince Frederick (along with, effectively, his mother, Queen Juliana Maria) for his half-brother (and her step-son), King Christian VII, 1772–1784. * Crown Prince Frederick for his father, King Christian VII, 1784–1808. *

Marie of Hesse-Kassel Marie Sophie Frederikke of Hesse-Kassel (28 October 1767 – 21/22 March 1852) was Queen of Denmark and Norway by marriage to Frederick VI. She served as regent of Denmark during the absence of her spouse in 1814–1815. Biography Early lif ...

, Regent for her spouse Frederick VI during his visit to

Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...

, 1814–1815. *

Crown Prince Frederik Frederik X (Frederik André Henrik Christian, ; born 26 May 1968) is King of Denmark. He acceded to the throne following his mother's abdication in 2024. Frederik is the eldest son of Margrethe II and Prince Henrik. He was born during the ...

for his father,

King Christian X Christian X (; 26 September 1870 – 20 April 1947) was King of Denmark from 1912 until his death in 1947, and the only King of Iceland as Kristján X, holding the title as a result of the personal union between Denmark and independent Ice ...

, 1942–1943. *

for his mother,

Queen Margrethe II Margrethe II (; Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid, born 16 April 1940) is a member of the Danish royal family who reigned as Queen of Denmark from 14 January 1972 until her abdication on 14 January 2024. Having reigned for exactly 5 ...

from 21–25 February 2023. *

Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark, Count of Monpezat (Christian Valdemar Henri John; born 15 October 2005), is the heir apparent to the Danish throne. He is the eldest child of King Frederik X and Queen Mary. He was born during the reign of ...

for his father

Frederik X Frederik X (Frederik André Henrik Christian, ; born 26 May 1968) is King of Denmark. He acceded to the throne following Abdication of Margrethe II, his mother's abdication in 2024. Frederik is the eldest son of Margrethe II and Prince Henri ...

, during the latter's trip to

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...

from 31 January to 2 February 2024.

Liechtenstein

* Prince Franz Joseph was regent for four months for his grand-uncle Sovereign Prince Franz I. * Hereditary Prince Hans-Adam was regent for his father Sovereign Prince Franz Joseph II from 1984 until the latter's death in 1989. * Hereditary Prince Alois has been regent for his father Sovereign Prince Hans-Adam II since 15 August 2004.

Luxembourg

* Duke Adolph of Nassau was regent from 8 April 1889 to 3 May 1889 and from 4 November 1890 to 23 November 1890, during the terminal illness of Grand Duke William III. * Dowager Grand Duchess Marie Anne was regent to her husband, Grand Duke William IV, during his terminal illness from 19 November 1908 to 25 February 1912, and then regent to her daughter,

Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde Grand may refer to: People with the name * Grand (surname) * Grand L. Bush (born 1955), American actor Places * Grand, Oklahoma, USA * Grand, Vosges, village and commune in France with Gallo-Roman amphitheatre * Grand County (disambiguation), s ...

, during her minority from 25 February 1912 to 18 June 1912. * Hereditary Grand Duke Jean was regent for his mother,

Grand Duchess Charlotte Charlotte (''Charlotte Adelgonde Elisabeth Marie Wilhelmine''; 23 January 1896 – 9 July 1985) was List of monarchs of Luxembourg, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 14 January 1919 until her abdication on 12 November 1964. Her reign is the long ...

, from 4 May 1961 to 12 November 1964. * Hereditary Grand Duke Henri was regent for his father,

Grand Duke Jean Jean (Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano; 5 January 1921 – 23 April 2019) was the Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1964 until his abdication in 2000. He was the first Grand Duke of Luxembourg of French agnati ...

, from 4 March 1998 to 7 October 2000. * Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume has been regent for his father,

Grand Duke Henri Henri (; , ; born 16 April 1955) is Grand Duke of Luxembourg, reigning since 2000. He is the eldest son of Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Grand Duke Jean and Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium, Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium, a ...

, since 8 October 2024.

Monaco

* Hereditary Prince Albert was regent for his father

Prince Rainier III Rainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi; 31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005) was Prince of Monaco from 1949 to Funeral of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, his death in 2005. Rainier ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 year ...

from 31 March 2005 to 6 April 2005, when he succeeded him as

Prince Albert II Albert II (Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre Grimaldi; born 14 March 1958) is Prince of Monaco, reigning since 2005. Born at the Prince's Palace of Monaco, Albert is the second child and only son of Prince Rainier III and Princess Grace. He attend ...

Netherlands

* Dowager Princess Anne, during the minority of her son,

William V, Prince of Orange William V (Willem Batavus; 8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806) was Prince of Orange and the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. He went into exile to London in 1795. He was furthermore ruler of the Principality of Orange-Nassau until his death in ...

, between 1751 and 1759 * Dowager Princess Marie Louise, during the minority of her son,

William IV, Prince of Orange William IV (Willem Karel Hendrik Friso; 1 September 1711 – 22 October 1751) was Prince of Orange from birth and the first hereditary stadtholder of all the United Provinces of the Netherlands from 1747 until his death in 1751. During his who ...

from 1711 to 1730, and the minority of her grandson, William V, jointly with

Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Bevern (25 September 1718, Wolfenbüttel – 12 May 1788, Eisenach) was a field-marshal in the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and the Republic of the Seven Netherlands, Dutch Republic, the elected Duke of Cour ...

from 1759 till her death in 1765. *

, the Captain-General of the Dutch army, during the minority of William V, jointly with Dowager Princess Marie Louise from 1759 until her death in 1765, and with

Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau (''Wilhelmine Carolina''; 16 February 1743 – 6 May 1787) was a Dutch regent. She was the daughter of William IV, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and Anne, Princess Royal. She was regent of the ...

(1765–1766) * Princess Carolina, during the minority of her brother, William V, and jointly with Duke Louis Ernest, between 1765 and 1766. *

Council of State A council of state is a governmental body in a country, or a subdivision of a country, with a function that varies by jurisdiction. It may be the formal name for the cabinet or it may refer to a non-executive advisory body associated with a head ...

, during insanity of the King

William III William III or William the Third may refer to: Kings * William III of Sicily () * William III of England and Ireland or William III of Orange or William II of Scotland (1650–1702) * William III of the Netherlands and Luxembourg (1817–1890) N ...

in 1889 and again in 1890 * Dowager Queen Emma (1890–1898), during the minority of her daughter

Queen Wilhelmina Wilhelmina (; Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 until her abdication in 1948. She reigned for nearly 58 years, making her the longest-reigning monarch in Dutch history, as ...

, between 1890 and 1898 *

Princess Juliana Juliana (; Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina; 30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1948 until her abdication in 1980. Juliana was the only child of Queen Wilhelmina and Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She r ...

during illness of her mother

in 1947 and again in 1948

Norway

* King

Magnus Eriksson Magnus Eriksson (April or May 1316 – 1 December 1374) was King of Sweden from 1319 to 1364, King of Norway as Magnus VII from 1319 to 1355, and ruler of Scania from 1332 to 1360. By adversaries he has been called ''Magnus Smek'' (). Medi ...

(1343–1355) after stepping down from the throne in favor of his son Haakon Magnusson *

, de facto regent for King Christian VII, 1770–1772 * Hereditary Prince Frederick (along with, effectively, his mother, Queen Juliana Maria) for his half-brother (and her step-son), King Christian VII, 1772–1784 * Crown Prince Frederick for his father, King Christian VII, 1784–1808 *

Crown Prince Olav Olav V (, ; born Prince Alexander of Denmark; 2 July 1903 – 17 January 1991) was King of Norway from 1957 until his death in 1991. Olav was born at Sandringham House in England, the only child of Prince Carl of Denmark and Princess Maud of Wa ...

was regent for his father

King Haakon VII Haakon VII (; 3 August 187221 September 1957) was King of Norway from 18 November 1905 until his death in 1957. The future Haakon VII was born in Copenhagen as Prince Carl of Denmark. He was the second son of the Crown Prince and Crown Princess ...

in 1945, awaiting his return at end of the Second World War, and during his illness between 1955 and 1957. * Crown Prince Harald was regent during the illness of his father

King Olav V Olav V (, ; born Prince Alexander of Denmark; 2 July 1903 – 17 January 1991) was King of Norway from 1957 until his death in 1991. Olav was born at Sandringham House in England, the only child of Prince Carl of Denmark and Princess Maud of Wa ...

between 1990 and 1991. *

Crown Prince Haakon Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway (; Haakon Magnus; born 20 July 1973) is the heir apparent to the Norwegian throne. He is the only son of King Harald V and Queen Sonja. Haakon represents the fourth generation of the sitting Norwegian royal fami ...

was regent from 25 November 2003 to 12 April 2004, from 29 March to 7 June 2005 and from 3 March to 22 April 2024 during the illness of his father

King Harald V Harald V (, ; born 21 February 1937) has been King of Norway since 1991. A member of the House of Glücksburg, Harald was the third child and only son of King Olav V of Norway and Princess Märtha of Sweden. He was second in the line of succ ...

Spain

Crown of Castile The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Kingdom of Castile, Castile and Kingd ...

Ferdinand II of Aragon Ferdinand II, also known as Ferdinand I, Ferdinand III, and Ferdinand V (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called Ferdinand the Catholic, was King of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516. As the husband and co-ruler of Queen Isabella I of ...

, twice regent of Castile (1504–1506, 1507–1516) for Queen Juana *

Pope Adrian VI Pope Adrian VI (; ; ; ), born Adriaan Florensz Boeyens (2 March 1459 – 14 September 1523), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 January 1522 until his death on 14 September 1523. The only Dutch people, Du ...

(1520–1522) and

Isabella of Portugal Isabella of Portugal (; 24 October 1503 – 1 May 1539) was the empress consort of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Duke of Burgundy. She was Queen of Spain and Germany, and Lady of the Netherlands fr ...

(1529–1533, 1535–1536, 1538–1539) and

Prince Philip Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, later Philip Mountbatten; 10 June 19219 April 2021), was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. As such, he was the consort of the British monarch from h ...

(1539–1541, 1543–1548, 1551–1554) and Archduke Maximilian (1548–1551) and Maria of Austria (1548–1551) during Charles I's absences. * Joan of Austria, Princess Dowager of Portugal (''Infanta Juana''), regent of Castile (1554–1559) for

King Philip II of Spain King is a royal title given to a male monarch. A king is an Absolute monarchy, absolute monarch if he holds unrestricted Government, governmental power or exercises full sovereignty over a nation. Conversely, he is a Constitutional monarchy, ...

during the king's marriage to Queen

Mary I of England Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 and Queen of Spain as the wife of King Philip II from January 1556 until her death in 1558. She made vigorous ...

. * Fernando de Acevedo as President of the Council of Castile during King Philip III's visit to Portugal in 1619. * García de Medrano, regent of the Kingdom of Navarre in 1645 and regent of the Royal Council of Seville in 1652 for

Philip IV of Spain Philip IV (, ; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the ...

. * Queen

Mariana of Austria Mariana or Maria Anna of Austria (24 December 1634 – 16 May 1696), was Queen of Spain from 1649 until the death of her husband Philip IV of Spain in 1665. Appointed regent for their infant son Charles II, she remained an influential figure un ...

, regent of Spain during the minority of her son Charles II from 1665 to 1675. *

Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero y de Guzmán, (8 January 1635, Palma del Río – 14 September 1709, Toledo, Spain) was a Spanish prelate, who was cardinal archbishop of Toledo. Uncle of Luis Antonio Tomás de Portocarrero y Moscoso, 5 ...

cardinal and archbishop of Toledo during King Charles II's illness in 1700. * Government Board of the Realms during the illness of Charles II and Philip V absence from 1700 to 1701. *

cardinal and archbishop of Toledo during King Philip V's absence from 1701 to 1703. * Queen Regent

Elisabeth Farnese Elisabeth Farnese (Italian: ''Elisabetta Farnese'', Spanish: ''Isabel de Farnesio''; 25 October 169211 July 1766) was Queen of Spain by marriage to King Philip V. She was the '' de facto'' ruler of Spain from 1714 until 1746, since she managed ...

during King Charles III's absence in 1759. *

Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain Infante Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Aniello Raimundo Silvestre of Spain (31 December 1755 – 20 April 1817) was a son of King Charles III of Spain and younger brother of King Charles IV of Spain and King Ferdinand I of t ...

, French invasion (King Ferdinand VII's absence) in 1808. * Lieutenant General

Joachim Murat Joachim Murat ( , also ; ; ; 25 March 1767 – 13 October 1815) was a French Army officer and statesman who served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Under the French Empire he received the military titles of Marshal of the ...

(1808) and

Jean de Dieu Soult Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duke of Dalmatia (; 29 March 1769 – 26 November 1851) was a French general and statesman. He was a Marshal of the Empire during the Napoleonic Wars, and served three times as President of the Council of ...

(1813) during King Joseph's absence. * A Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies from 25 September 1808 to 31 January 1810 and a regency Council (the

Cortes of Cádiz The Cortes of Cádiz was a revival of the traditional ''Cortes Generales, cortes'' (Spanish parliament), which as an institution had not functioned for many years, but it met as a single body, rather than divided into estates as with previous o ...

from 1 February 1810 to 10 May 1814 during the imprisonment/abdication of

Ferdinand VII Ferdinand VII (; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was King of Spain during the early 19th century. He reigned briefly in 1808 and then again from 1813 to his death in 1833. Before 1813 he was known as ''el Deseado'' (the Desired), and af ...

. * Regencies during the Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis Intervention (1823): Provisional Regency Council of the Realm. President:

Cayetano Valdés y Flores Cayetano Valdés y Flores Bazán (28 September 1767 – 6 February 1835) was a Spanish Navy officer and explorer who served in the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, fighting on opposing sides at diffe ...

, Provisional Government Board of Spain and the Indies. President:

Francisco de Eguía Francisco is the Spanish and Portuguese form of the masculine given name ''Franciscus''. Meaning of the name Francisco In Spanish, people with the name Francisco are sometimes nicknamed "Paco". San Francisco de Asís was known as ''Pater Commu ...

, Regency Council of the Realm during King's Captivity. President:

Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo, 13th Duke of the Infantado Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo y Salm-Salm, 13th Duke of the Infantado (20 July 1768 – 27 November 1841) was a Spanish Army officer, politician and nobleman. Life and career He held the following titles: 13th Duke of the Infantado, 9 ...

. * Queen

Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (, ; 27 April 1806 – 22 August 1878) was the queen consort of Spain, Queen of Spain from 1829 to 1833 and Queen regent of the kingdom from 1833, when her daughter became queen at age two, to 1840. By virtue ...

during the minority of her daughter

Isabella II Isabella II (, María Isabel Luisa de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until her deposition in 1868. She is the only queen regnant in the history of unified Spain. Isabella wa ...

from 1833 to 1840. *

Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara Baldomero Fernández-Espartero y Álvarez de Toro (27 February 17938 January 1879) was a Spanish marshal and statesman. He served as the Regent of Spain, Regent of the Realm, three times as Prime Minister of Spain, Prime Minister and briefly ...

during the minority of

from 1840 to 1843. * Francisco Serrano, duke of la Torre, during the interregnum between the reigns of Isabella II and

Amadeo I Amadeo I (; 30 May 184518 January 1890), also known as Amadeus, was an Italian prince who reigned as King of Spain from 1870 to 1873. The only king of Spain to come from the House of Savoy, he was the second son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy an ...

, from 1868 to 1871. *

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (8 February 18288 August 1897) was a Spanish people, Spanish politician and historian known principally for serving six terms as Spanish Prime Minister, prime minister and his overarching role as "architect" of the ...

during King Alfonso XII's absence from 1874 to 1875. *Queen

Maria Christina of Austria Maria Christina Henriette Desideria Felicitas Raineria of Austria (; 21 July 1858 – 6 February 1929) was Queen of Spain as the second wife of Alfonso XII. She was queen regent during the vacancy of the throne between her husband's death in No ...

, regent during her pregnancy after her husband's death and then for her son

Alfonso XIII Alfonso XIII (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena''; French language, French: ''Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon''; 17 May ...

from 26 November 1885 – 17 May 1902. * The

Caudillo A ''caudillo'' ( , ; , from Latin language, Latin , diminutive of ''caput'' "head") is a type of Personalist dictatorship, personalist leader wielding military and political power. There is no precise English translation for the term, though it ...

general

Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (born Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general and dictator who led the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalist forces i ...

, became de facto regent for life in 1947 to 1975, after reinstating the monarchy with a vacant royal throne ultimately filled by

Juan Carlos Juan Carlos I (; Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, born 5 January 1938) is a member of the Spanish royal family who reigned as King of Spain from 22 November 1975 until his abdication on 19 June 2014. In Sp ...

Sweden

* Duchess

Ingeborg Ingeborg is a Germanic feminine given name, mostly used in Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, derived from Old Norse ''Ingiborg, Ingibjǫrg'', combining the theonym ''Ing'' with the element ''borg'' "stronghold, protection". Ingebjørg is the No ...

(1318–1326) regent for her underage son, King

Magnus Magnus, meaning "Great" in Latin, was used as cognomen of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in the first century BC. The best-known use of the name during the Roman Empire is for the fourth-century Western Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus. The name gained wid ...

, in both Sweden and Norway. * Karl Knutsson (Bonde) (1438–1440), during the interregnum following the deposition of the king Eric XIII; later became king as Charles VIII *

Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna Bengt may refer to: People In arts, entertainment and media Actors * Bengt Djurberg (1898–1941), Swedish actor and singer * Bengt Ekerot (1920–1971), Swedish actor and director * Bengt Eklund (1925–1998), Swedish actor * Bengt Logardt (1914 ...

(1448; together with his brother Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna), during the interregnum between the death of

and the election of Karl Knutsson (Bonde) as king. *

Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna Nils is a Scandinavian given name, a chiefly Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Latvian variant of Niels, cognate to Nicholas. People and animals with the given name * Nils Elias Anckers (1858–1921), Swedish naval officer * Nils Beckman (1902–19 ...

(1448; together with his brother Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna), during the interregnum between the death of

and the election of Karl Knutsson (Bonde) as king. *

Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna Jöns Bengtsson (Oxenstierna), in Latin known as Johannes Benedicti de Salista, (1417 – 15 December 1467) was a Swedish clergyman, canon law scholar and statesman who served as Archbishop of Uppsala (1448–1467). He was also the regent of Swe ...

(1457; together with Erik Axelsson Tott), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King Charles VIII, and again (1465–1466), following his second deposition. * Kettil Karlsson Vasa (1464), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King

Christian I Christian I ''(Christiern I)'' (February 1426 – 21 May 1481) was a German noble and Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union. He was king of Denmark (1448–1481), Norway (1450–1481) and Sweden (1457–1464). From 1460 to 1481, he ...

; and again (1465), following the second deposition of Charles VIII *

Erik Axelsson Tott Erik Axelsson (Tott) ( – 1481) was a Dano-Swedish statesman who served as the regent of Sweden under the Kalmar Union, jointly with Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna in 1457 and alone from 1466 to 1467. Biography He was born in Scania during the re ...

(1457; together with Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna) (1466–1467), following the end of Jöns Oxenstierna's second regency. *

Sten Sture the Elder Sten Sture the Elder (; 1440 – 14 December 1503) was a Swedish statesman and regent of Sweden from 1470 to 1497 and again from 1501 to 1503. As the leader of the victorious Swedish separatist forces against the royal unionist forces led by De ...

(1470–1497, 1501–1503) the longest-serving regent during the

Kalmar Union The Kalmar Union was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden as designed by Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Margaret of Denmark. From 1397 to 1523, it joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden (then in ...

* Svante Nilsson (1503–1512), succeeding Sten Sture the Elder. *

Erik Trolle Erik Trolle (or Erik Arvidsson) (c. 1460–1530) was elected regent of Sweden in 1512, during the era of Kalmar Union. He was Justiciar of Närke and a Lord High Councillor of Sweden from 1487. Biography Erik Arvidsson was born around 1460 into ...

1512. *

Sten Sture the Younger Sten Sture the Younger () (1493 – 3 February 1520), was a Swedish nobleman who served as the regent of Sweden, during the era of the Kalmar Union. Biography Sture was born in 1493, as the son of Svante Nilsson (regent of Sweden) and Iliana G ...

(1512–1520), succeeding Svante Sture. *

Gustav Eriksson Vasa Gustav Eriksson Vasa (12 May 1496 – 29 September 1560), also known as Gustav I, was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560. He was previously self-recognised Protector of the Realm ('' Riksföreståndare'') from 1521, during the on ...

was firstly regent (1521–1523) after the final dissolution of Kalmar Union, but soon was proclaimed King. * Duke Charles of Södermanland (1599–1604) after ousting his Catholic nephew King

Sigismund Sigismund (variants: Sigmund, Siegmund) is a German proper name, meaning "protection through victory", from Old High German ''sigu'' "victory" + ''munt'' "hand, protection". Tacitus latinises it ''Segimundus''. There appears to be an older form of ...

, until he himself claimed the throne. *

Axel Oxenstierna Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna (; 1583–1654) was a Swedish statesman and Count of Södermöre. He became a member of the Swedish Privy Council in 1609 and served as Lord High Chancellor of Sweden from 1612 until his death. He was a confidant of ...

(1632–1644), during the minority of Queen Christina. * Dowager Queen

Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp (23 October 1636 – 24 November 1715) was Queen of Sweden from 1654 until 1660 as the wife of King Charles X Gustav. She served as regent during the minority of her son, King Charles XI, from 1660 until 1672, ...

(1660–1672), during the minority of her son King

Charles XI Charles XI or Carl (; ) was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1721). He was the only son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. ...

, again (1697–1699), during the minority of her grandson King

Charles XII Charles XII, sometimes Carl XII () or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 Old Style and New Style dates, O.S.), was King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line of the House of ...

, and finally, ''de facto'', during Charles's absence from Sweden during the early years of the

Great Northern War In the Great Northern War (1700–1721) a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern Europe, Northern, Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the ant ...

(1700–1713). * Princess Ulrika Eleonora, during the frequent absences of her brother, Charles XII, in the later years of the Great Northern War (1713–1718) * Charles, Duke of Södermanland (1792–1796) for his underage nephew

Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden Gustav IV Adolf or Gustav IV Adolph (1 November 1778 – 7 February 1837) was List of Swedish monarchs, King of Sweden from 1792 until he Coup of 1809, was deposed in a coup in 1809. He was also the last Swedish monarch to be the ruler of Fin ...

, and again (1809) after Gustav IV Adolf was deposed and before Charles himself was proclaimed King Charles XIII. * Crown Prince Charles John (1810–1818), for his adoptive father King

Charles XIII Charles XIII or Carl XIII (; 7 October 1748 – 5 February 1818) was King of Sweden from 1809 and King of Norway from 1814 to his death. He was the second son (and younger brother to King Gustav III) of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa ...

, due to Charles XIII's incapacity. * Crown Prince

Charles Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English language, English and French language, French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic, Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''* ...

(1857–1859), for his father King Oscar I, due to Oscar's incapacity.

United Kingdom and its predecessor realms

George, Prince Regent George IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death in 1830. At the time of his accession to the throne, h ...

(1811–1820), during the incapacity of his father,

George III George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain and ...

=
Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain, also known as the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingd ...

= * After the death of Queen Anne in 1714 a regency under Lord Parker, the

Lord Chief Justice The Lord or Lady Chief Justice of England and Wales is the head of the judiciary of England and Wales and the president of the courts of England and Wales. Until 2005 the lord chief justice was the second-most senior judge of the English a ...

, was set up while King George I was sent for to take up the crown. * George, Prince of Wales (1716–17), during the absence of his father, George I. *Queen

Caroline of Ansbach Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline; 1 March 1683 – 20 November 1737) was List of British royal consorts, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and List of Hanoverian royal consorts, Electress of Hanover from 11 J ...

(1729; 1732; 1735; 1736–37), during the absences of her husband, George II.

=
Kingdom of England The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the late 9th century, when it was unified from various Heptarchy, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Kingdom of Scotland, Scotland to f ...

= * Ælfthryth (978–984), during the minority of her son King

Æthelred the Unready Æthelred II (,Different spellings of this king's name most commonly found in modern texts are "Ethelred" and "Æthelred" (or "Aethelred"), the latter being closer to the original Old English form . Compare the modern dialect word . ; ; 966 � ...

. *

Godwin, Earl of Wessex Godwin of Wessex (; died 15 April 1053) was an Anglo-Saxon nobleman who became one of the most powerful earls in England under the Danish king Cnut the Great (King of England from 1016 to 1035) and his successors. Cnut made Godwin the first ...

(c. 1026), ''

baiulus A bailiff is a manager, overseer or custodian – a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given. There are different kinds, and their offices and scope of duties vary. Another official sometimes referred to as a '' ...

'' during the absence of

Cnut Cnut ( ; ; – 12 November 1035), also known as Canute and with the epithet the Great, was King of England from 1016, King of Denmark from 1018, and King of Norway from 1028 until his death in 1035. The three kingdoms united under Cnut's rul ...

Matilda of Scotland Matilda of Scotland (originally christened Edith, 1080 – 1 May 1118), also known as Good Queen Maud, was Queen consort of England and Duchess of Normandy as the first wife of King Henry I. She acted as regent of England on several occasions ...

acted as

of England on several occasions during Henry's absences: in 1104, 1107, 1108, and 1111. *

Eleanor of Aquitaine Eleanor of Aquitaine ( or ; ; , or ; – 1 April 1204) was Duchess of Aquitaine from 1137 to 1204, Queen of France from 1137 to 1152 as the wife of King Louis VII, and Queen of England from 1154 to 1189 as the wife of King Henry II. As ...

(intermittently c. 1152–1163, 1189–1199), during the absences of her husband

Henry II Henry II may refer to: Kings * Saint Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (972–1024), crowned King of Germany in 1002, of Italy in 1004 and Emperor in 1014 *Henry II of England (1133–89), reigned from 1154 *Henry II of Jerusalem and Cyprus (1271–1 ...

, then again for her son

Richard I Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199), known as Richard the Lionheart or Richard Cœur de Lion () because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior, was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ru ...

while he was on the Third Crusade. *

William Longchamp William de Longchamp (died 1197) was a medieval Lord Chancellor, Chief Justiciar, and Bishop of Ely in England. Born to a humble family in Normandy, he owed his advancement to royal favour. Although contemporary writers accused Longchamp's f ...

(intermittently 1189–1197), during the absences of

on the

Third Crusade The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt led by King Philip II of France, King Richard I of England and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187. F ...

, imprisoned in the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium ...

, and in France. *

William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 or 1147 – 14 May 1219), also called William the Marshal (Anglo-Norman language, Norman French: ', French language, French: '), was an Anglo-Normans, Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman during High Med ...

(1216–1219) and then

Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent ( , ; – before 5 May 1243) was an English nobleman who served as Justiciar, Chief Justiciar of England (1215–1232) and Chief governor of Ireland, Justiciar of Ireland (1232) during the reigns of King John, K ...

(1219–1227), during the minority of King Henry III *

Eleanor of Provence Eleanor of Provence ( 1223 – 24/25 June 1291) was a Provence, Provençal noblewoman who became List of English royal consorts, Queen of England as the wife of King Henry III of England, Henry III from 1236 until his death in 1272. She served ...

(1255) during the absence of King Henry III in France *

Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln (c. 1251February 1311), Baron of Pontefract, Lord of Bowland, Baron of Halton and hereditary Constable of Chester, was an Kingdom of England, English nobleman and confidant of King Edward I of England, Edward I. He ...

as Protector of the Realm (1290s) during Edward I's absence during the

First War of Scottish Independence The First War of Scottish Independence was the first of a series of wars between Kingdom of England, England and Kingdom of Scotland, Scotland. It lasted from the English invasion of Scotland (1296), English invasion of Scotland in 1296 until ...

and Regent of the Kingdom (1311) during Edward II's absence * A regency council headed by

Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster Henry, 3rd Earl of Leicester and Lancaster ( – 22 September 1345) was a grandson of King Henry III of England (1216–1272) and was one of the principals behind the deposition of King Edward II (1307–1327), his first cousin. Origins He wa ...

(1327–1330) during the minority of

Edward III Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England from January 1327 until his death in 1377. He is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after t ...

Philippa of Hainault Philippa of Hainault (sometimes spelled Hainaut; Middle French: ''Philippe de Hainaut''; 24 June 1310 (or 1315) – 15 August 1369) was List of English consorts, Queen of England as the wife and political adviser of King Edward III. She acted a ...

acted as

in 1346,Strickland, Agnes. ''Lives of the Queens of England: From the Norman Conquest'' when her husband was away for the

Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years' War (; 1337–1453) was a conflict between the kingdoms of Kingdom of England, England and Kingdom of France, France and a civil war in France during the Late Middle Ages. It emerged from feudal disputes over the Duchy ...

. *

John of Gaunt John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (6 March 1340 – 3 February 1399), was an English royal prince, military leader and statesman. He was the fourth son (third surviving) of King Edward III of England, and the father of King Henry IV. Because ...

was de facto regent for a significant amount of time in the 1370s and 1380s. He assumed control of government after his father Edward III became mentally incapacitated from several strokes and retained substantial power throughout the minority of his nephew

Richard II Richard II (6 January 1367 – ), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. He was the son of Edward, Prince of Wales (later known as the Black Prince), and Joan, Countess of Kent. R ...

. *

John, Duke of Bedford John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford (20 June 1389 – 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general, and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. Bedford was the third son ...

(1422–1435),

Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Humphrey of Lancaster, Duke of Gloucester (3 October 1390 – 23 February 1447) was an English prince, soldier and literary patron. He was (as he styled himself) "son, brother and uncle of kings", being the fourth and youngest son of Henry IV ...

and

Henry Beaufort Henry Beaufort (c. 1375 – 11 April 1447) was an English Catholic prelate and statesman who held the offices of Bishop of Lincoln (1398), Bishop of Winchester (1404) and cardinal (1426). He served three times as Lord Chancellor and played an ...

(1422–1437), during the minority of their nephew, Henry VI *

Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (21 September 1411 – 30 December 1460), also named Richard Plantagenet, was a leading English magnate and claimant to the throne during the Wars of the Roses. He was a member of the ruling House of Plantag ...

(1454–1455; 1455–1456), during the incapacity of his cousin, Henry VI * Richard, Duke of Gloucester (1483), during the minority of his nephew,

Edward V Edward V (2 November 1470 – ) was King of England from 9 April to 25 June 1483. He succeeded his father, Edward IV, upon the latter's death. Edward V was never crowned, and his brief reign was dominated by the influence of his uncle and Lord ...

* Queen

Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine, historical Spanish: , now: ; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was List of English royal consorts, Queen of England as the Wives of Henry VIII, first wife of King Henry VIII from their marr ...

(1513) while

Henry VIII Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is known for his Wives of Henry VIII, six marriages and his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. ...

was in France. In this time she played a large role in the defeat of the Scots at the

Battle of Flodden The Battle of Flodden, Flodden Field, or occasionally Branxton or Brainston Moor was fought on 9 September 1513 during the War of the League of Cambrai between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland and resulted in an English victory ...

, and was Queen Regent for several months. * Queen

Catherine Parr Catherine Parr ( – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and Ireland as the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 12 July 1543 until Henry's death on 28 January 1547. Catherine was the final queen consort o ...

(1544), while

was in France. *

Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, 1st Earl of Hertford, 1st Viscount Beauchamp (150022 January 1552) was an English nobleman and politician who served as Lord Protector of England from 1547 to 1549 during the minority of his nephew King E ...

(1547–1549), during the minority of his nephew,

Edward VI Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and King of Ireland, Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553. He was crowned on 20 February 1547 at the age of nine. The only surviving son of Henry VIII by his thi ...

John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1504Loades 2008 – 22 August 1553) was an English general, admiral, and politician, who led the government of the young King Edward VI from 1550 until 1553, and unsuccessfully tried to install Lady Jane ...

(1550–1553), during the minority of Edward VI * During the month of March 1617,

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban (; 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I. Bacon argued for the importance of nat ...

served as regent of England during the reign of

King James I of England James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until ...

personally led his army into battle each year during the

Nine Years' War The Nine Years' War was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between Kingdom of France, France and the Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), Grand Alliance. Although largely concentrated in Europe, fighting spread to colonial poss ...

(1689–1698). In his absence, the kingdom was administered by his wife and co-ruler

Queen Mary II Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland with her husband, King William III and II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. She was also Princess of Orange following her marriage on 4 November 1677 ...

until her death in 1694, and thereafter by a council of seven Lord Justices (sometimes referred to as the "Lords Regent"):

William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire (25 January 164018 August 1707) was an English Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons of England from 1661 until 1684 when he inherited his father's peerage as Earl of Devonshire and took ...

(1640–1707),

Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset (24 January 164329 January 1706) was an English politician, courtier and poet. Early life Sackville was born on 24 January 1643, son of Richard Sackville, 5th Earl of Dorset (1622–1677). His mother was th ...

(1638–1706),

Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, (15 June 1645 – 15 September 1712) was a British Tory statesman. He was a Privy Councillor and Secretary of State for the Northern Department before he attained real power as First Lord of the T ...

(1645–1712),

Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke ( 165622 January 1733), styled The Honourable Thomas Herbert until 1683, was a British statesman who served as Lord Privy Seal from 1692 to 1699. Background Herbert was the third son of Philip Herbert, 5 ...

(1656–1733),

Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury (15 July 16601 February 1718) was a British Whig statesman who was part of the Immortal Seven group that invited William of Orange to depose King James II of England during the Glorious Revolution. Bo ...

(1660–1718), John Somers, Baron Somers (1651–1716), and

Thomas Tenison Thomas Tenison (29 September 163614 December 1715) was an English church leader, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1694 until his death. During his primacy, he crowned two British monarchs. Life He was born at Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, the son a ...

, Archbishop of Canterbury.

=
Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a Anglo-Sc ...

= * A regency council of six Guardians existed (1286–1290) during the minority of

Margaret, Maid of Norway Margaret (, ; March or April 1283 – September 1290), known as the Maid of Norway, was the queen-designate of Scotland from 1286 until her death. As she was never crowned, her status as monarch is uncertain and has been debated by historia ...

. These were;

William Fraser William Fraser may refer to: Military people *William W. Fraser (1844–1915), American Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient *William Archibald Kenneth Fraser (1886–1969), British army officer *William Fraser (British Army officer) ( ...

Bishop of St Andrews The Bishop of St. Andrews (, ) was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of St Andrews in the Catholic Church and then, from 14 August 1472, as Archbishop of St Andrews (), the Archdiocese of St Andrews. The name St Andrews is not the town or ...

; Donnchadh III, Earl of Fife (followed by

Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife uncan IV(1289–1353) was a Scottish nobleman who was Guardian of Scotland and the last Gaels, native Scottish Mormaer of Fife from 1289 until his death. He was born in late 1289, the same year as his father Donnc ...

);

Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan Alexander Comyn, 2nd Earl of Buchan (died 1289) was a Scoto-Norman magnate who was one of the most important figures in the 13th century Kingdom of Scotland. Life He was the son of William Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, and wife Marjory, Counte ...

;

Robert Wishart Robert Wishart was Bishop of Glasgow during the Wars of Scottish Independence and a leading supporter of Sir William Wallace and King Robert Bruce. For Wishart and many of his fellow churchmen, the freedom of Scotland and the freedom of the S ...

Bishop of Glasgow The Archbishop of Glasgow is an archiepiscopal title that takes its name after the city of Glasgow in Scotland. The position and title were abolished by the Church of Scotland in 1689; and, in the Catholic Church, the title was restored by Pope ...

;

James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland James Stewart (c. 1260 – 16 July 1309) was the 5th Hereditary High Steward of Scotland and a Guardian of Scotland during the First Interregnum (1286–1292). Origins He was the eldest surviving son of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Stewar ...

; and

John Comyn II of Badenoch John Comyn II of Badenoch, Lord of Badenoch (died 1302), nicknamed the Black Comyn, was a Scottish nobleman, a Guardian of Scotland, and one of the six Regents for Margaret, Maid of Norway. His father was John Comyn I of Badenoch. Competito ...

William Wallace Sir William Wallace (, ; Norman French: ; 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence. Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of St ...

(1298), claiming to act as regent on behalf of the deposed King

John John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second E ...

Robert the Bruce Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (), was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329. Robert led Kingdom of Scotland, Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence against Kingdom of Eng ...

Earl of Carrick Earl of Carrick (or Mormaer of Carrick) is the title applied to the ruler of Carrick, Scotland, Carrick (now South Ayrshire), subsequently part of the Peerage of Scotland. The position came to be strongly associated with the Scottish crown when ...

(1298–1300) *

John Comyn III of Badenoch John Comyn III of Badenoch, nicknamed the Red ( 1274 – 10 February 1306), was a leading Scottish baron and magnate who played an important role in the First War of Scottish Independence. He served as Guardian of Scotland after the forced ...

(1298–1301; 1302–1304) *

William Lamberton William de Lamberton, sometimes modernized as William Lamberton, (died 20 May 1328) was Bishop of St Andrews from 1297 (consecrated 1298) until his death. Lamberton is renowned for his influential role during the Scottish Wars of Independence. ...

(1299–1301) * Sir Ingram de Umfraville (1300–1301) * John de Soules (1301–1304) *

Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray (c. 1285 20 July 1332) was a soldier and diplomat in the Wars of Scottish Independence, who later served as regent of Scotland. He was a nephew of Robert the Bruce, who created him as the first earl of M ...

(1329–1332) (during the minority of David II) * Donald, Earl of Mar (1332) (during the minority of David II) * Sir Andrew Murray (1332) (during the minority of David II) * Sir Archibald Douglas (1332–1333) (during the minority of David II) * Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward of Scotland (1334–1335) (during the minority of his half-uncle David II) *

John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray (died 17 October 1346) was an important figure in the reign of David II of Scotland, and was for a time joint Regent of Scotland. Family He was son of the famous Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, a companion-i ...

(1334–1335) (during the minority of David II) * Sir Andrew Murray (1335–1338) (during the minority of David II) * Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward of Scotland (1338–1341; 1346–1357) (during the minority and later captivity of his half-uncle David II)

House of Stewart

John Stewart, Earl of Carrick John Stewart, Earl of Carrick, Lord Kinclaven (died ''c.'' 1645) was a Scottish nobleman, the third son of Robert, Earl of Orkney, a bastard son of King James V. Stewart was soon linked with the widow "Mistress Southwell". In November 1604 he ...

(1384–1388) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert II) * Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Fife (1388–1393) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert II and of his brother, Robert III) *

David Stewart, 1st Duke of Rothesay David Stewart (24 October 1378 - ) was the eldest son of Robert III of Scotland and his wife, Annabella Drummond. The heir apparent to the Scottish throne from 1390 until his death, David held the titles of Prince of Scotland, Duke of Rothesay ...

(1399–1401) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert III) *

Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (c. 1340 – 3 September 1420) was a member of the Scottish royal family who served as regent (at least partially) to three Scottish monarchs ( Robert II, Robert III, and James I). A ruthless politician, Albany ...

(1401–1420) (during the incapacity of his brother Robert III, and then during the minority and captivity of his nephew

James I James I may refer to: People *James I of Aragon (1208–1276) * James I of Sicily or James II of Aragon (1267–1327) * James I, Count of La Marche (1319–1362), Count of Ponthieu * James I, Count of Urgell (1321–1347) *James I of Cyprus (1334� ...

) *

Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany () (1362 – 25 May 1425) was a leading Scottish nobleman, the son of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, and the grandson of King Robert II of Scotland, who founded the Stewart dynasty. In 1389, he became Justiciar o ...

(1420–1424) (during the captivity of his cousin James I) * Queen

Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots Joan Beaufort ( 1404 – 15 July 1445) was Queen of Scots from 1424 to 1437 as the spouse of King James I. During part of the minority of her son James II (from 1437 to 1439), she served as the regent of Scotland, the first dowager Queen of ...

(1437–1439) (during the minority of James II) *

Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas ( 1391 – 26 June 1439) was a Scottish nobleman and general during the Hundred Years' War. Life Douglas was the son of Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas and Margaret Stewart, eldest daughter of ...

(1437–1439) (during the minority of James II) *

William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton (died 1454) was an important political figure in the late medieval Kingdom of Scotland. Life The son of Sir John Crichton of Crichton, William Crichton is first attested to as one of the Scots noblemen an ...

and

Sir Alexander Livingston ''Sir'' is a formal honorific address in English for men, derived from Sire in the High Middle Ages. Both are derived from the old French "" (Lord), brought to England by the French-speaking Normans, and which now exist in French only as part o ...

(1439–1445) (during the minority of James II) *

William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas, 2nd Earl of Avondale (1425 – 22 February 1452) was a late Medieval Scottish nobleman, Lord of Galloway, and Lord of the Regality of Lauderdale, and the most powerful magnate in Southern Scotland. He was ki ...

(1445–1449) (during the minority of James II) * Queen Mary of Gueldres (1460–1463) (during the minority of her son, James III) * James Kennedy and

Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy Gilbert Kennedy of Dunure, 1st Lord Kennedy ( – 27 March 1489) was a Lord of Parliament in late medieval Scotland. He was second son of James Kennedy of Dunure and Princess Mary, daughter of Robert III of Scotland. He served as one of six Reg ...

(1463–1466) (during the minority of James III) *

Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd (died 1482) was a Scottish statesman, Lord Chamberlain of Scotland from 1467. Biography Robert Boyd was knighted and was created a Peer of Parliament (Lord Boyd) by James II of Scotland at some date between 1451 a ...

(1466–1469) (during the minority of James III) * Patrick Hepburn (1488–1494) (during the minority of

James IV James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 until his death at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. He inherited the throne at the age of fifteen on the death of his father, James III, at the Battle of Sauch ...

) * Queen

Margaret Tudor Margaret Tudor (28 November 1489 – 18 October 1541) was List of Scottish royal consorts, Queen of Scotland from 1503 until 1513 by marriage to King James IV. She then served as regent of Scotland during her son's minority, and fought to exte ...

(1513–1514) (during the minority of her son,

James V James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was List of Scottish monarchs, King of Scotland from 9 September 1513 until his death in 1542. He was crowned on 21 September 1513 at the age of seventeen months. James was the son of King James IV a ...

) *

John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (8 July 1482 – 2 June 1536) was the regent of the Kingdom of Scotland and the count of Auvergne and Lauraguais in France. Early life John was a son of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, son of King Jame ...

(1514–1524) (during the minority of his cousin

) *

Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus (c. 148922 January 1557) was a Scottish nobleman active during the reigns of James V and Mary, Queen of Scots. He was the son of George, Master of Angus, who was killed at the Battle of Flodden, and succ ...

and Archbishop

James Beaton James Beaton (or Bethune) ( – 15 February 1539) was a Roman Catholic Scottish church leader, the uncle of David Cardinal Beaton and the Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland. Life James Beaton was the sixth and youngest son of John Beaton ...

(1524–1528) (during the minority of the former's stepson James V) *

James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran James may refer to: People * James (given name) * James (surname) * James (musician), aka Faruq Mahfuz Anam James, (born 1964), Bollywood musician * James, brother of Jesus * King James (disambiguation), various kings named James * Prince Ja ...

(1542–1554) (during the minority of his cousin,

Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was List of Scottish monarchs, Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567. The only surviving legit ...

) * Queen

Mary of Guise Mary of Guise (; 22 November 1515 – 11 June 1560), also called Mary of Lorraine, was List of Scottish royal consorts, Queen of Scotland from 1538 until 1542, as the second wife of King James V. She was a French people, French noblewoman of the ...

(1554–1560) (during the minority of her daughter

) *

James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. 1531 – 23 January 1570) was a member of the House of Stewart as the illegitimate son of King James V of Scotland. At times a supporter of his half-sister Mary, Queen of Scots, he was the regent of Scotl ...

(1567–1570) (during the minority of his nephew

James VI James may refer to: People * James (given name) * James (surname) * James (musician), aka Faruq Mahfuz Anam James, (born 1964), Bollywood musician * James, brother of Jesus * King James (disambiguation), various kings named James * Prince Ja ...

) *

Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (21 September 1516 – 4 September 1571) was a leader of the Catholic nobility in Scotland. He was the paternal grandfather of King James VI of Scotland. He owned Temple Newsam in Yorkshire, England. Origin ...

(1570–1571) (during the minority of his grandson James VI) * John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1571–1572) (during the minority of James VI) *

James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (c. 1516 – 2 June 1581) was a Scottish nobleman. He played a leading role in the murders of Queen Mary's confidant, David Rizzio, and king consort murder of Lord Darnley, Henry Darnley. He was the last of th ...

(1572–1581) (during the minority of James VI)

South America

Afro-Bolivian monarchy

Aurora Pinedo ''Doña'' Aurora Pinedo (1910 – 18 April 1992) was the Princess Regent of the Afro-Bolivians from 1954 to 1992. As her father, Bonifacio I, had no male heirs, she succeeded him as princess regent following his death in 1954. Biography Do ...

(1958–1992), between the death of her father, Bonifacio I, and the reign of her son, Julio I

Regents in defunct monarchies

The same notes apply; inclusion in this list reflects the political reality, regardless of claims to the throne.

Asia

China

Duke of Zhou Dan, Duke Wen of Zhou, commonly known as the Duke of Zhou, was a member of the royal family of the early Zhou dynasty who played a major role in consolidating the kingdom established by his elder brother King Wu. He was renowned for acting as ...

, during the minority of his nephew Song Ji, the

King Cheng of Zhou King Cheng of Zhou (; 1055–1021 BC), personal name Ji Song, was the second king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty. The dates of his reign are 1042–1021 BCE or 1042/35–1006 BCE. Ji Dan, Duke of Zhou served as regent during his minority. His pare ...

until he was old enough to rule. *

Empress Lü Lü Zhi (241 BC – 18 August 180 BC), courtesy name E'xu (娥姁) and commonly known as Empress Lü () and formally Empress Gao of Han (), was the empress consort of Emperor Gaozu of Han, Gaozu, the founding emperor of the Han dynasty. They h ...

Huo Guang Huo Guang (; died 21 April 68 BC), courtesy name Zimeng (子孟), posthumous name Marquess Xuancheng of Bolu (博陸宣成侯), was a Chinese politician and imperial regent who served as the dominant state official of the Han dynasty#Western Ha ...

, during the reign of

Emperor Xuan of Han Emperor Xuan of Han (; 91 BC – 10 January 48 BC), born Liu Bingyi (劉病已), was the tenth emperor of the Han dynasty, reigning from 74 to 48 BC, and was one of the only four Western Han emperors to receive a temple name (along with Empero ...

, the emperor reaffirmed that all important matters were to be presented to Huo before Huo would present them to the emperor. The source of title of highest imperial nobility of ancient Japan " Kanpaku" (Regent). *

Dong Zhuo Dong Zhuo () (c. 140s – 22 May 192), courtesy name Zhongying, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. At the end of the reign of the Eastern Han, Dong Zhuo was a general and powerful ...

Cao Cao Cao Cao (; ; ; 15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde, was a Chinese statesman, warlord, and poet who rose to power during the end of the Han dynasty (), ultimately taking effective control of the Han central government. He laid the foundation f ...

Cao Pi Cao Pi () (late 187 – 29 June 226), courtesy name Zihuan, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the second son of Cao Cao, a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty, but the ...

during the reign of

Emperor Xian of Han Emperor Xian of Han (2 April 181 – 21 April 234), personal name Liu Xie (劉協), courtesy name Bohe, was the 14th and last Emperor of China, emperor of the Han dynasty#Eastern Han (25–220 AD), Eastern Han dynasty of China. He reigned from ...

. *

Cao Zhen Cao Zhen (died April or May 231), courtesy name Zidan, was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was an adopted son of Cao Cao, a warlord who rose to power in the late Eastern Han dynasty and l ...

Cao Xiu Cao Xiu (died 28 November 228), courtesy name Wenlie, was a Chinese military general of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China. A distant younger relative of the warlord Cao Cao, Cao Xiu started his career in the late Easter ...

Chen Qun Chen Qun (died 7 February 237), courtesy name Changwen, was a Chinese politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He initiated the Nine-rank system for civil service nomination in Wei. Following the death of th ...

Sima Yi Sima Yi (; ; 179 CE7 September 251 CE), courtesy name Zhongda, was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He formally began his political career in 208 under th ...

during the reign of Emperor

Cao Rui Cao Rui () (204 or 205 – 22 January 239), courtesy name Yuanzhong, was the second emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. His parentage is in dispute: his mother, Lady Zhen, was Yuan Xi's wife, but she later remarr ...

. *

Cao Shuang Cao Shuang (died 9 February 249), courtesy name Zhaobo, was a Chinese military general and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the eldest son of Cao Zhen, a prominent general of Cao Wei. He initially ...

, Sima Yi and

Sima Shi Sima Shi () (208 – 23 March 255), courtesy name Ziyuan, was a military general and regent of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. In February 249, he assisted his father Sima Yi in overthrowing the emperor Cao Fang's regent Cao S ...

during the reign of Emperor

Cao Fang Cao Fang () (232–274), courtesy name Lanqing, was the third emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He was an adopted son of Cao Rui, the second ruler of Wei. Cao Fang ruled from January 239 to October 254 as a no ...

. *

Sima Zhao Sima Zhao () (; 211 – 6 September 265), courtesy name Zishang (子上), was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Sima Zhao capably maintained control of Wei, whi ...

and

Sima Yan Emperor Wu of Jin (; 236 – 16 May 290), personal name Sima Yan (), courtesy name Anshi (安世), was a grandson of Sima Yi, nephew of Sima Shi and son of Sima Zhao. He became the first emperor of the Jin dynasty after forcing Cao Huan, ...

during the reign of Emperor

Cao Mao Cao Mao (; 241 – 2 June 260), courtesy name Yanshi, was the fourth emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a grandson of Cao Pi, the first emperor of Wei. Described as intelligent and studious, C ...

and Emperor

Cao Huan Cao Huan () (246 – 302/303), courtesy name Jingming, was the fifth and last emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. On 4 February 266, he abdicated the throne in favour of regent Sima Yan (later Emperor Wu of the J ...

. *

Zhuge Liang Zhuge Liang () (181September or October 234), also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming, was a Chinese statesman, strategist, and inventor who lived through the End of the Han dynasty, end of the Eastern Han dynasty ( 184–220) and t ...

Jiang Wan Jiang Wan (died November or December 246), courtesy name Gongyan, was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Jiang Wan initially se ...

Fei Yi Fei Yi (died 16 February 253), courtesy name Wenwei, was a Chinese diplomat, military general, politician, and regent of the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Fei Yi started his career ...

during the reign of the Emperor

Liu Shan Liu Shan (, 207–271), courtesy name Gongsi, was the second and last emperor of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. As he ascended the throne at the age of 16, Liu Shan was entrusted to the care of the Chancellor Zhuge Liang ...

. *

Zhuge Ke Zhuge Ke (203 – November or December 253), courtesy name Yuanxun (元逊), was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the eldest son of Zhuge Jin, a military gener ...

, Sun Jun and

Sun Chen Sun Chen (231 – 18 January 259), courtesy name Zitong, was a military general and regent of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He ruled as regent during the reigns of the emperors Sun Liang and Sun Xiu. His conf ...

during the reign of Emperor

Sun Liang Sun Liang (243 – 260), courtesy name Ziming, was the second emperor of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the youngest son and heir of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu. He is also known as the Prince o ...

. *

Empress Dowager Feng Empress (Dowager) Feng (馮皇(太)后) (442 – 17 October 490), formally Empress (Dowager) Wenming (文明皇后, literally "the civil and understanding empress") was an empress of the Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty of China. Her husband was E ...

Wu Zetian Wu Zetian (624 – 16 December 705), personal name Wu Zhao, was List of rulers of China#Tang dynasty, Empress of China from 660 to 705, ruling first through others and later in her own right. She ruled as queen consort , empress consort th ...

Xiao Yanyan Xiao Chuo, nickname Yanyan (; 953 – 29 December 1009), also known as Empress Dowager Chengtian (承天皇太后) was a Khitan empress and military leader of imperial China's Liao dynasty. She was regent on behalf of her son from 982. History ...

* Empress Liu * Empress Gao *

Yang Shiqi Yang Yu (1364–1444), courtesy name Shiqi, better known as Yang Shiqi, art name Dongli, was a Chinese scholar-official during the Ming dynasty. He served as grand secretary during the reigns of emperors Yongle, Hongxi, Xuande, and Yingzong fro ...

, Yang Rong,

Yang Pu Yang Pu ( zh, 楊溥; 900 – January 21, 939), also known by his posthumous name as the Emperor Rui of Yang Wu (), was the last ruler of China's Yang Wu dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and the only one that claimed ...

Zhang Fu Zhang Fu (; ; 1375–1449), courtesy name Wenbi (), was a Chinese military general of the Ming dynasty. He was the eldest son of general Zhang Yu, one of Zhu Di's (later Yongle Emperor) finest generals. Zhang Yu was killed in the Jingnan camp ...

and Hu Ying during the minority of the

Zhengtong Emperor , succession = Emperor of the Ming dynasty , reign-type = First reign , reign = 31 January 1435 – 22 September 1449 , coronation = 7 February 1435 , cor-type = Enthronement , regent = , reg-type = Regents , ...

from 1435 to 1442. *

Gao Gong Gao Gong (19 January 1513 – 4 August 1578), courtesy name Suqing, art name Zhongxuan, was a Chinese politician of the Ming dynasty. Gao was born in Xinzheng, Henan. He became jinshi in 1541, then held a post at Hanlin Academy. Since 1552, h ...

Zhang Juzheng Zhang Juzheng (26 May 1525 – 9 July 1582), courtesy name Shuda, art name Taiyue, also known as Zhang Jiangling, was a prominent Grand Secretariat, grand secretary during the reigns of Ming emperors Longqing Emperor, Longqing and Wanli Emperor, ...

, Gao Yi and

Feng Bao Feng may refer to: *List of surnames written Feng, several Chinese surnames as transliterated from Mandarin **Féng (surname) ( 冯 féng 2nd tone "gallop"), very common Chinese surname **Fèng (surname) ( 鳳 fèng 4th tone "phoenix"), relatively ...

during the minority of the

Wanli Emperor The Wanli Emperor (4 September 1563 – 18 August 1620), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shenzong of Ming, personal name Zhu Yijun, art name Yuzhai, was the 14th List of emperors of the Ming dynasty, emperor of the Ming dynasty, reig ...

from 1572 to 1582. *

Dorgon Dorgon (17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650) was a Manchu prince and regent of the early Qing dynasty. Born in the House of Aisin-Gioro as the 14th son of Nurhaci (the founder of the Later Jin dynasty, which was the predecessor of the Qi ...

, Jierhalang and Duoduo as Prince-Regent, from 1643 to 1650 during the minority of his nephew Fulin, the

Shunzhi Emperor The Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661), also known by his temple name Emperor Shizu of Qing, personal name Fulin, was the second Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China pro ...

. * Sonin,

Suksaha Suksaha (Manchu: ; ; died 1667) was a Manchu official of the early Qing dynasty from the Nara clan. A military officer who participated in the Manchu conquest of China, Suksaha became one of the Four Regents during the early reign of the Kangxi ...

Ebilun Ebilun (Manchu:, Möllendorff: ebilun; ; died 1673) was a Manchu noble and warrior of the Niohuru clan, most famous for being one of the Four Regents assisting the young Kangxi Emperor from 1661 to 1667, during the early Qing dynasty (1644– ...

and

Oboi Oboi (Manchu: , Mölendorff: Oboi; ) (c. 1610–1669) was a prominent Manchu military commander and courtier who served in various military and administrative posts under three successive emperors of the early Qing dynasty. Born to the Guwalg ...

during the minority of the

Kangxi Emperor The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 165420 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, personal name Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign of 61 ...

from 1661 to their various deaths or downfalls. The last one, Oboi fell from grace in 1669. *

Zaiyuan Zaiyuan (16 October 1816 – 8 November 1861), formally known as Prince Yi, was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty. He was one of the eight regents appointed by the Xianfeng Emperor to assist his successor, the Tongzhi Emperor. Life Zaiyuan wa ...

Duanhua Duanhua (Manchu: ''Duwanhūwa''; 1807 – 1861) was a Manchu prince and regent of the Qing dynasty. Life Duanhua was born in the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan as the third son of Ulgungga (烏爾恭阿), a descendant of Jirgalang, a nephew of Nu ...

, Sushun, Jingshou,

Muyin Muyin (, 1814–23 January 1872), courtesy name Qingxuan (清軒), was a Qing dynasty official from the Manchu Tohoro clan (托活洛氏) and the Manchu Plain White Banner. Muyin had studied in central government school ("guanxue", 官學). H ...

, Kuangyuan, Du Han and Jiao Youying during the minority of the

Tongzhi Emperor The Tongzhi Emperor (27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875), also known by his temple name Emperor Muzong of Qing, personal name Zaichun, was the ninth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign, w ...

in 1861. *

Empress Dowager Ci'an Empress Xiaozhenxian (12 August 1837 – 8 April 1881), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Niohuru clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and empress consort of Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor. She was empress consort of Qing from ...

(1861–1873, 1875–1881),

Empress Dowager Cixi Empress Dowager Cixi ( ; 29 November 1835 – 15 November 1908) was a Manchu noblewoman of the Yehe Nara clan who effectively but periodically controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty as empress dowager and regent for almost 50 ...

(1861–1873, 1875–1889, 1898–1908) and Yixin (1861–1865) during the minority of the

and de facto ruler for almost the entire reign of the

Guangxu Emperor The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), also known by his temple name Emperor Dezong of Qing, personal name Zaitian, was the tenth Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China ...

. *

Zaifeng Zaifeng (12 February 1883 – 3 February 1951), also known as Tsai Feng, Prince of Ch'ün, formally known by his title Prince Chun, was a Manchu prince and regent of the late Qing dynasty. He was a son of Yixuan, the seventh son of the Da ...

, between 1908 and 1911 for his son

Puyi Puyi (7 February 190617 October 1967) was the final emperor of China, reigning as the eleventh monarch of the Qing dynasty from 1908 to 1912. When the Guangxu Emperor died without an heir, Empress Dowager Cixi picked his nephew Puyi, aged tw ...

Empress Dowager Longyu Yehe Nara Jingfen (; 28 January 1868 – 22 February 1913), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Yehe Nara clan, was the wife and empress consort of Zaitian, the Guangxu Emperor. She was empress consort of Qing from 1889 until her husband's death ...

(1908–1912) abdicated monarchy on behalf of Puyi in 1912.

Afghanistan

Before the 1881 unification, there were essentially four rulers' capitals:

Kabul Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province. The city is divided for administration into #Districts, 22 municipal districts. A ...

Herat Herāt (; Dari/Pashto: هرات) is an oasis city and the third-largest city in Afghanistan. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 574,276, and serves as the capital of Herat Province, situated south of the Paropamisus Mountains (''Se ...

Qandahar Kandahar is a city in Afghanistan, located in the south of the country on Arghandab River, at an elevation of . It is Afghanistan's second largest city, after Kabul, with a population of about 614,118 in 2015. It is the capital of Kandahar Pro ...

and

Peshawar Peshawar is the capital and List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population, largest city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is the sixth most populous city of Pakistan, with a district p ...

(the last now in Pakistan); all their rulers belonged to the

Abdali Abdali may refer to: * An alternate name for the Durrani, one of the largest Pashtun tribes of Afghanistan and western Pakistan ** Ahmed Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, founder of the Durrani Empire in Afghanistan * Al-Abdali, a dist ...

tribal group, whose name was changed to Dorrani with

Ahmad Shah Abdali Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (; ; – 4 June 1772), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (), was the first ruler and founder of the Durrani Empire. He is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan. Throughout his reign, Ahmad Shah fought ov ...

. They belong either to the Saddozay segment of the

Popalzay Popalzai or Popalzay (), also known as Popal, are Durrani (formerly called Abdali or Bor Tareen) Pashtuns of Afghanistan. The Popalzai are part of the Zirak confederation of Pashtun tribes. The origin of the Abdali forefathers of the Saddozai ...

clan (typically styled

padshah Padishah (; ) is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin. A form of the word is known already from Middle Persian (or Pahlavi) as ''pātaxšā(h)'' or ''pādixšā(y)''. Middle Persian ''pād'' may stem from Avestan ''paiti'', and is ...

, king) or to the Mohammadzay segment of the Barakzay clan (typically with the style

Amir Emir (; ' (), also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has ...

, in full Amir al-Mo´menin "Leader of the Faithful"). The Mohammadzay also furnished the Saddozay kings frequently with top counselors, who served occasionally as (Minister-)regents, identified with the epithet Mohammadzay.

Ahom Kingdom

* Queen

Phuleshwari Phuleswari, also known as Pramateswari Devi, was the chief consort of an Ahom king Siva Singha of Ahom kingdom of what is now Assam who ruled the kingdom from 1722 to 1731 A.D. She was the first queen of Ahom kingdom to govern the kingdom dir ...

(1722–1732) of Ahom kingdom * Queen Ambika (1732–1739) of Ahom kingdom * Queen Sarbeswari (1739–1744) of Ahom kingdom

Madurai

* Rani

Mangammal Rani Mangammal (''Mangamma;'' died 1705) was a queen regent of the Madurai Nayak kingdom (in present-day Madurai, India) during the minority of her grandson Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha in 1689—1704. She was a popular administrator and is still ...

(1684–1703) of

Madurai Nayak dynasty The Madurai Nayakas were a Telugu people, Telugu dynasty * * * * * who ruled most of modern-day Tamil Nadu, India, with Madurai as their capital. The Madurai Nayaks had their origins in the Balija warrior clans of present-day Andhra Pradesh. * ...

Mughal Empire

Bairam Khan Muhammad Bairam Khan (; 18 January 1501 – 31 January 1561), commonly known as Bairam Khan or Bayram Khan was an important military commander, and later commander-in-chief of the Mughal Empire, Mughal army, a powerful statesman and regent at ...

(1556–1560) during the minority of

Akbar Akbar (Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, – ), popularly known as Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expa ...

Vijayanagara Empire

Tuluva Narasa Nayaka Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was an Indian general and later an imperial regent who founded the Tuluva dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. He was the father of the emperors Viranarasimha Raya, Krishnadevaraya and Achyuta Deva Raya. Biography Tu ...

for

Thimma Bhupala Thimma Bhupala (reigned 1491) was the elder son and heir-apparent of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, the Sovereign of the Vijayanagara Empire. During the reign of his father, he held the office of the ''Yuvaraja''.Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The ...

(1491) and

Narasimha Raya II Narasimha Raya II (1468–1505), also known as Narasimha II, Immadi Narasimha Raya and Dhamma Thimma Raya,Majumdar R.C. (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p. 305 was the third and last emperor from the Saluva dynas ...

. (1491–1505) Following Narasimha II's assassination, Narasa's son,

Viranarasimha Raya Vira Narasimha Raya, also known as Vira Narasimha or Vira Narasimha III, (reigned 1505–17 July 1509) became the Emperor of Vijayanagara after the death of his predecessor Narasimha Raya II. He was the older half-brother of Krishnadevaraya ...

, would be crowned emperor. *

Aliya Rama Raya Aliya Rama Raya (1484 – 23 January 1565) was a statesman of the Vijayanagara Empire, the son-in-law (Aliya in Kannada) of Emperor Krishna Deva Raya and the progenitor of the Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagara Empire, the fourth and last dynasty ...

for

Sadasiva Raya Sadasiva Raya (reigned 1542–1570) was the last Emperor of Vijayanagara from the Tuluva dynasty, and reigned from 1542 until his death in 1570. During most of his reign, Rama Raya was the de facto ruler of the state and created strategic al ...

. (1542 to 1556)

Qutub Shahi dynasty

*Saif Khan for Subhan Quli Qutb Shah. (1550)

Travancore

Both before and during the

British raj The British Raj ( ; from Hindustani language, Hindustani , 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the colonial rule of the British The Crown, Crown on the Indian subcontinent, * * lasting from 1858 to 1947. * * It is also called Crown rule ...

(colonial rule), most of India was ruled by several hundred native princely houses, many of which have known regencies, under the raj subject to British approval *

Maharani Maharaja (also spelled Maharajah or Maharaj; ; feminine: Maharani) is a royal title in Indian subcontinent of Sanskrit origin. In modern India and medieval northern India, the title was equivalent to a prince. However, in late ancient India ...

Gowri Lakshmi Bayi Maharani Ayilyom Thirunal Gowri Lakshmi Bayi (1791–1815), also spelled Gauri Lakshmi Bayi, was the Maharani of the Indian state of Travancore from 1810 till 1813 and Regent from 1813 till her death in 1815 for her son Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma ...

Travancore The kingdom of Travancore (), also known as the kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor () or later as Travancore State, was a kingdom that lasted from until 1949. It was ruled by the Travancore Royal Family from Padmanabhapuram, and later Thiruvanan ...

(1811–1815) * Maharani

Gowri Parvati Bayi Maharani Uthrittathi Thirunal Gowri Parvathi Bayi (1802–1853) was the Regent of the Indian state of Travancore in 1815–1829. She succeeded her sister Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi, till her regency was relinquished in favour of her nephew, M ...

(1815–1849) * Maharani

Sethu Lakshmi Bayi Pooradam Thirunal Sethu Lakshmi Bayi CI (5 November 1895– 22 February 1985) was the monarch, though designated as the Regent due to British policy, of the Kingdom of Travancore in southern India between 1924 and 1931. She, along with her yo ...

(1924–1931)

Vakataka Kingdom

* Prabhavati (ca. 390–410)

Iran

Rinnu Rinnu (2nd century BC) was a queen consort of the Parthian Empire by marriage to Mithridates I of Parthia (r. 171–132 BC). She was the mother of King Phraates II (r. 132–127 BC) and ruled the Parthian Empire as regent during the minority of ...

(132 BC), during the minority of her son

Phraates II Phraates II (also spelled Frahad II; ''Frahāt'') was king of the Parthian Empire from 132 BC to 127 BC. He was the son and successor of Mithridates I (). Because he was still very young when he came to the throne, his mother Rinnu initially ru ...

. *

Ifra Hormizd Ifra Hormizd (Modern ) or Faraya Ohrmazd (Modern ) was a Sassanid noblewoman, spouse of Hormizd II and mother of Shapur II. She was the regent during the minority of her son between 309 and 325. Following the death of Hormizd, and the crisis of ...

(309–325), during the minority of her son

Shapur II Shapur II ( , 309–379), also known as Shapur the Great, was the tenth King of Kings (List of monarchs of the Sasanian Empire, Shahanshah) of Sasanian Iran. He took the title at birth and held it until his death at age 70, making him the List ...

. *

Denag Denag (fl. 459), was a Sasanian queen (''banbishn''). She was the wife of the king (''shah'') Yazdegerd II (), and functioned as queen regent in Ctesiphon during the civil war between her sons in 457–459. Life Her origins are unknown, though gi ...

(457–459), during a civil war between her sons

Peroz I Peroz I () was the Sasanian Empire, Sasanian King of Kings () of History of Iran, Iran from 459 to 484. A son of Yazdegerd II (), he disputed the rule of his elder brother and incumbent king Hormizd III (), eventually seizing the throne after a ...

and

Hormizd III Hormizd III (; New Persian: ), was the seventeenth king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire, ruling briefly from 457 to 459. He was the son and successor of Yazdegerd II (). His reign was marked by the rebellion of his younger brother Peroz I, who wit ...

. *

Mah-Adhur Gushnasp Mah-Adhur Gushnasp (), also known by the Arabicized form of Mahadharjushnas, was an Iranian nobleman who served as the ''wuzurg framadār'' (vizier or prime minister) of the Sasanian Empire during the reign of the child ruler Ardashir III (r. 628� ...

(628–629), elected as regent for

Ardashir III Ardashir III (; 62127 April 630) was the Sasanian King of Kings () of Iran from 6 September 628 to 27 April 630. Name ''Ardashir'' is the Middle Persian form of the Old Persian ''Ṛtaxšira'' (also spelled ''Artaxšaçā'', meaning "whose rei ...

. *

Farrukhan the Little Farrukhan the Little (Persian: ''Farrukhan-e Kuchak''), also surnamed the Deaf (''Korbali''),Madelung (1993), pp. 541–544 was a member of the Dabuyid dynasty, which ruled Tabaristan as independent monarchs in the century after the Muslim conquest ...

(740/41–747/48), during the minority of his nephew

Khurshid Khorshīd or Khorshēd ( , meaning ''the Sun'' or the "Radiant Sun"), also spelled as ''Khurshed'' and ''Khurshid'', is a Persian given name. In the modern day as well as historical Iran, Turkey, and Azerbaijan, but also in Iraqi Kurdistan, Egypt, ...

. * Abu Abdallah Jayhani (914–922), appointed regent for the underage

Nasr II Nasr ibn Ahmad or Nasr II (), nicknamed "the Fortunate", was the ruler ('' amir'') of Transoxiana and Khurasan as the head of the Samanid dynasty from 914 to 943. His reign marked the high point of the Samanid dynasty's fortunes. He was the son ...

. * Terken Khatun (1092–1094), during the minority of her son

Mahmud I Mahmud I (, ; 2 August 1696 13 December 1754), known as Mahmud the Hunchback, was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754. He took over the throne after the quelling of the Patrona Halil rebellion. His reign was marked by wars in P ...

. * Div Sultan Rumlu (1524–1527), regent of the underage

Tahmasp I Tahmasp I ( or ; 22 February 1514 – 14 May 1576) was the second shah of Safavid Iran from 1524 until his death in 1576. He was the eldest son of Shah Ismail I and his principal consort, Tajlu Khanum. Tahmasp ascended the throne after the ...

. *

Malek Jahan Khanom Malek Jahan Khanom (; 26 February 1805 – 2 April 1873) was the wife of Mohammad Shah Qajar and the mother of Naser al-Din Shah. She was the '' de facto'' regent of Iran for one month, from 5 September until 5 October in 1848, between the de ...

(1848), regent during the transition of power from

Mohammad Shah Qajar Mohammad Shah (; born Mohammad Mirza; 5 January 1808 – 5 September 1848) was the third Qajar ''shah'' of Iran from 1834 to 1848, inheriting the throne from his grandfather, Fath-Ali Shah. From a young age, Mohammad Mirza was under the tutela ...

Naser al-Din Shah Qajar Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (; ; 17 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) was the fourth Shah of Qajar Iran from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated. During his rule there was internal pressure from the people of Iran, as well as external ...

. * Ali-Reza Khan (1909–1914), during the minority of his nephew

Ahmad Shah Qajar Ahmad Shah Qajar (‎; 21 January 1898 – 21 February 1930) was the List of monarchs of Iran, shah of Iran (Name of Iran, Persia) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the seventh and final ruling member of the Qajar dynasty. Ahmad Shah ...

. * Naser-al-molk (1911–1914), during the minority of

Iraq

In the short-lived Hashemite kingdom, there were three regencies in the reign of the third and last king

Faysal II Faisal II (; 2 May 1935 – 14 July 1958) was the last King of Iraq. He reigned from 4 April 1939 until July 1958, when he was killed during the 14 July Revolution. This regicide marked the end of the thirty-seven-year-old Hashemite monarchy i ...

(b. 1935 – d. 1958; also Head of the 'Arab Union', a federation with the Hashemite sister-kingdom Jordan, from 14 February 1958) : * 4 April 1939 – 1 April 1941 Prince 'Abd al-Ilah (1st time) (b. 1913 – d. 1958) * 1 April 1941 – 1 June 1941 Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz (b. 1880 – d. 1955) * 1 June 1941 – 2 May 1953 Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah (2nd time)

Korea

* Queen Mother Buyeo, regent for King Taejo of

Goguryeo Goguryeo (37 BC – 668 AD) (; ; Old Korean: Guryeo) also later known as Goryeo (; ; Middle Korean: 고ᇢ롕〮, ''kwòwlyéy''), was a Korean kingdom which was located on the northern and central parts of the Korea, Korean Peninsula an ...

Queen Jiso Queen Jiso (; ? – 574) was a Korean honorary queen and regent. She was the spouse of prince Galmunwang Ipjong () and the queen mother of king Jinheung of Silla. She acted as Regent during the minority of her son, from his ascent at the age of ...

, regent for

King Jinheung Jinheung (534–576; reign 540–576) was the 24th monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He followed King Beopheung (r. 514–540) and was followed by King Jinji (r. 576–579). Jinheung was the nephew / grandson of King Beo ...

Silla Silla (; Old Korean: wikt:徐羅伐#Old Korean, 徐羅伐, Yale romanization of Korean, Yale: Syerapel, Revised Romanization of Korean, RR: ''Seorabeol''; International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA: ) was a Korean kingdom that existed between ...

Queen Sinmok Queen Sinmok of the Gyeongju Kim clan (신목왕후 김씨; 655 – 1 June 700), was the queen regent of Silla between 692 and 700. She was the second wife of king Sinmun of Silla and the mother of king Hyoso of Silla. She ruled as regent during ...

, regent for King Hyoso of Silla * Queen Gyeongsu, regent for King Hyegong of Silla * Queen Cheonchu, regent for King Mokjong of

Goryeo Goryeo (; ) was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korea, Korean Peninsula until the establishment of Joseon in 1392. Goryeo achieved what has b ...

* Queen Sasuk, regent for King Heonjong of Goryeo * Princess Deoknyeong, regent for King Chungmok and King Chungjeong of Goryeo *

Queen Gongwon Queen Gongwon of the Namyang Hong clan (; 25 August 1298 – 12 February 1380), more commonly known as Queen Dowager Myeongdeok (), was a Korean royal consort as the fourth wife of King Chungsuk of Goryeo and the mother of his two successors, ...

, regent for

King U U (25 July 1365 – 31 December 1389) ruled Goryeo (Korea) as the 32nd king from 1374 until 1388. He was the only son of King Gongmin. Cultural background In the thirteenth century, Mongol forces had invaded China and established the Yuan dy ...

of Goryeo *

Queen Jeonghui Queen Jeonghui (; 8 December 1418 – 6 May 1483), of the Papyeong Yun clan, was a posthumous name bestowed on the wife and queen of Yi Yu, King Sejo. She was Queen of Joseon from 1455 until her husband's death in 1468, after which she was hono ...

, regent for King Yejong and King Seongjong of

Joseon Joseon ( ; ; also romanized as ''Chosun''), officially Great Joseon (), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in July 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897. The kingdom w ...

Queen Insu Queen Sohye (16 October 1437 – 21 May 1504), of the Cheongju Han clan, was the only wife of Crown Prince Uigyeong. She never was the consort of a reigning king. Nevertheless, she was honored as Queen Insu () and later as Queen Dowager Insu () du ...

regent for King Yejong and King Seongjong of Joseon *

Queen Munjeong Queen Munjeong (; 12 December 1501 – 15 May 1565), of the Papyeong Yun clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the third wife and queen consort of Jungjong of Joseon, Yi Yeok, King Jungjong. She was queen consort of Joseon from 1517 until he ...

, regent for King Myeongjong of Joseon *

Queen Insun Queen Insun (; 27 June 1532 – 12 February 1575), of the Cheongsong Sim clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and queen consort of Yi Hwan, King Myeongjong. She was queen consort of Joseon from 1545 until her husband's death in 1567, ...

, regent for

King Seonjo Seonjo (; 6 December 1552 – 6 March 1608), personal name Yi Yeon (), was the 14th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was known for promoting Confucianism and attempting reforms at the beginning of his reign. However, he later gained ...

of Joseon *

Queen Jeongsun Queen Jeongsun (; 2 December 1745 – 11 February 1805), of the Gyeongju Kim clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and second queen consort of Yi Geum, King Yeongjo, the 21st Joseon monarch. She was queen consort of Joseon from 1759 ...

, regent for King Sunjo of Joseon *

Queen Sunwon Queen Sunwon (; 8 June 1789 – 21 September 1857), of the Andong Kim clan was the queen consort and wife of Sunjo of Joseon. She was known as Queen Dowager Myeonggyeong () after her husband's death in 1834. She served as regent between 1834 and ...

, regent for King Heonjong and King Cheoljong of Joseon *

Queen Sinjeong Queen Sinjeong (; 9 January 1809 – 23 May 1890), of the Pungyang Jo clan, was the only wife of Crown Prince Hyomyeong and mother of Heonjong of Joseon. She was never formally a Queen but was known as Queen Dowager Jo () during the reign of her ...

, regent for King Gojong of Joseon *

Heungseon Daewongun Heungseon Daewongun (; 24 January 1821 – 22 February 1898) was the title of Yi Ha-eung, the regent of Joseon during the minority of Emperor Gojong in the 1860s. Until his death, he was a key political figure of late Joseon Korea. He was also ca ...

, regent for King Gojong of Joseon *

Queen Min Empress Myeongseong (; 17 November 1851 – 8 October 1895) was the official wife of Gojong, the 26th king of Joseon and the first emperor of the Korean Empire. During her lifetime, she was known by the name Queen Min (). After the founding o ...

, regent for King Gojong of Joseon

Mongolia

Tolui Tolui (born ; died 1232) was the youngest son of Genghis Khan and Börte. A prominent general during the early Mongol conquests, Tolui was a leading candidate to succeed his father after his death in 1227 and ultimately served as regent of th ...

, the son of

Genghis Khan Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan (title), khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongols, Mongol tribes, he launched Mongol invasions and ...

of the

Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires, largest contiguous empire in human history, history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Euro ...

* Töregene, the Great Khatun of the Mongol Empire *

Oghul Qaimish Oghul Qaimish (; –1251) was the wife of Güyük Khan, the third ruler of the Mongol Empire, and was herself the nominal regent of the empire between Güyük's death in 1248 and the accession of Möngke Khan in 1251. Oghul Qaimish was born i ...

, the wife of

Güyük Khan Güyük Khan or Güyüg Khagan, mononymously Güyüg ( 19 March 1206 – 20 April 1248), was the third Khagan of the Mongol Empire, the eldest son of Ögedei Khan and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He reigned from 1246 to 1248. He started his mili ...

Myanmar

Naratheinga Uzana Naratheinga Uzana (, ; also known as Naratheinkha Uzana; 1190s–1235) was the king of Pagan from c. 1231 to 1235. He is regarded by G.H. Luce and Than Tun as king between 1231 and 1235 but other historians such as Htin Aung Htin Aung ( ; al ...

: (1230/31–1235), during the reign of King

Htilominlo Htilominlo (, ; also called Nadaungmya or Zeya Theinkha Uzana; 1175 – 1235) was king of the Pagan dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from 1211 to 1235. His 24-year reign marked the beginning of the gradual decline of Pagan dynasty. It was the first to ...

Athinkhaya Athinkhaya (, ; also spelled Athinhkaya; 12611310) was a co-founder of Myinsaing Kingdom in present-day Central Burma (Myanmar).Coedès 1968: 209 As a senior commander in the Royal Army of the Pagan Empire, he, along with his two younger bro ...

: (1297–1310), co-regent with his two brothers during the reign of puppet King

Saw Hnit Saw Hnit (, ; also spelled စောနစ်, , Saw Nit or Min Lulin; 1283–1325) was a viceroy of Bagan, Pagan (Bagan) from 1297 to 1325 under the suzerain of Myinsaing Kingdom in central Burma (Myanmar). He was a son of the Yuan dynasty, Mon ...

Yazathingyan Yazathingyan (, ; 1263 – 1312/13) was a co-founder of Myinsaing Kingdom in present-day Central Burma (Myanmar).Coedès 1968: 209 As a senior commander in the Royal Army of the Pagan Empire, he, along with his two brothers Athinkhaya and T ...

: (1297–1312/13), co-regent *

Thihathu Thihathu (, ; 1265–1325) was a co-founder of the Myinsaing Kingdom, and the founder of the Pinya Kingdom in today's central Burma (Myanmar).Coedès 1968: 209 Thihathu was the youngest and most ambitious of the three brothers that successful ...

: (1297–1313), co-regent, unilaterally declared himself king in 1309 *

Sithu of Pinya Sithu of Pinya (, ; also known as Myinsaing Sithu) was regent of Pinya from 1340 to 1344.Than Tun 1959: 124 He is not mentioned in any of the royal chronicles. He only appears in a Pinya era inscription as "King" Myinsaing Sithu. Sithu, who ac ...

: (1340–1344), after the abdication of King

Uzana I of Pinya , image = , caption = , reign = February 1325 – 1 September 1340 , coronation = , succession = King of Pinya , predecessor = Thihathu , successor = S ...

* Maha Dewi: (1383–1384), Princess-Regent during the last weeks of her brother King

Binnya U Binnya U (, , ; also known as Hsinbyushin; 1323–1384) was king of Martaban–Hanthawaddy from 1348 to 1384. His reign was marked by several internal rebellions and external conflicts. He survived the initial rebellions and an invasion by Lan ...

Mysore

* Lakshmi Ammani Devi, regent during the minority of

Krishnaraja Wadiyar III Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (14 July 1794 – 27 March 1868) was an Indian king who was the twenty-second Maharaja of Mysore. He ruled the kingdom for nearly seventy years, from 30 June 1799 to 27 March 1868, for a good portion of the latter period ...

. (1799–1810) *

Kempananjammanni Devi Kempananjammanni Devi (1866–1934) was the Maharani of Mysore and later queen mother and regent of the Kingdom of Mysore. She was the wife of Maharaja Chamarajendra Wadiyar X and the mother of Maharaja Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV, Krishnaraja W ...

, regent during the minority of

Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV (4 June 1884 – 3 August 1940) was the twenty-fourth Maharaja of Mysore, reigning from 1902 until his death in 1940. Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV is popularly deemed a '' rajarshi'', or 'saintly king', a moniker with which Mah ...

. (1895–1902)

Nepal

* Prince Gyanendra was regent following the murder of his brother

King Birendra Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (; 29 December 1945 – 1 June 2001) was King of Nepal from 1972 until his assassination in 2001. Early life and education Birendra was born at the Narayanhiti Royal Palace in Kathmandu as the eldest son of th ...

, during the four-day coma of Birenda's son King Dipendra upon whose death he succeeded as King

Ryukyu

Ogiyaka , also known as Ukiyaka or Yosoidon (1445–1505), was Queen of the Ryukyu Kingdom from 1469 until her death. She married Shō En before he became king, and acted as regent during the early years of Shō Shin's reign. Life Ogiyaka was born in 14 ...

, queen regent for

Shō Shin was a king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, the third ruler of the second Shō dynasty. Shō Shin's long reign has been described as "the Great Days of Chūzan", a period of great peace and relative prosperity. He was the son of Shō En, the founder of ...

of the

Ryukyu Kingdom The Ryukyu Kingdom was a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 to 1879. It was ruled as a Tributary system of China, tributary state of Ming dynasty, imperial Ming China by the King of Ryukyu, Ryukyuan monarchy, who unified Okinawa Island t ...

. (1477–1505) *

Aragusuku Anki was a politician and bureaucrat of the Ryukyu Kingdom. He was also known by , and his Chinese style name, . His mother was a Noro. According to legend, Aragusuku was a love child of King Shō Shin. In the summer 1555, King Shō Sei became ser ...

, later Urasoe Ryōken, head of the

Sanshikan The ''Sanshikan'' ( ), or Council of Three, was a government body of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, which originally developed out of a council of regents. It emerged in 1556, when the young Shō Gen, who was speech disorder, mute, ascended to the throne ...

and regent for

Shō Gen was king of the Ryukyu Kingdom from 1556 to 1572. He was called "Gen, the mute."Kerr, George H. (2000). Life The king required considerable support from the ''Sanshikan'' (Council of Three), the chief council of royal advisors. His reign ma ...

. (1556–1566) * Yonabaru Ryōtō, head of the Sanshikan and regent for

Shō Sei was king of the Ryukyu Kingdom from 1526 to 1555.Kerr, George H. (2000). He was the fifth son of King Shō Shin, who he succeeded. Life Shō Sei suppressed a rebellion on Amami Ōshima in 1537 and took steps to improve defenses against '' wak ...

. (1802–1803) * Kuniyoshi Chōshō, later Sakuma Seimō and then Kōchi Chōken, head of the Sanshikan and regent for

Shō Tai was the final King of Ryukyu, initially as Second Shō dynasty, hereditary king of the Tributary system of China#Ryukyu Kingdom, Qing tributary Ryukyu Kingdom from 8 June 1848 until 10 October 1872 and finally as the Empire of Japan, Japanese a ...

. (1848–1857)

Tibetan Empire

Khri ma lod Empress Khri ma lod (or Thrimalö) was an empress consort and twice regent of Tibet. She was empress consort by marriage to emperor Mangsong Mangtsen. She was the ruler of the Tibetan empire twice: in 675-689 during the minority of her son emperor ...

for her son

Tridu Songtsen Tridu Songtsen (), Tridu Songtsen or Dusong Mangban, (b.668 – 704d.; r. 676–704 CE) was the 36th king of Tibet and reigned during the Tibetan Empire period. Ascent to throne 'Dus-rong ascended the Tibetan throne after the death of his father, ...

(675–689) and again for her grandson

Me Agtsom Me most often refers to: * Me (pronoun), the first-person singular pronoun, referring to the speaker Me, M.E. or ME may also refer to: Language * Me (cuneiform), a sign in cuneiform writing * Me (kana), a letter in Japanese script * Middle En ...

(704–712)

Turkey

* Yariri for the later king Kamani in the

Neo-Hittite The states called Neo-Hittite, Syro-Hittite (in older literature), or Luwian-Aramean (in modern scholarly works) were Luwian and Aramean regional polities of the Iron Age, situated in southeastern parts of modern Turkey and northwestern parts o ...

state of

Carchemish Carchemish ( or ), also spelled Karkemish (), was an important ancient capital in the northern part of the region of Syria. At times during its history the city was independent, but it was also part of the Mitanni, Hittite and Neo-Assyrian ...

located at the present-day border of Turkey and Syria (early to mid 8th century BC).Trevor Bryce: ''The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History''. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 95. *

Kösem Sultan Kösem Sultan (; 1589 – 2 September 1651), also known as Mahpeyker Sultan (;), was the Haseki sultan, Haseki Sultan as the chief consort and legal wife of the List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I, Valide sultan, Vali ...

, Naib-i-Sultanat (regent) of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

during the minority of her son

Murad IV Murad IV (, ''Murād-ı Rābiʿ''; , 27 July 1612 – 8 February 1640) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. Murad I ...

(10 September 1623 – 1632) and her grandson

Mehmed IV Mehmed IV (; ; 2 January 1642 – 6 January 1693), nicknamed as Mehmed the Hunter (), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. He came to the throne at the age of six after his father was overthrown in a coup. Mehmed went on to b ...

(8 August 1648 – 2 September 1651) *

Turhan Sultan Hatice Turhan Sultan (, "''merciful"'' or "''noble''"; 1627 – 4 August 1683) was the first Haseki sultan of the Ottoman sultan Ibrahim (), and Valide sultan as the mother of Mehmed IV () as well as the Official Regent of the Ottoman Empi ...

, Naib-i-Sultanat (regent) of the

during the minority of her son

(3 September 1651 – 1656)

Vietnam

* Queen Jiu during the reign of her son King Zhao Xing. * Lê Hoàn and Empress Dowager Dương Vân Nga during the short reign of her son Emperor Đinh Phế Đế (''lit. Deposed Emperor Dinh''), after her husband Emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, Đinh Tiên Hoàng was assassinated. * Ỷ Lan, Empress Mother Linh Nhân, while her husband Emperor Lý Thánh Tông led a military campaign against the kingdom of Champa (1st time) and again, during the reign of her son Emperor Lý Nhân Tông (2nd time). * Linh Chiếu Thái hậu, Empress Mother Linh Chiếu (1138–1158) for her son Emperor Lý Anh Tông. * Trần Thừa and Trần Thủ Độ during the reign of Emperor Trần Thái Tông. Trần Thừa also called Retired Emperor Trần Thái Tổ, is Emperor Trần Thái Tông's father. He was the only "''Emperor''" who did not held the throne of the Trần dynasty. Grand Chancellor Trần Thủ Độ is Trần Thái Tông's uncle. * Hồ Quý Ly, during the reign of Trần dynasty's emperors ─ Trần Thuận Tông & Trần Thiếu Đế; and later, the reign of his son ─ Emperor Hồ Hán Thương of Hồ dynasty. * Nguyễn Thị Anh, Empress Mother Tuyên Từ (1443–1453), during the reign of her son Emperor Lê Nhân Tông. * Consort Tuyên ─ Đặng Thị Huệ (Consort of Lord Trịnh Sâm) during the reign of her son, Lord Trịnh Cán.

Africa

Egypt

* Queen Neithhotep for either Hor-Aha or Djer (c. 3000 B.C.) * Queen Merneith for Den (pharaoh), Den of Egypt (c. 2950 B.C.) * Queen Nimaathap for Djoser (c. 2686 B.C.) * Queen Khentkaus I for an unknown pharaoh * Queen Khentkaus II for Nyuserre Ini * Queen Iput I for Pepi I (c. 2332 B.C.) * Queen Ankhesenpepi II for Pepi II (c. 2278 B.C.) * Queen Ahhotep I for Ahmose I (c. 1550 B.C.) * Queen Ahmose-Nefertari for Amenhotep I (c. 1526 B.C.) * Queen Hatshepsut for Thutmose III of Egypt during the early part of his reign before she became co-ruling Pharaoh in her own right (c. 1479–1472 B.C.) * Queen Mutemwiya for Amenhotep III (c. 1388 B.C.) * General Horemheb for Tutankhamun (c. 1332–1323 B.C.) * Queen Twosret for Siptah (c. 1197–1191 B.C.) * Prince Tjahapimu for Teos of Egypt, Djedhor during his military campaigns against the Achaemenid Empire (c. 360 B.C.) * Minister Agathocles of Egypt, Agathocles for Ptolemy V (c. 204–202 B.C.) * Governor Tlepolemus (regent of Egypt), Tlepolemus for Ptolemy V (c. 202–201 B.C.) * Minister Aristomenes of Alyzeia, Aristomenes for Ptolemy V (c. 201–196 B.C.) * Queen Cleopatra I for Ptolemy VI (c. 180–176 B.C.) * Eulaeus and Lenaeus for Ptolemy VI (c. 176–170 B.C.) * Pothinus for Ptolemy XIII (c. 51–48 B.C.) * Commander Abu al-Misk Kafur for Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid and Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid (946–966 A.D.) * Vizier Ja'far ibn al-Furat for Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali (968 and 969) * Prince Al-Hasan ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Tughj for Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali (968–969) * Wasita (title), Wasita Barjawan for Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996–1000) * Princess Sitt al-Mulk for Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah (1021–1023) * Vizier Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i for Al-Mustansir Billah (1036–1045) * Caliph Mother Rasad for Al-Mustansir Billah (1045–1062) * Prince Al-Hafiz for At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (1130) * Vizier Kutayfat for At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (1130–1131) * Vizier Tala'i ibn Ruzzik for Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah and Al-Adid (1154–1161) * Sultana Shajar al-Durr following the death of her husband As-Salih Ayyub (1249–1250) * Atabak Aybak for Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt, Al-Ashraf Musa (1250–1254) * Emir Qalawun for Solamish (1279) * Emir Al-Adil Kitbugha for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1293–1294) * Emir Baybars II, Baibars al-Jashankir for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1299–1304) * Viceroy Sayf al-Din Salar for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1299–1304) * Emir Qawsun for Al-Ashraf Kujuk (1341–1342) * Emir Yalbugha al-Umari for Al-Mansur Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt, Al-Mansur Muhammad and Al-Ashraf Sha'ban (1361–1366) * Emir Barquq for Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt, Al-Mansur Ali II and As-Salih Hajji (1377–1382) * Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik, Aziz Ezzat Pasha, Sherif Sabri Pasha for King Farouk I of Egypt (1936–1937) * Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim, Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha, Rashad Mehanna for King Fuad II of Egypt (1952–1953)

Ethiopia

* Eleni of Ethiopia served as regent between 1507 and 1516 during the minority of Emperor Dawit II. * Mentewab for her son Iyasu II * ''Ras'' Tessema Nadew in 1913 during the minority of Iyasu V of Ethiopia, Iyasu who would have been crowned as Iyasu V of Ethiopia, Iyasu V * Tafari Makonnen from 1916 to 1931 during the reign of a female, Emperor of Ethiopia, Empress Zewditu (Queen of Kings, ''Nigiste Negestatt''). Upon her death, the regent himself ascended the throne and was crowned as Emperor Haile Selassie I (King of Kings, ''Negusa Nagast'')

Americas

Brazil

* John VI of Portugal, John, Prince Regent, was responsible for elevating Brazil to the status of Kingdom in 1815. One year later, he was acclaimed King of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves. * Pedro I of Brazil, Pedro, Prince Regent, was responsible for declaring the independence of Brazil, in 1822, during his regency (1820–1822), after his father, John VI, returned to Portugal. Some months later, he would be acclaimed Emperor of Brazil. * Maria Leopoldina of Austria, Maria Leopoldina, Empress consort of Brazil, acted as Empress Regent while her husband, Pedro I, was away – especially during the war against Uruguay. * Provisional Triumviral Regency – from 7 April to 18 June 1831, comprised José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, Marquis of Caravelas, José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, Marquess of Caravelas, Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro and Francisco de Lima e Silva, was formed to rule the country after the Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil, abdication of Pedro I. * Permanent Triumviral Regency – from 18 June 1831 to 12 October 1835, comprised Francisco de Lima e Silva as well as José da Costa Carvalho, Marquis of Monte Alegre, José da Costa Carvalho and João Bráulio Muniz. * Diogo Antônio Feijó – from 12 October 1835 to 19 September 1837, during what was considered the advance of the Liberal Party * Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda – from 1837 (provisional to 1838) to 1840, during what was considered the retaken of the Conservative Party. * Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, was Princess Regent of the Empire of Brazil three times (1871–1872; 1876–1877; 1887–1888) while her father travelled abroad. During her last regency, she signed the abolition of slavery in Brazil (known as the "Lei Áurea", or ''"Golden Law"''), on 13 May 1888, whereby Isabel got the sobriquet ''Isabel the Redeemer''. For the act of signing the ''Golden Law'', she was awarded the Golden Rose by Pope Leo XIII.

Mexico

* Charlotte of Belgium, Carlota, Empress consort of Mexico (1864–1867), assisted her husband Maximilian I of Mexico, who let her rule as regent during his absences from Mexico City.

Europe

Austria

* William, Duke of Austria (1404–1406), during the minority of his cousin, Duke Albert II of Germany, Albert V. * Leopold IV, Duke of Austria and Ernest, Duke of Austria (1406–1411), for the same reason. * Frederick IV, Duke of Austria (1524–1535), during the minorities of his nephews, Dukes Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick V and Albert VI, Archduke of Austria, Albert VI. * Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick V, Duke of Austria during the minorities of his cousins, Dukes Sigismund, Archduke of Austria, Sigismund (1439–1446) and Ladislaus the Posthumous (1440–1452). * Archduke Ernest of Austria (1590–1593), during the minority of his cousin, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III, Archduke of Inner Austria. * Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria (1593–1595), for the same reason. * Claudia de' Medici (1632–1646), during the minority of her son, Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria. * For most of the reign of the epileptic and severely disabled Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, Ferdinand I (1835–1848), Ferdinand's uncle, Archduke Louis of Austria, Archduke Ludwig (from 1836 to 1848), acted as a ''de facto'' regent.

Bulgaria

* Stefan Stambolov, during the absence of Prince Alexander Battenberg from the Bulgarian throne between 28 August 1886 and 3 September 1886 and the vacancy of the throne between 7 September 1886 and 14 August 1887. * Kiril, Prince of Preslav and Bogdan Filov and Nikola Mikhov together as Regency Council, during the minority of the former's nephew Simeon II of Bulgaria, Simeon II (1943–1944). * Venelin Ganev and Todor Pavlov and Tsvetko Boboshevski together as Regency Council, during the minority of Simeon II of Bulgaria, Simeon II (1944–1946)

Finland

After the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the throne of the Grand Duke of Finland was vacant and according to the constitution of 1772, a regent was installed by the Eduskunta, Finnish Parliament during the first two years of Finnish independence, before the country was declared a republic. * Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, installed in January 1918, resigned in late 1918. * Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, resigned 1919 with the passing of the new constitution.

France

* Queen Anne of Kiev and Baldwin V, Count of Flanders (1060–1066), during the minority of her son and his nephew Philip I of France, Philip I * Abbot Suger, Suger, Abbot of St. Denis (1147–1149), during the absence of Louis VII of France, Louis VII on the Second Crusade * Queen Adèle of Champagne and Guillaume de Champagne, Archbishop of Reims (1190–1191), during the absence of her son Philip II of France, Philip II on the

. * Queen Blanche of Castile (1226–1234), during the minority of her son Louis IX of France, Louis IX * Queen Blanche of Castile (1248–1252) and Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, Alphonse, Count of Poitou and Toulouse (1248–1254), during the absence of her son and his brother Louis IX of France, Louis IX on the Seventh Crusade. * Matthew of Vendôme (abbot), Mathieu de Vendôme, Abbot of Saint-Denis and Simon II of Clermont, Simon de Clermont, Sieur de Nesle, during the absence of Louis IX of France, Louis IX on the Eighth Crusade (1270). * Philip V of France, Philip the Tall (1316), during the interregnum between the death of his brother Louis X of France, Louis X and the birth of Louis' posthumous son John I of France, John I, and during the minority of the short-lived John I. * Philip VI of France, Philip, Count of Valois and Anjou (1328), from the death of his cousin Charles IV of France, Charles IV until the birth of a posthumous daughter to the late king brought about Valois' own accession to the throne. * Queen Joan the Lame of Burgundy, Joan the Lame (1340) during absence of her husband Philip VI of France, Philip VI. * Queen Joan the Lame of Burgundy, Joan the Lame (1345–1346) during absence of her husband Philip VI of France, Philip VI. * Queen Joan the Lame of Burgundy, Joan the Lame (1347) during absence of her husband Philip VI of France, Philip VI. * Charles V of France, Charles, the Dauphin (1356–1360), during the Ransom of King John II of France, captivity of his father in England * Louis I, Duke of Anjou (1380–1382), during the minority of his nephew Charles VI of France, Charles VI * Jean, Duke of Berry, Philippe II, Duke of Burgundy, and Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (1382–1388), during the minority of their nephew, Charles VI of France, Charles VI * Louis II, Duke of Bourbon and John, Duke of Berry (1392–1407), during the insanity of their nephew, Charles VI * Queen Isabella of Bavaria (1417–1420) and then Henry V of England, during the insanity of her husband and his father-in-law, Charles VI; they were opposed by * Charles VII of France, Charles, the Dauphin (1417–1422), Charles VI's eldest surviving son, who also claimed the regency. *

(1422–1435), acting as regent on behalf of his nephew, the young Henry VI of England in opposition to the king Charles VII of France, Charles VII * Queen Charlotte of Savoy (1465) during the absence of her husband Louis XI * Anne of France and her husband Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, Pierre de Beaujeu (1483–1491), during the minority of her brother, Charles VIII of France, Charles VIII * Louise of Savoy (1515–1516), during the absence of her son, Francis I of France, Francis I, in Italy. * Louise of Savoy (1523–1526), during the absence at war in Italy, and then the captivity, of her son, Francis I of France, Francis I * Queen Catherine de' Medici: **(1552) While her husband Henry II of France, Henry II left the kingdom for the campaign of Metz. **(1560–1563) During the minority of her second son, Charles IX of France, Charles IX **(1574) During the absence of her third son, Henry III of France, Henry III, in Poland * Queen Marie de' Medici (1610–1614), during the minority of her son, Louis XIII * Queen Anne of Austria (1643–1651), during the minority of her son Louis XIV of France, Louis XIV * Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1715–1723), during the minority of Louis XV of France, Louis XV; often called "the Regent", since he was the last regent of France. **The related era and style are commonly referred to as the ''Régence'' (analogous to the Regency era, British Regency period). ** A 136 carat (27.2 g) diamond he acquired in 1717 is known as 'le régent' * Louis XVIII of France, Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, comte de Provence, while living in exile, self-declared regent for his nephew Louis XVII of France after the 1793 guillotining of Louis XVI of France, King Louis XVI, until the young pretender's death in 1795. * Charles X of France, Charles-Philippe de France, comte d'Artois, appointed Lieutenant General of the Kingdom by a temporary government from 14 April 1814 until Louis XVIII arrived from England. * Empress Eugenie, three times for her husband, Napoleon III of France, during his absence.

Greece

* Josef Ludwig von Armansperg, Carl Wilhelm von Heideck, Georg Ludwig von Maurer, Egid von Kobell, Johann Baptist von Greiner (1833–1835): on behalf of the minor Otto of Greece, King Otto. * Prince Johann of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1867): on behalf of George I of Greece, George I while he was on a tour in Europe. * Pavlos Kountouriotis (1920): following the death of Alexander of Greece, King Alexander. * Olga Constantinovna of Russia (1920): until the conclusion of a 1920 Greek referendum, referendum on the return of Constantine I of Greece, King Constantine I. * Pavlos Kountouriotis (1923–1924): on behalf of the minor George II of Greece, King George II. * Georgios Kondylis (1935): on behalf of the minor George II of Greece, King George II. * Damaskinos of Athens, Archbishop Damaskinos (1944–1946): on behalf of George II of Greece, King George II until his return after World War II. * Constantine II of Greece, Crown Prince Constantine (1964): on behalf of the ill Paul of Greece, King Paul. * General Georgios Zoitakis (1967–1972): appointed by the Regime of the Colonels, military junta of the time when the last reigning king, Constantine II of Greece, fled to exile after a failed royal countercoup. * Military dictator Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos (1972–1973): then Prime Minister, assumed the additional role of regent until the monarchy was abolished by the junta in 1973.

German Empire

= Anhalt

= * Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1266–1270), during the minority of her sons, Otto I, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben and Henry III, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben. * Margaret of Münsterberg (1516–1524), during the minority of her sons, Joachim I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau. * Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau first (1621–1643), during the minority of his nephew, John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and later (1650–1653), during the minority of his nephew, William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. * Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau and Emmanuel, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, Emmanuel, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau (1653–1659), during the minority of their cousin, William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. * Sophie Augusta of Holstein-Gottorp (1667–1674), during the minority of her son, Charles, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. * Anna Eleonore of Stolberg-Wernigerode (1670–1690), during the minority of her son, Emmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. * John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1690–1692), during the minority of his cousin, Emmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. * Countess Henriette Catherine of Nassau (1693–1698), during the minority of her son, Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau. * Gisela Agnes of Rath (1704–1715), during the minority of her son, Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. * Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp (1747–1752), during the minority of her son, Frederick Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. * Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau (1751–1758), during the minority of his nephew, Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau. * Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1812–1817), during the minority of his cousin, Louis Augustus, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen. * Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1817–1818), during the minority of his cousin, Louis Augustus, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen. * Prince Aribert of Anhalt, Prince Aribert (1918), during the minority of his nephew, Duke Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt, Joachim Ernst.

= Baden

= * Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (1569–1577), during the minority of his nephew, Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden. * Countess Palatine Anna of Veldenz (1577–1584), during the minority of her son, Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach. * Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg (1707–1727), during the minority of her son, Louis George, Margrave of Baden-Baden. * Magdalena Wilhelmine of Württemberg (1738–1742), during the minority of her grandson, Margrave Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden, Charles Frederick of Baden-Durlach. * Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, Prince Frederick (1852–1856), during the incapacity of his brother, Grand Duke Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Baden, Louis II.

= Bavaria

= * Agnes of Loon (1183–1191), during the minority of her son, Louis I, Duke of Bavaria. * Matilda of Habsburg (1294–1296), during the minority of her son, Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria. * Albert VI, Duke of Bavaria (1651–1654), during the minority of his nephew, Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria. * Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus, Duke of Bavaria-Leuchtenberg (1679–1680), during the minority of his nephew, Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria. * Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, Prince Luitpold (1886–1912), during the incapacity of his nephews, Ludwig II of Bavaria, Ludwig II and Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto. * Ludwig III of Bavaria, Prince Ludwig (1912–1913), during the incapacity of his cousin, Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto.

= Brunswick

= * Albert I, Duke of Brunswick (1277–1279), during the minority of his nephew, Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. * Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Osterode (1383–1401), during the minority of his nephew, Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen. * Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (1464–1479), during the minority of his nephew, Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen. * Anne of Nassau-Siegen (1479–1486), during the minority of her son, Henry I, Duke of Brunswick. * Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen, Elisabeth of Brandenburg and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (1540–1545), during the minority of the former's son, Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. * Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Elizabeth of Denmark (1616–1622), during the incapacity of her son, Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. * George IV, George, Prince of Wales, later King George IV of the United Kingdom (1815–1823), during the minority of his cousin, Duke Charles II, Duke of Brunswick, Charles II. * Prince Albrecht of Prussia (1885–1906), during the interregnum following the death of Duke Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick, Wilhelm in 1884, when the throne could not be filled due to the status of the heir, the Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, Duke of Cumberland, as an enemy of the Reich. * Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1907–1913), for the same reason.

= Hanover

= * George IV of the United Kingdom, George, Prince of Wales (1813–1820), due to the insanity of his father, King

= Hesse-Darmstadt

= * Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1678–1686), during the minority of her son, Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.

= Hesse-Homburg

= * Margaret Elisabeth of Leiningen-Westerburg (1638–1648), during the minority of her son, William Christoph, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg. * Princess Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels (1751–1766), during the minority of her son, Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg.

= Hesse-Kassel

= * Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg (1637–1650), during the minority of her son, William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. * Princess Hedwig Sophie of Brandenburg (1663–1677), during the minorities of her sons, William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. * Frederick William, Elector of Hesse, Electoral Prince Frederick William (1831–1847), due to the incapacity of his father, Elector William II, Elector of Hesse, William II.

= Lippe

= * Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg (1802–1820), during the minority of her son, Prince Leopold II, Prince of Lippe, Leopold II. * Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe (1895–1897), due to the incapacity of his cousin, Prince Alexander, Prince of Lippe, Alexander. * Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1897–1904), for the same reason. * Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe, Count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1904–1905), for the same reason.

= Mecklenburg-Schwerin

= * Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1897–1901), due to the minority of his nephew, Grand Duke Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Friedrich Franz IV.

= Mecklenburg-Strelitz

= * Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1918), due to the near extinction of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz line.

= Prussia

= * Wilhelm I of Germany, Prince William (1858–1861), during the incapacity of his brother Frederick William IV of Prussia, Frederick William IV.

= Württemberg

= * Charles Frederick II, Duke of Württemberg-Oels during minority of Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg * Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis (1737–1740), during the minority of her son, Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg

= Saxe-Altenburg

= * John George II, Elector of Saxony (1669–1672), during the minority of his nephew, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm III.

= Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

= * Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1900–1905), during the minority of his cousin, Duke Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Charles Edward.

= Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

= * Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and Henry, Duke of Saxe-Römhild (1691–1693), during the minority of their nephew, Duke Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Frederick II.

= Saxe-Eisenach

= * John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, John George I, Duke of Saxe-Marksuhl (1668–1671), during the minority of his nephew, Duke William August, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, William August.

= Saxe-Hildburghausen

= * Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach, Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach (1724–1728), during the minority of her son, Duke Ernest Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, Ernest Frederick II. * Countess Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau, Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau (1745–1748), during the minority of her son, Duke Ernest Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, Ernest Frederick III. * Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780–1787), during the minority of his great-grandnephew, Duke Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, Frederick.

= Saxe-Jena

= * John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1678–1683), during the minority of his nephew, Duke Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Jena, Johann Wilhelm. * John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (1683–1686), during the minority of his nephew, Duke Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Jena, Johann Wilhelm. * William Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1686–1690), during the minority of his cousin and brother-in-law, Duke Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Jena, Johann Wilhelm.

= Saxe-Meiningen

= * Princess Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal, Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal (1763–1779), during the minority of her son, Duke Karl Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, Karl Wilhelm. * Princess Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe (1803–1821), during the minority of her son, Duke Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, Bernard II.

= Saxe-Merseburg

= * Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz (1694–1712), during the minorities of her sons, Duke Christian III Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg, Christian III Maurice and Duke Maurice Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg, Maurice Wilhelm.

= Saxe-Weimar

= * Augustus, Elector of Saxony (1573–1586), during the minority of his cousin, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, Friedrich Wilhelm I. * Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1748–1755), during the minority of their cousin, Duke Ernest Augustus II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Ernest Augustus II. * Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Anna Amalia of Brunswick (1758–1775), during the minority of her son, Duke Carl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Carl August.

= Saxony

= * Gertrude of Süpplingenburg (1139–1142), during the minority of her son, Henry the Lion. * Sophie of Brandenburg (1591–1601), during the minority of her son, Elector Christian II, Elector of Saxony, Christian II. * Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria, Maria Antonia of Bavaria (1763–1769), during the minority of her son, Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, Frederick Augustus III.

= Waldeck

= * Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (1845–1852), during the minority of her son, Prince George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, George Victor.

Hungary

* Helena of Rascia, Helena and Beloš Vukanović, in 1141–1146 during the rule of infant Géza II. Helena was the mother and Beloš her brother. * Andrew II of Hungary, Andrew of Hungary, between 1204 and 1205 during the rule of the infant Ladislaus III of Hungary, Ladislaus III * Elizabeth of Bosnia, regent for her daughter Mary, Queen of Hungary, Mary between 1382–1385 and in 1386. Had assassinated her daughter's opponent Charles III of Naples, Charles II, but was murdered herself the following year. * John Hunyadi, during Ladislaus the Posthumous, Ladislaus V's minority * Michael Szilágyi in 1458, between Ladislaus V's death and the crowning of Matthias Corvinus, Matthias I * George Martinuzzi (1540–1551) and Isabella Jagiellon (1556–1559) for John Sigismund Zápolya, John II * Lajos Kossuth, under the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 * Archduke Joseph August of Austria, Joseph August, briefly after the fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. He is the last House of Habsburg, Habsburg to be a head of state. * Admiral Miklós Horthy during the period of Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1944)

Iceland

* Hermann Jónasson, Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson, Eysteinn Jónsson, Jakob Ragnar Valdimar Möller, Ólafur Thors during Denmark's occupation between 1940 and 1941. * Sveinn Björnsson was regent for

during Denmark's occupation between 1941 and 1944.

Italy

* Umberto II of Italy, Prince Umberto, Prince of Piedmont was regent for his father, Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, King Vittorio Emanuele III, between 1944 and 1946 (whom he briefly succeeded as Umberto II of Italy, King Umberto II)

= Mantua

= * Isabella d'Este (1519–1521), during the minority of her son Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, Federico II.

= Parma

= * Margherita de' Medici (1646–1648), during the minority of her son Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, Ranuccio II * Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (1731) during the absence of her grandson Charles III of Spain, Charles I * Louise d'Artois (1854–1859), during the minority of her son Robert, Duke of Parma, Robert I.

= Savoy

= * Christine Marie of France (1637–1663), during the minority of her son Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel II. * Marie Jeanne of Savoy (1675–1680), during the minority of her son Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, Victor Amadeus II.

Kievan Rus'

* Oleg the Wise, ruled Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod and Kyiv, for supposed kinsman Igor of Kiev (879–912) * Olga of Kiev for her son Sviatoslav I of Kiev, Svyatoslav (945–969)

Portugal

* Theresa, Countess of Portugal, Countess Teresa, during the minority of her son Afonso I of Portugal, Afonso I (1112–1139). Styled herself ''Queen of Portugal''. * Afonso III of Portugal, Afonso, Count ''jure uxoris'' of Boulogne-sur-Mer, after Pope Innocent IV had deposed his brother Sancho II of Portugal, Sancho II, and before assuming himself the throne as Afonso III, following Sancho's death (1245–1248). Styled himself ''Regent and Defender of the Kingdom''. * Leonor Telles de Menezes, Queen Leonor, for her daughter Beatrice of Portugal, Beatrice I (1383). * John I of Portugal, João, Mestre de Avis, during the 1383–1385 Crisis, Dynastic Crisis, and before assuming himself the throne as John I (1384–1385). Styled himself ''Regent and Defender of the Kingdom''. * Leonor of Aragon (1402–1445), Queen Eleanor, during the minority of her son Afonso V of Portugal, Afonso V (1438–1439). * Peter, Duke of Coimbra, during the minority of his nephew Afonso V of Portugal, Afonso V (1439–1448). * Catherine of Habsburg (1507–1578), Queen Catharine, during the minority of her grandson Sebastian of Portugal, Sebastian I (1557–1562). * Cardinal Henry, Cardinal Prince Henry, during the minority of his grandnephew Sebastian of Portugal, Sebastian I (1562–1568). * Luísa de Gusmão, Queen Luísa, for her son Afonso VI of Portugal, Afonso VI (1656–1662). * Peter II of Portugal, Prince Peter, for his brother Afonso VI of Portugal, Afonso VI, and before assuming himself the throne as Peter II, following Afonso's death (1668–1683). * Catherine of Braganza, Catherine, Queen Dowager of England, Scotland and Ireland, for her brother, Peter II of Portugal, Peter II, in 1701 and 1704–05. * John VI of Portugal, John, Prince Regent, during the incapacity of his mother Mary I of Portugal, Mary I, and before assuming himself the throne as John VI, following her death (1792–1816). * Isabel Maria of Braganza, Princess Isabel Maria, following her father's (John VI of Portugal, John VI) death, and whilst awaiting the arrival of her brother Peter IV of Portugal, Peter IV to assume the throne (1826–1828). * Michael I of Portugal, Prince Michael, for his niece Mary II of Portugal, Mary II, and before usurping the throne for himself as Michael I (1828). * Peter IV of Portugal, Peter, Duke of Bragança (former King Peter IV), for his daughter Mary II of Portugal, Mary II (1831–1834). * Ferdinand II of Portugal, King ''jure uxoris'' Ferdinand II, during the minority of his son Peter V of Portugal, Peter V (1853–1855).

Romania

* Lascăr Catargiu, General officer, Gen. Nicolae Golescu, Colonel, Col. Nicolae Haralambie (1866), between the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza and the coronation of Carol I of Romania, Carol I as Prince. * Prince Nicholas of Romania, Prince Nicholas, Miron Cristea, Gheorghe Buzdugan (replaced upon his death by Constantin Sărăţeanu) (1927–1930), during the minority of king Michael I of Romania, Michael I.

Russia

* Sophia of Lithuania for her son Vasily II of Moscow, Vasily II (1425–1432) * Elena Glinskaya for her son Ivan the Terrible (1533–1538) with her favorite Ivan Fedorovich (d. 1539) * Sophia Alekseyevna for her brothers Ivan V and Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great (1682–1689) * Natalia Naryshkina for her son Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great (1689–1694) * Ernst Johann von Biron for the infant Ivan VI (1740) * Anna Leopoldovna for her son Ivan VI (1740–1741)

Serbia

* Milica of Serbia, Princess Milica, regent of Serbia during the minority of Stefan Lazarević (1389) * Council of Regency during the Serbian Despotate: Mihailo Anđelović, Stefan Branković, and Helena Palaiologina of the Morea, Helena Palaiologina (fl. 1458) * Council of Regency during the minority of Milan I of Serbia, Prince Milan: Milivoje Petrović Blaznavac, Jovan Ristić and Jovan Gavrilović (1868–1872) * Council of Regency during the minority of Alexander I of Serbia, King Aleksandar Obrenović V: Jovan Ristić, Kosta Protić (d. 1892) and Jovan Belimarković (1889–1893) * Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Crown Prince Alexander, regent of the Kingdom of Serbia (1914–1918) and regent of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1921), until the death of his father Peter I of Serbia, King Peter I

= Serbian regents abroad

= * Helena of Rascia, Helena and Beloš Vukanović, Co-regents of Hungary (1141–1146)

Yugoslavia

* Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Crown Prince Alexander, regent of the Kingdom of Serbia (1914–1918) and regent of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1921), until the death of his father Peter I of Serbia, King Peter I * Council of Regency during the minority of Peter II of Yugoslavia, King Peter II: Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, Prince Paul, Radenko Stanković, Ivo Perović (1934–1941)

Oceania

Hawaii

* Queen Kaahumanu, Kaʻahumanu, between 1824 and 1832 during the rule of the infant Kamehameha III; she was also Kuhina Nui (co-ruler), regent, of Kamehameha II * Kaahumanu II, Elizabeth Kīnaʻu, between 5 June 1832 – 17 March 1833 after Kaʻahumanu's death and before Kamehameha III became 20 years old

Notes

{{Authority control Lists of heads of state, * Lists of regents,

Regents in extant monarchies

Asia

Cambodia

Japan

Jordan

Malaysia and its constitutive monarchies

= Terengganu

Oman

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Thailand

Africa

Morocco

Lesotho

Swaziland

Europe

Belgium

Denmark

Liechtenstein

Luxembourg

Monaco

Netherlands

Norway

Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom and its predecessor realms

= Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain, also known as the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingd ...

= Kingdom of England The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the late 9th century, when it was unified from various Heptarchy, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Kingdom of Scotland, Scotland to f ...

= Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a Anglo-Sc ...

South America

Afro-Bolivian monarchy

Regents in defunct monarchies

Asia

China

Afghanistan

Ahom Kingdom

Madurai

Mughal Empire

Vijayanagara Empire

Qutub Shahi dynasty

Travancore

Vakataka Kingdom

Iran

Iraq

Korea

Mongolia

Myanmar

Mysore

Nepal

Ryukyu

Tibetan Empire

Turkey

Vietnam

Africa

Egypt

Ethiopia

Americas

Brazil

Mexico

Europe

Austria

Bulgaria

Finland

France

Greece

German Empire

= Anhalt

= Baden

= Bavaria

= Brunswick

= Hanover

= Hesse-Darmstadt

= Hesse-Homburg

= Hesse-Kassel

= Lippe

= Mecklenburg-Schwerin

= Mecklenburg-Strelitz

= Prussia

= Württemberg

= Saxe-Altenburg

=
Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain, also known as the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingd ...

=
Kingdom of England The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the late 9th century, when it was unified from various Heptarchy, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Kingdom of Scotland, Scotland to f ...

=
Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a Anglo-Sc ...