Rabah Zobeir
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Rabih az-Zubayr ibn Fadl Allah (; c. 1842 – April 22, 1900), also known as Rabih Fadlallah and usually known as Rabah in
French French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band), ...
, was a
Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...
ese
warlord Warlords are individuals who exercise military, Economy, economic, and Politics, political control over a region, often one State collapse, without a strong central or national government, typically through informal control over Militia, local ...
and
slave trader The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day. Likewise, its victims have come from many different ethnicities and religious groups. The social, economic, and legal positions o ...
who established a powerful empire east of
Lake Chad Lake Chad (, Kanuri language, Kanuri: ''Sádǝ'', ) is an endorheic freshwater lake located at the junction of four countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon, in western and central Africa respectively, with a catchment area in excess of . ...
, in today's
Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...
. Born around 1842 to an Arabic tribe in Halfaya Al-Muluk, a suburb of
Khartoum Khartoum or Khartum is the capital city of Sudan as well as Khartoum State. With an estimated population of 7.1 million people, Greater Khartoum is the largest urban area in Sudan. Khartoum is located at the confluence of the White Nile – flo ...
, he first served with the irregular
Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
ian cavalry in the
Egyptian–Ethiopian War The Egyptian–Ethiopian War was a war between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt, an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, from 1874 to 1876. The conflict resulted in an unequivocal Ethiopian victory that guaranteed cont ...
, during which he was wounded. When Rabih briefly left the army in the 1860s, he became the principal lieutenant of the Sudanese
slaveholder The following is a list of notable people who owned other people as slaves, where there is a consensus of historical evidence of slave ownership, in alphabetical order by last name. A * Adelicia Acklen (1817–1887), at one time the wealthi ...
Sebehr Rahma.


Lieutenant of al-Zubayr (1874–1879)

In the 19th century,
Khartoum Khartoum or Khartum is the capital city of Sudan as well as Khartoum State. With an estimated population of 7.1 million people, Greater Khartoum is the largest urban area in Sudan. Khartoum is located at the confluence of the White Nile – flo ...
had become a very important Arab slave market, supplied through companies of ''Khartumi'' established in the region of
Bahr el Ghazal Bahr el-Ghazal (, also transliterated ''Bahr al-Ghazal'', ''Baḥr al-Ghazāl'', ''Bahr el-Gazel'', or versions of these without the hyphen) may refer to two distinct places, both named after ephemeral or dry rivers. Chad * Bahr el-Ghazal (wadi in ...
, where they resided in
zariba A zariba (from ) is a fence which is made of thorns. Historically, it was used to defend settlements or property against perpetrators in Sudan and neighboring countries such as Chad and further south in Democratic Republic of the Congo. An ex ...
s (), thornbush-fortified bases kept by bāzinqirs (firearm-equipped slave soldiers, borrowed from ). The warlord and slaveholder
al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur Pasha (; c. 1830 – January 1913), also known as Sebehr Rahma or Rahama Zobeir, Hake, Alfred Egmont.The Story of Chinese Gordon, 1884. was a Sudanese slave trader and warlord in the late 19th century. He was later acknow ...
assumed control of the region's zaribas and was nominated in 1872
pasha Pasha (; ; ) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitary, dignitaries, and others. ''Pasha'' was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century Kingdom of ...
and governor of Bahr el Ghazal for the
khedive Khedive ( ; ; ) was an honorific title of Classical Persian origin used for the sultans and grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire, but most famously for the Khedive of Egypt, viceroy of Egypt from 1805 to 1914.Adam Mestyan"Khedive" ''Encyclopaedi ...
Isma'il Pasha Isma'il Pasha ( ; 25 November 1830 or 31 December 1830 – 2 March 1895), also known as Ismail the Magnificent, was the Khedive of Egypt and ruler of Sudan from 1863 to 1879, when he was removed at the behest of Great Britain and France. Shari ...
, ruler of
Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
. Rabih, who was possibly a relative of al-Zubayr, became the chief lieutenant of the pasha.


Warlord (1879–1890)

To escape from Egypt, Rabih left the Bahr el Ghazal, heading south with 700–800 ''bāzinqirs'' and 400 rifles. Using the tactics of the ''Khartumi'', in the 1880s he carved out a kingdom between the basins of the
Nile The Nile (also known as the Nile River or River Nile) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa. It has historically been considered the List of river sy ...
and the Ubangi, in the country of Kreich and Dar Benda, south of Ouaddai, a region he utterly devastated. In 1885, he attempted to return in Sudan following the invitation of the
Mahdi The Mahdi () is a figure in Islamic eschatology who is believed to appear at the Eschatology, End of Times to rid the world of evil and injustice. He is said to be a descendant of Muhammad in Islam, Muhammad, and will appear shortly before Jesu ...
Muhammad Ahmad Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah bin Fahal (; 12 August 1843 – 21 June 1885) was a Sudanese religious and political leader. In 1881, he claimed to be the Mahdi and led a war against Egyptian rule in Sudan, which culminated in a remarkable vi ...
, who had taken Khartoum from Egypt. The Mahdi had sent as ambassadors Zin el-Abeddin and Jabar, and Rabih followed them back to Darfur, proposing to meet the Mahdi at
Omdurman Omdurman () is a major city in Sudan. It is the second most populous city in the country, located in the State of Khartoum. Omdurman lies on the west bank of the River Nile, opposite and northwest of the capital city of Khartoum. The city acts ...
; but when he learned of a plot to kill him, he changed his mind and returned to Chad. In 1887, Rabih's forces invaded Darfur, recruited ''bāzinqirs'', and settled down in Dar Kouti; however, his campaign against the ''aguid'' Salamat Cherif ed-Din, commander of the sultan of Ouaddai's troops, failed. In 1890, he attacked the Muslim chief Kobur in the north of
Oubangui-Chari Ubangi-Shari () was a French colony in central Africa, a part of French Equatorial Africa. It was named after the Ubangi and Chari rivers along which it was colonised. It was established on 29 December 1903, from the Upper Ubangi (') and Upper ...
, deposed him and established in his place his nephew Mahdi al-Senoussi, on whom he imposed his suzerainty. This alliance was sealed by the marriage of Khadija, daughter of Al-Mahdi al-Senoussi, with Rabih's son Fadlallah. Together Mohammed and Rabih attacked Dar Runga, Kreich, Goula and then Banda Ngao.


First confrontations with France (1891–1893)

Mohammed al-Senoussi's alliance with Rabih worried the colonial powers, especially France that was considering taking control of
central Africa Central Africa (French language, French: ''Afrique centrale''; Spanish language, Spanish: ''África central''; Portuguese language, Portuguese: ''África Central'') is a subregion of the African continent comprising various countries accordin ...
. Mohammed al-Senoussi remained faithful to Rabih and in 1891 killed the French
Paul Crampel Paul Crampel (17 November 1864 – 9 April 1891) was a French explorer who explored Africa in the areas of present-day Gabon and Chad. He was killed while on an expedition to Lake Chad. Biography Crampel was born in Nancy. After finishing ...
in Dar Banda. Rabih recovered the expedition's weapons. In the south-east of
Lake Chad Lake Chad (, Kanuri language, Kanuri: ''Sádǝ'', ) is an endorheic freshwater lake located at the junction of four countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon, in western and central Africa respectively, with a catchment area in excess of . ...
, he attacked the Baguirmi Kingdom in 1892, blaming the ''Mbang'' (king)
Abd ar Rahman Gwaranga Abd ar-Rahman Gaourang II (also Gaorang or Gwaranga – 1918) was List of rulers of Bagirmi, Mbang of Sultanate of Bagirmi, Bagirmi from 1885 to 1918. He came to power at a time when the sultanate was in terminal decline, subject to both Wadai Sul ...
for having signed a
protectorate A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a State (polity), state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over ...
with the French. Gwaranga was besieged for three to five months in Manjaffa, and was later forced to leave his capital, which was completely destroyed in March 1893.


Conquest of Borno (1893)

In 1893, Rabih also turned his attentions to the
Borno Empire Borno may refer to: Places Italy * Borno, Lombardy, a municipality in the Province of Brescia Africa * Borno, Nigeria, a state in northeast Nigeria * Borno Emirate, a traditional Nigerian state formed at the start of the 20th century * ...
of ''Shehu'' (king)
Ashimi of Borno Ashimi or Hashim bin Umar al-Kanemi (1840s-1893) was the '' shehu'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire from 1885 or 1886 to 1893. Reign of Ashimi Ashimi became ''shehu'' of Bornu in 1885 at the death of his brother Ibrahim Kura. As it had already been ...
. Borno was a
Sahel The Sahel region (; ), or Sahelian acacia savanna, is a Biogeography, biogeographical region in Africa. It is the Ecotone, transition zone between the more humid Sudanian savannas to its south and the drier Sahara to the north. The Sahel has a ...
ian Kingdom that had existed for several centuries. That year, the empire consisted of 80,000 soldiers, mostly slaves commanded by slaves, and was in full decline. On the road to Borno, Rabih made prisoner the sultan of Karnak Logone, whose capital promptly opened its doors to his host. ''Shehu''
Ashimi of Borno Ashimi or Hashim bin Umar al-Kanemi (1840s-1893) was the '' shehu'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire from 1885 or 1886 to 1893. Reign of Ashimi Ashimi became ''shehu'' of Bornu in 1885 at the death of his brother Ibrahim Kura. As it had already been ...
sent 15,000 men to confront Rabih; the latter routed them in May or September 1893 first at Am Hobbio (south of
Dekoa Dekoa (Dékoua) is a sub-prefecture and town in the Kémo Prefecture of the south-eastern Central African Republic. History In the nineteenth century freebooter Rabih az-Zubayr brought Dekoa under his sway and made it a part of the Bornu Em ...
) and then at Legaroua with only 2,000 horses. Ashimi fled north of the
Komadougou Yobe The Yobe River, also known as the Komadougou Yobe also spelt Komadugu Yobe River or the Komadougou-Yobe (), is a list of African rivers, river in West Africa that flows into Lake Chad through Nigeria and Niger. Its tributaries include the Hadej ...
from where he may have tried to negotiate with Rabih; but he was assassinated at the instigation of his nephew Kyari, who then became ''shehu'' and decided to fight Rabih. Rabih met Kyari at Gashegar, a two days' walk from
Kukawa Kukawa (Kanuri language, Kanuri for "Baobabs"), formerly Kuka ("Baobab"), is a town and local government areas of Nigeria, Local Government Area in the northeastern Nigerian state of Borno State, Borno, close to Lake Chad. History The town wa ...
, the capital of Borno; Kiyari defeated Rabih and captured his camp. The following day Rabih gathered his forces, and ordered 100 lashes be given to all his bannermen, including his own favored son Fadlallah. Only Boubakar, who had fought bravely, was spared. Then he ordered a victorious counter-offensive; Kyari, who had refused to flee, was captured and beheaded. As for the capital city,
Kukawa Kukawa (Kanuri language, Kanuri for "Baobabs"), formerly Kuka ("Baobab"), is a town and local government areas of Nigeria, Local Government Area in the northeastern Nigerian state of Borno State, Borno, close to Lake Chad. History The town wa ...
, it was plundered and razed to the ground. After the killing of Shehu Kyari in 1894, members of the El-Kanemi Dynasty dispersed all over the region. One group fled to
Damagaram Zinder (locally, ''Damagaram''), formerly also spelled Sinder, is the third largest city in Niger, with a population of 235,605 as by the 2012 census. It is situated east of the capital Niamey and north of the Nigerian city of Kano (city), Ka ...
, others to
Kano Kano may refer to: Places *Kano State, a state in Northern Nigeria *Kano (city), a city in Nigeria, and the capital of Kano State ** Kingdom of Kano, a Hausa kingdom between the 10th and 14th centuries ** Sultanate of Kano, a Hausa kingdom betwee ...
, some to Kanem, another to Mandara, the remaining went into hiding inside Borno. Rabih later sent an invitation to the members of the Dynasty to come live with him in Dikwa, twenty-three members including two Shehus, Abubakar Garbai and Umar Sanda Kiarimi, accepted it. Rabih made Dikwa his capital, and there built a palace which was to win later the admiration of the French governor
Émile Gentil Émile Gentil (; 4 April 1866 – 30 March 1914) was a French colonial administrator, naval officer, and military leader. He headed two military missions to conquer and consolidate territories north from modern Gabon to Chad. In 1902 Gentil was ...
. Local legend says that during construction there was a shortage of water, and blood was substituted to mix with sand for its walls.


Borno's Lord (1897–1900)

Wanting to modernize his army, Rabih attempted in 1895 to make an accord with
Royal Niger Company The Royal Niger Company was a mercantile company chartered by the British government in the nineteenth century. It was formed in 1879 as the ''United African Company '' and renamed to ''National African Company'' in 1881 and to ''Royal Niger C ...
in Yola and Ibi so to obtain
gunpowder Gunpowder, also commonly known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, charcoal (which is mostly carbon), and potassium nitrate, potassium ni ...
and
ammunition Ammunition, also known as ammo, is the material fired, scattered, dropped, or detonated from any weapon or weapon system. The term includes both expendable weapons (e.g., bombs, missiles, grenades, land mines), and the component parts of oth ...
, but without success. He started confronting the Company in 1896 and the following year even started marching on
Kano Kano may refer to: Places *Kano State, a state in Northern Nigeria *Kano (city), a city in Nigeria, and the capital of Kano State ** Kingdom of Kano, a Hausa kingdom between the 10th and 14th centuries ** Sultanate of Kano, a Hausa kingdom betwee ...
, while his vassal Muhammad al-Senussi in
Dar al Kuti Dar al Kuti ('Dar al-Kuri' in some sources) was an Islamic state in the center and northwest of the present Central African Republic which existed from around 1830 until 17 December 1912. From around 1800 the name Dar al-Kuti was given to a stre ...
founded a fortified capital, Ndele, between Bahr Aouk and the
Ubangi River The Ubangi River (; ; ; ), also spelled Oubangui, is a river in Central Africa, and the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo River. It begins at the confluence of the Mbomou River, Mbomou (mean annual discharge 1,350 m3/s) and Uele Rivers (mea ...
, which the Senussites held until 1911. For seven years Rabih was ''shehu'' of the Borno Empire, and spent much effort to reinvigorate a decadent empire that had until then maintained the same feudal structures it had in the 16th century. Rabih kept the vassal sultans in place, but subjected them to his lieutenants, who were mostly Arab Sudanese like he was. He promulgated a
legal code A code of law, also called a law code or legal code, is a systematic collection of statutes. It is a type of legislation that purports to exhaustively cover a complete system of laws or a particular area of law as it existed at the time the co ...
based on
sharia Sharia, Sharī'ah, Shari'a, or Shariah () is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on Islamic holy books, scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran, Qur'an and hadith. In Islamic terminology ''sharīʿah'' ...
, rationalized taxation through the creation of a budget, imposed on Borno a military dictatorship, which aroused the attention of the colonial powers. Émile Gentil was to speak of Rabih's reforms in Borno with a certain degree of interest; they would later inspire him in organizing the territory of Chad. Much is told about his brutality (for example, he once had one of his concubines executed because she kept a
talisman A talisman is any object ascribed with religious or magical powers intended to protect, heal, or harm individuals for whom they are made. Talismans are often portable objects carried on someone in a variety of ways, but can also be installed perm ...
designed to obtain Rabih's love, and with her the
marabout In the Muslim world, the marabout () is a Sayyid, descendant of Muhammad (Arabic: سـيّد, Romanization of Arabic, romanized: ''sayyid'' and ''sidi'' in the Maghreb) and a Islam, Muslim religious leader and teacher who historically had the f ...
who had deciphered the talisman); or about the evenings he passed listening to Ali, the poet who sang his exploits. More importantly, Rabih launched a regular series of '' razzias'' to plunder and capture
slaves Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...
; this was a return to the traditional activity of the sultans of Borno, which had been described in 1526 by
Leo Africanus Johannes Leo Africanus (born al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Wazzān al-Zayyātī al-Fasī, ; – ) was an Andalusi diplomat and author who is best known for his 1526 book '' Cosmographia et geographia de Affrica'', later publish ...
. It is estimated that 1,500–2,000 slaves were exported every year by his vassal Mahdi as-Senoussi, excluding the deaths, casualties, and other losses he inflicted. The totals for Rabah must have been much higher.


Direct conflict with the French (1899–1900)

In 1899 Rabah had at his disposal 10,000 men among infantry and cavalry, all provided with rifles (mostly obsolete, except for 400 rifles of newer make), plus a great number of auxiliaries equipped with spears or bows. He kept garrisons at Baggara and Karnak Logone. In 1899, Rabih received in
Dekoa Dekoa (Dékoua) is a sub-prefecture and town in the Kémo Prefecture of the south-eastern Central African Republic. History In the nineteenth century freebooter Rabih az-Zubayr brought Dekoa under his sway and made it a part of the Bornu Em ...
the French explorer
Ferdinand de Béhagle Jean Jacques Marie Ferdinand de Béhagle (18 July 1857 – 15 October 1899) was a French explorer of Africa. He served with the colonial service in Algeria and travelled in the Congo and Ubangi region. While attempting to find a viable land route f ...
. The discussions between them degenerated, and Béhagle was arrested. On July 17, Lieutenant Bretonnet, who had been sent by France against Rabih, was killed with most of his men at the
battle of Togbao On October 10, 1898, a French military expedition commanded by the ''Lieutenant de vaisseau'' Henri Bretonnet and the Lt. Solomon Braun left France directed to Chad, at the time dominated by the Muslim warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. With the missions we ...
, at the edge of the
Chari River The Chari River, or Shari River, is a long river, flowing in Central Africa. It is the main source of water of Lake Chad, which is located at the junction of four countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon. Geography The Chari River flows f ...
, in present-day
Sarh Semi-active radar homing (SARH) is a common type of missile guidance system, perhaps the most common type for longer-range air-to-air and surface-to-air missile systems. The name refers to the fact that the missile itself is only a passive dete ...
. Rabih gained three cannons from this victory (which the French recaptured at
Kousséri Kousséri (from ''quṣūr'' meaning "palaces"), founded and known as Mser in the indigenous Mser language, is a city in Far North Province, Cameroon. It is the capital of the Logone-et-Chari department. It is a market town, and its populatio ...
) and ordered his son Fadlallah, whom he had left in Dikoa, to hang Béhagle.In response, a
French Army The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (, , ), is the principal Army, land warfare force of France, and the largest component of the French Armed Forces; it is responsible to the Government of France, alongside the French Navy, Fren ...
column, proceeding from
Gabon Gabon ( ; ), officially the Gabonese Republic (), is a country on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa, on the equator, bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and ...
and led by
Émile Gentil Émile Gentil (; 4 April 1866 – 30 March 1914) was a French colonial administrator, naval officer, and military leader. He headed two military missions to conquer and consolidate territories north from modern Gabon to Chad. In 1902 Gentil was ...
, supported by the
steamboat A steamboat is a boat that is marine propulsion, propelled primarily by marine steam engine, steam power, typically driving propellers or Paddle steamer, paddlewheels. The term ''steamboat'' is used to refer to small steam-powered vessels worki ...
''Leon Blot'', confronted Rabih at Kouno at the end of the year. Even if the French were repulsed with losses, this did not prevent them from continuing and taking
Kousséri Kousséri (from ''quṣūr'' meaning "palaces"), founded and known as Mser in the indigenous Mser language, is a city in Far North Province, Cameroon. It is the capital of the Logone-et-Chari department. It is a market town, and its populatio ...
. Here, they combined with the Lamy column, which had arrived from
Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...
, and the Joalland–Meynier column, which had marched from
Niger Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is a unitary state Geography of Niger#Political geography, bordered by Libya to the Libya–Niger border, north-east, Chad to the Chad–Niger border, east ...
. Lamy assumed command of the combined forces. It was only after Gentil arrived in Kanem, in April 1900, did he realise that Dikwa was in "German" Borno. Meaning the French troops will not be able to enter Dikwa because of international convention. Gentil decided to get the Sultan of Baghirmi, Gwarang, to write to Shehu Umar Kura a letter complaining about Rabih's aggression in his territory and to ask the Shehu for aid. The Shehu then replied him, under the instruction of the French, that he himself did not have enough capabilities to attack Rabih. He then authorised Gwarang and his allies, the French, to enter Borno to defeat Rabih. Therefore, Gentil gets his legal basis for an invasion of Dikwa by getting a legitimate invitiation from the ruler of Borno. The final showdown between Rabih and the French took place on April 22, 1900. The French forces consisted of 700 men, plus the 600 riflemen and 200 cavalry provided by the allied Sultanate of Baghirmi. Leaving Kousséri in three columns, the French attacked Rabih's camp. Although the commander Lamy was killed in the ensuing battle, Rabih's forces were overwhelmed and, while fleeing across the
Chari River The Chari River, or Shari River, is a long river, flowing in Central Africa. It is the main source of water of Lake Chad, which is located at the junction of four countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon. Geography The Chari River flows f ...
, Rabih was killed. Rabih's son, Fadl-Allah, was in Logone at the time of his death. On learning of his father's death, he returned to Dikwa and collected his father's belongings and remaining family. With an army of 5,000, he retreated south, eventually settling in Kopchi then later
Mubi Mubi (; stylized as MUBI; the Auteurs before 2010) is a global streaming platform, production company and film distributor. MUBI produces and theatrically distributes films by emerging and established filmmakers, which are exclusively available ...
in the
Adamawa Emirate The Adamawa Emirate (Fula language, Fula: ''Laamorde Adamaawa'', ; ; ; ) is a Nigerian traditional states, traditional state located in Fombina, an area which now roughly corresponds to areas of Adamawa State and Taraba state in Nigeria, and pre ...
. He rested there for a bit then he moved to Kilba. From there, he sent a message to a British "Resident", Hewby, at Ibi asking the British to recognise him as the Ruler of Borno. The British sent Major McClintock to interview Fadl-Allah regarding the recognition and the Major was impressed with him, recommending he be recognised without delay. But the High Commissioner,
Frederick Lugard Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard (22 January 1858 – 11 April 1945), known as Sir Frederick Lugard between 1901 and 1928, was a British soldier, explorer of Africa and colonial administrator. He was Governor of Hong Kong (1907 ...
, had gone on leave to Britain, meaning the recognition would be delayed. Fadl-Allah sent a force to retake Dikwa from Shehu Abubakar Garbai. On August 23, 1901, the Shehu's troops, with a few French troops, marched to Gujba where they fought and killed Fadl-Allah.


References

* Gaston Dujarric, ''La vie du sultan Rabah'', Paris, 1902 * Von Oppenheim, ''Rabeh und das Tsadseegebiet'', Berlin, 1902 * A. Babikir, ''L'Empire du Rabih'', Paris, 1954 * ''
Encyclopædia Britannica The is a general knowledge, general-knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It has been published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, ...
'', "Rabih az-Zubayr", (2000) * * Amegboh, Joseph, and Cécile Clairval, ''Rabah : Conquérant Des Pays Tchadiens, Grandes Figures Africaines'' (Paris: Dakar; Abidjan : frique Biblio Club ouvelles Éditions Africaines 1976). * Horowitz, Michael, 'Ba Karim: An Account of Rabeh's Wars', African Historical Studies, 3 (1970), 391–402. * Mohammed, Kyari, ''Borno in the Rabih Years, 1893-1901 : the Rise and Crash of a Predatory State'' (Maiduguri Nigeria: University of Maiduguri, 2006). ;Specific


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Rabih Az-Zubayr 19th century in Chad People of French West Africa 1840s births 1900 deaths African slave traders 19th-century slave traders 19th-century African businesspeople People from the Kanem Empire Borno State African warlords