Pyraclostrobin is a quinone outside inhibitor ( QI)-type fungicide used in

agriculture Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled peop ...

. Among the QIs, it lies within the strobilurin chemical class.

Use

Pyraclostrobin is used to protect '' Fragaria'', '' Rubus idaeus'', '' Vaccinium corymbosum'', '' Ribes rubrum'', '' Ribes uva-crispa'',

blackberry The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus ''Rubus'' in the family Rosaceae, hybrids among these species within the subgenus ''Rubus'', and hybrids between the subgenera ''Rubus'' and ''Idaeobatus''. The taxonomy of ...

(various '' Rubus'' spp.), and '' Pistachio vera''.

Target pathogens

Pyraclostrobin is used against '' Botrytis cinerea'' and '' Alternaria alternata''.

Resistance

Resistant populations have been identified in: *'' Botrytis cinerea'' on '' Fragaria'' in the

Carolinas The Carolinas are the U.S. states of North Carolina and South Carolina, considered collectively. They are bordered by Virginia to the north, Tennessee to the west, and Georgia to the southwest. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east. Combining Nort ...

, conferred by the G143A mutation in the partial

cytochrome b Cytochrome b within both molecular and cell biology, is a protein found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. It functions as part of the electron transport chain and is the main subunit of transmembrane cytochrome bc1 and b6f complexes. ...

(CYTB) gene. *'' Botrytis cinerea'' on ''Fragaria'', '' Rubus idaeus'', '' Vaccinium corymbosum'', '' Ribes rubrum'', '' Ribes uva-crispa'', and

(various '' Rubus'' spp.) in Northern Germany. *'' Botrytis cinerea'' on ''Fragaria'' in

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, a ...

. *'' Alternaria alternata'' on '' Pistachio vera'' in

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the ...

Geography of use

United States

Pyraclostrobin was widely used throughout the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...

, but especially in the

Upper Midwest The Upper Midwest is a region in the northern portion of the U.S. Census Bureau's Midwestern United States. It is largely a sub-region of the Midwest. Although the exact boundaries are not uniformly agreed-upon, the region is defined as referrin ...

Off-target toxicity

Although toxic, and recommended to be avoided by humans, pyraclostrobin is of temporary and low toxicity, that is to say it is merely an irritant of eyes and skin. It does cause some degree of reproductive and developmental failure in mammals but does not absorb well through the skin. It is likely to

bioaccumulate Bioaccumulation is the gradual accumulation of substances, such as pesticides or other chemicals, in an organism. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a substance at a rate faster than that at which the substance is lost or eliminated ...

aquatic organisms Aquatic means relating to water; living in or near water or taking place in water; does not include groundwater, as "aquatic" implies an environment where plants and animals live. Aquatic(s) may also refer to: * Aquatic animal, either vertebrate ...

Residues in diet

Pyraclostrobin does not accumulate in foods to a significant degree.

Biodegradability

Pyraclostrobin is described by one source as not very

biodegradable Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. It is generally assumed to be a natural process, which differentiates it from composting. Composting is a human-driven process in which biodegradati ...

, and by another as possibly significantly biodegradable.

Use