Prekmurje Dialect

Prekmurje Slovene, also known as the Prekmurje dialect, Eastern Slovene, or Wendish (, , Prekmurje Slovene: ''prekmürski jezik, prekmürščina, prekmörščina, prekmörski jezik, panonska slovenščina''), is the language of Prekmurje in Eastern Slovenia, and a variety of the Slovene language. As a part of the Pannonian dialect group, it is spoken in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia and by the Hungarian Slovenes in the Vas County in western Hungary. It is used in private communication, liturgy and publications by authors from Prekmurje as well as in television, radio and newspapers. It is closely related to other Slovene dialects in the neighboring Slovene Styria as well as to Kajkavian with which it is mutually intelligible to a considerable degree, and forms a dialect continuum with other South Slavic languages.

Prekmurje Slovene is part of the Pannonian dialect group (Slovene: ), which is also known as the eastern Slovene dialect group (). Prekmurje Slovene shares many common features with the dialects of Haloze, Slovenske Gorice, and Prlekija, with which it is completely mutually intelligible. It is also closely related to the Kajkavian dialects of Croatian, although mutual comprehension is difficult. Prekmurje Slovene, especially its more traditional version spoken by the Hungarian Slovenes, is not readily understood by speakers from central and western Slovenia, whereas speakers from eastern Slovenia (Lower Styria) have much less difficulty understanding it. The early 20th-century philologist Ágoston Pável stated that Prekmurje Slovene is actually a major, independent dialect of Slovene, from which it differs mostly in the aspects of stress, intonation, the softening of consonants and—as a result of the lack of linguistic reform—in the striking dearth of modern vocabulary and that it has preserved many older features from the Proto-Slavic language.

Geographical distribution

Prekmurje Slovene is spoken by approximately 110,000 speakers worldwide.Damir Josipovič: Prekmurje in prekmurščina (Anali PAZU - Letnik 2, leto 2012, številka 2)
/ref> of which 80,000 in Prekmurje, 20,000 throughout in Slovenia (especially in Maribor and Ljubljana) and 10,000 in other countries. In Hungary, it is used by the Slovene-speaking minority in the Vas County in and around the town of Szentgotthárd. Other speakers of the dialect live in other Hungarian towns, particularly Budapest, Szombathely, Bakony, and Mosonmagyaróvár. The dialect was also spoken in Somogy (especially in the village of Tarany), but it has nearly disappeared in the last two centuries. There are some speakers in Austria, Germany, the United States, and Argentina.

Status

Prekmurje Slovene has a defined territory and body of literature, and it is one of the few Slovene dialects in Slovenia that are still spoken by all strata of the local population. Some speakers have claimed that it is a separate language. Prominent writers in Prekmurje Slovene, such as Miklós Küzmics, István Küzmics, Ágoston Pável, József Klekl Senior, and József Szakovics, have claimed that it is a language, not simply a dialect. Evald Flisar, a writer, poet, and playwright from Prekmurje (Goričko), states that people from Prekmurje "talk in our own language". It also has a written standard and literary tradition, both of which were largely neglected after World War II. There were attempts to publish in it more broadely in the 1990s, primarily in Hungary, and there has been a revival of literature in Prekmurje Slovene since the late 1990s.

Others consider Prekmurje Slovene a regional language, without denying that it is part of Slovene. The linguist Janko Dular has characterized Prekmurje Slovene as a "local standard language" for historical reasons, followed by the Prekmurje writer Feri Lainšček. However, Prekmurje Slovene is not recognized as a language in Slovenia or Hungary, nor does it enjoy any legal protection under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In 2016, the General Maister Society (''Društvo General Maister'') proposed that primary schools offer education in the Prekmurje Slovene. Some regional politicians and intellectuals advocate Prekmurje Slovene.

Alongside Resian, Prekmurje Slovene is the only Slovene dialect with a literary standard that has had a different historical development than the rest of the Slovene ethnic territory. For centuries, it has been used as a language of education as well as in the press and liturgy. The historical Hungarian name for the Slovenes living within the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary (as well as for the Slovenes in general) was ''Vendek'', or the Wends. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Prekmurje authors used to designate this language variety as ''sztári szlovenszki jezik'' 'old Slovene'. Both then and now, it is also referred to as the "Slovene language between the Mura and Raba" ''(Slovenščina med Muro in Rabo; Slovenski jezik med Mürov i Rábov)''.

Prekmurje Slovene is widely used in the regional media (Murski Val Radio, Porabje, Slovenski utrinki), films, literature. The youth write SMS messages and web comments in their local tongue. In Prekmurje and Hungary, several streets, shops, hotels, etc. bear Prekmurje Slovene names. In the 2012 protests in Slovenia in Murska Sobota, the protesters used Prekmurje Slovene banners. It is the liturgical language in the Lutheran and Pentecostal churches and in the Catholic Church of Hungarian Slovenes. Marko Jesenšek, a professor at the University of Maribor, has stated that the functionality of Prekmurje Slovene is limited, but "it lives on in poetry and journalism."

Scholars in modern linguistics, dialectology and other fields consistently use the term ''prekmurščina,'' denoting it as a language. The Slovene affix ''-ščina'' signifies a language (e.g. ''nemščina'' 'German'), dialect (e.g., ''celjščina'' 'Celje dialect'), or manner of speaking (e.g. ''latovščina'' 'jargon').

Name

''Prekmurje'' or ''Prekmurian''?

In 1988, Slovene English-language specialist Stanko Klinar ascertained that it is grammatically correct to use the name ''Prekmurian.''

The name ''Prekmurian'' first appeared in a scientific publication in 1977. Previous scientific texts in the 1990s and 2000s mostly used the terms ''Prekmurje Slovene, Prekmurje language, Prekmurje dialect'' etc. (e.g. Greenberg). Nowadays, the most popular term in scientific texts is ''Prekmurian''.

Dialects

Prekmurje Slovene is used as:
* The dialect of the hilly Goričko, in northern Prekmurje, particularly in the villages of Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Križevci, Kuzma, Kuzma, Rogašovci, Šalovci, and Mačkovci.
** The Raba March (Porabje) subdialect in Hungary, a variety of the Goričko dialect.
* THe dialect of the lowland Ravensko in Central Prekmurje, particularly in the villages of Puconci, Cankova, Bogojina, Bakovci, Tišina, Petanjci, Moravske Toplice, and Rakičan.
** The Murska Sobota subdialect, i.e. the speech of the town of Murska Sobota; it is a variety of the Ravensko dialect.
* The Dolinsko subdialect in South Prekmurje, particularly in the villages of Beltinci, Bratonci, Črenšovci, Velika Polana, Turnišče, Žižki, Renkovci, Bistrica ( Dolnja, Gornja and Srednja). It is also named the Marko (''markovsko'' or ''markasto'') dialect due to the prevalence of the personal name ''Marko'' (Mark) in the past.

History

Early history

The Prekmurje Slovene developed from the language of the Carantanian Slavs who settled around Balaton in the 9th century. Due to the political and geographical separation from other Slovene dialects (unlike most of the contemporary Slovenia, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire, Prekmurje was under the authority of the Kingdom of Hungary for almost a thousand years), the Prekmurje Slovene acquired many specific features. Separated from the cultural development of the remainder of ethnic Slovene territory, the Slovenes in Hungary gradually forged their own specific culture and also their own literary language.

in the 16th and 17th centuries, a few Slovene Protestant pastors fled from Carniola and Styria to Hungary. They brought along the Bible of Jurij Dalmatin, which was used in Felsőszölnök. and Postil of Primož Trubar, which was used in Gornji Petrovci. The Hungarian Slovenes found it difficult to understand the language of these books.

By the 16th century, a theory linking the Hungarian Slovenes to the ancient Vandals became popular. Accordingly, Prekmurje Slovene was frequently designated in Hungarian Latin documents as the ''Vandalian language'' (Latin: ''lingua vandalica'', Hungarian: ''Vandál nyelv'').

For a long time, the circumstances of the two-tier development of the Slovene language was ignored in Slovenian linguistics and science. The current form of the standard Slovene language only developed in the 19th century. Prior to this, the Slovene language norm was twofold: the Central Slovene language (mostly in Carniola) and the Eastern Slovene language (in Styria and Hungary).

For a brief period, there were also two variants of the Eastern Slovene language: the Prekmurje Slovene and the Eastern Styrian Slovene (in the regions of Ormož, Ljutomer and Lenart of Slovene Hills).

The literary traditions of the Prekmurian language developed during the Protestant Reformation: mostly manuscript hymnals with religious hymns, psalms from the 16th and 17th century, and a contract from 1643. The standard language emerged at the beginning of the 18th century and developed slowly. The Prekmurian literary language followed homogeneous grammatical rules and phonetic characteristics. An example of this is the use of the wovels ''ö'' or ''ü'' and diphthongs in writing.

Manuscripts were also written in the Eastern Styrian Slovene language. Printed books in this language were also published. However, there were no homogeneous grammatical or phonologycal forms in this language variant. Styrian Slovene authors had thoroughly different ideas about the standard language. The Styrian Slovene literary language eventually ceased to exist and was replaced by the Central Slovene language.

18th century

The first book in the Prekmurje Slovene appeared in 1715 and was written by the Lutheran pastor Ferenc Temlin. The most important authors from this period were the Lutheran pastor István Küzmics and the Roman Catholic priest Miklós Küzmics who set the standard for the Prekmurje regional standard language in the 18th century.

István translated the entire New Testament into Prekmurian ( Nouvi Zákon 1771). István was born in Ravensko (lowland) and based his standard language on the Ravensko dialect of Prekmurje Slovene, just like it was used in old regional manuscripts. He also expanded the language with elements from the Goričko (highland) dialect.

Miklós Küzmics was born in Goričko but he followed István's language scheme. He adopted further elements from the Goričko and Dolinsko dialects. Miklós wrote several books, which were reprinted in the 20th century. His prayer book (''Kniga molitvena'', 1783) became very popular. His text and coursebook (''ABC Kni'sicza'', 1790) was used for decades in Slovene schools.

Important standardization work in Prekmurian Lutheran literature was also performed by István Szijjártó and Mihály Bakos.

''Versus Vandalici'', the first literary poem in Prekmurian language, was written in 1774.

19th century

In 1823, Mihály Barla wrote a new set of rules for writing the Prekmurje Slovene. He introduced three new characters to denote diphthongs: ''ô'' (ou), ''ê'' (ej), and ''â'' (aj). The new orthography was put forward in two new hymnals, ''Diktomszke, versuske i molitvene kni'zicze'' (1820) and ''Krscsanszke nôve peszmene knige'' (1823). In 1820, a Lutheran teacher named István Lülik wrote a new textbook ''Nôvi abeczedár,'' which was published three times (1853, 1856, 1863). His book used Barla's orthography even though it was only used in the Prekmurian Lutheran literature.

Lülik wrote the first grammar of the Prekmurian language, but it was never printed.

The first secular book in Prekmurian language was a ceremony book for weddings (''Sztarisinsztvo i zvacsinsztvo''. 1804; the author is probably István Szijjártó).

The Catholic priest József Kossics used the Prekmurian language in new functions. He didn't write religious books but books on history, grammar and etiquette. His stance was in line with the tendency for national encouragement.

The Lutheran pastor Sándor Terplán translated the Psalms (''Knige 'zoltárszke''. 1848) and wrote new schoolbooks.

János Kardos translated numerous poems of Sándor Petőfi, János Arany and a few Hungarian poets. He drafted new schoolbooks, for ex. ''Nôve knige cstenyá za vesznícski sôl drügi zlôcs.'' Kardos approached the language in a conservative manner: he was not open for Slovene or Croatian and stuck to archaic elements. Kárdos' purism was very similar to the purism of Fran Levstik in Carniola.

Unlike Kardos, József Borovnyák was a Catholic priest who adapted the Prekmurian literary language to the Slovene literary language. Borovnyák also contributed to the functional development of the Prekmurian language, e.g. with his political brochure ''Máli politicsni vodnik'' (1869).

In 1875, the poet, writer, translator and journalist Imre Augustich established the first Prekmurje Slovene newspaper. ''Prijátel'' (The Friend). Then he wrote a new Hungarian–Prekmurje Slovene grammar ''(Návuk vogrszkoga jezika'', 1876) and translated works of Hungarian poets and writers.

Augustich approached the standard Slovene, but at first he retained the Hungarian alphabet. Later he introduced the Gaj alphabet in the Prijátel and in a new coursebook ''Prirodopis s kepami,'' the first natural science book in Prekmurian language.

In 1871, József Bagáry wrote the first schoolbook that used the Gaj alphabet (''Perve knige – čtenyá za katholičánske vesničke šolê''). The Magyarization policy tried to exclude it from school usage but it enjoyed such a popularity in schools that it was reprinted in 1886.

In the last decades of the 19th and 20th centuries, the terms "Wends" and "Wendish language" were promoted mostly by pro-Hungarians to emphasize the difference between the Hungarian Slovenes and other Slovenes, attempting to create a separate ethnic identity for them.

The Prekmurje Slovene language kept up with the changes of the modern era and was able to reinvent itself on its own or by adopting innovations from the (Central) Slovene and Croatian languages. The assertion that the Prekmurje Slovene slowly declined with modernization in the mid-19th century is not credible. It is contradicted by the first science books (by Kossics and Augustich) and the first news publications.

20th century

In 1908, Albert Apponyi, the Hungarian minister of education and religion, implemented a new act that demanded the school subjects to be taught in Hungarian language in all schools of the Kingdom of Hungary. The purpose of the act was to magyarize national minorities. School education in Prekmurje Slovene ceased.

In 1914–1918, József Klekl, a politician and later a congressman in Belgrade, reformed the Prekmurje Slovene literary language by using elements of the Croatian and Slovene languages. In 1923, a new prayerbook titled ''Hodi k oltarskomi svesti'' (Come on to the Eucharist) was written in the Gaj alphabet.

In 1919, the majority of Prekmurje became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Slovene and Serbo-Croatian replaced Hungarian as the languages of education and administration. Prekmurje Slovene remained the language of literature, journalism and church service.

Even though education in Prekmurje Slovene did not resume in Yugoslavia (the teaching languages were Serbo-Croatian and standard Slovene), Prekmurje Slovene flourished as a language of news in the 1920s and 1930s. It was used to write articles in the periodicals ''Novine, Marijin list, Marijin ograček,'' the calendar ''Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga,'' the Lutheran ''Düševni list'' and ''Evangeličanski kalendari''. Slovene emigrants from Prekmurje also had their own weekly in the United States between 1921 and 1954 written in the Prekmurje Slovene: ''Amerikanszki Szlovencov Glász (American Windish Voice).''

József Szakovics was actively involved in cultivating the Prekmurje Slovene with his books and articles in newspapers and calendars and with reprints of the oldest book of Miklós Küzmics. The prominent Prekmurje writer Miško Kranjec also wrote in Prekmurje Slovene.

In this period, several works of the world literature were also translated into Prekmurian, e.g. Molière's '' Le Médecin malgré lui''.

János Berke started to collect the vocabulary for the first Prekmurian dictionary, which was then published in part by János Fliszár under the title ''Vogrszki-vendiski rêcsnik'' in 1922. The entire dictionary with fifty thousand terms has been preserved in manuscript.

In 1941, the Hungarian Army occupied the area of Prekmurje, and it aimed to eradicate Prekmurje Slovene and standard Slovene by 1945, assisted by the Slovene irredentist Mikola.

After 1945, the Communist Yugoslavia banned the printing of books and newspapers in the Prekmurje Slovene, and only standard Slovene and Serbo-Croatian were used in administration and education. In Hungary, the dictator Mátyás Rákosi banned every minority language and deported the Slovenes to the Hungarian Plain.

There has been a significant uptick of interest in the Prekmurian language and cultural heritage since Slovenia became independent. Several associations, publishers, and self-published prints of both old and new books have appeared in Prekmurian.

21st century

In the 21st century, the Prekmurian language has become more visible in Slovenian cultural life. It can be more frequently heard in different interviews on TV channels and radios (Murski val, Slovenski utrinki). Today, Prekmurian is also written on public signs, such as some shop signs, which attests to its growing use in the region.

In 2018, a translation of Exupery's '' The Little Prince'' was published in Prekmurje Slovene.

In 2018, the singer and songwriter Nika Zorjan wrote the Prekmurje Slovene version of Mariah Carey's ''All I Want for Christmas Is You'' under the title ''Fse ka bi za Božič''. On an occasion she opined: "The Prekmurje people are often local patriots and sometimes we say with pride: This is the Prekmurian, not Slovene."

The popular Slovenian singer-songwriter Vlado Kreslin also sings in Prekmurian. His website is fully available in Prekmurian.

Phonology

The vowel ''ö'' occurs only in a few words as a variant of closed ''e'' or ''ö.'' It has plain ''a'' in long stressed syllables and rounded ''a'' in short stressed and unstressed syllables in the Goričko (upland) and Ravensko (lowland) dialects. The relationship is reversed in the lower Dolinsko dialect where the long stressed ''a'' is rounded.

Long vowels and most diphthongs occur only stressed in syllables. If the stress shifts the vowel shortens and the diphthong usually loses its glide, e.g.: Nom. ''Boug''; Gen. ''Bogá.''

Diphthongs

The diphthong ''ej'' (ei) is a short, closed ''e'' followed by a shorter, less fully articulated ''i,'' e.g.: ''dejte'' (child), ''bejžati'' (run), ''pejnezi'' (money), ''mlejko'' (milk), ''bejli'' (white).

The diphthong ''ou'' consists of a short ''o'' and a short, less fully articulated ''u,'' e.g.: ''rouka'' (hand), ''nouga'' (foot), ''goloub'' (dove), ''rour'' (chimney), ''gospoud'' (lord).

Prekmurje Slovene is very rich in the diphthongs ''ej'' and ''ou''. Various Slovene dialects feature these diphthongs, but they differ phonetically from the diphthongs of Prekmurje Slovene. The diphthongs ''ou'' and ''ej'' were written in the old Prekmurian literary language with separate signs ''ê'' and ''ô'', but they were only used in the books and newspapers of the Lutheran Slovenes.

The diphthong ''ou'' in the northern Goričko subdialects (mostly near the Rába) and in the settlements along the Hungarian-Slovene border is reduced to ''au''. The Ravensko dialect and some Goričko subdialects have diphthongs ''üj'' or ''öj''.

Diphthongs in open syllables, when part of polysyllabic words, separate into their components, e.g. nominative ''sou'' (salt), genitive ''soli'' or nominative ''krau'' (king) and genitive ''krala''.

Vowel alternations

''a>e''

Unstressed ''a'' and ''a'' in a diphthong with ''i'' or ''j'' often sound like an open ''e''. This system is most typical of the lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect, e.g. ''eli'' (or) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: ''ali''), ''nezaj'' (back) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: ''nazaj''), ''dele'' (forward) (Ravensko, Goričko: ''dale,'' Standard Slovene: ''dalje'').

''o>i''

This is a sporadic dissimilation and assimilation. e.g.: ''visiki'' (''high,'' Standard Slovene ''visok'').

''o>e''

In inflected forms, a soft consonant (c, č, š, ž, j) is usually followed by ''o'' instead of ''e'' in Standard Slovene. For example: ''z noužicon'' (Standard Slovene ''z nožem'' 'with knife'), ''s konjon'' (Standard Slovene ''s konjem'' 'with horse'). In neuter nominative singular and accusative ''o'' is also heard instead of ''e,'' e.g.: ''mojo delo, našo delo,'' (Standard Slovene ''moje delo, naše delo'' 'my work', 'our work'). Innovative ''e'' may be only heard in the eastern subdialects of the Dolinsko dialect, mostly along the Slovene-Croatian border (near the Međimurje).

''o>u''

The diactric ''ŭ'' refers to the non-frontedness of the vowel. For ex. ''un, una'' Standard Slovene ''on, ona'' (he, she). The diactric ''u'' occurs even more frequently in the Dolinsko dialect, e.g. ''kunj'' (horse) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: ''konj''), ''Marku'' (Mark) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene Marko).

''a>o''

For example ''zakoj'' (why) (Standard Slovene ''zakaj'').

''u>ü''

The historical ''u'' is pronounced almost without exception as ''ü'' and it is also spelled this way. For example ''küp'' (mound) (Standard Slovene ''kup''), ''küpiti'' (purchase) (Standard Slovene ''kupiti''), ''düša'' (soul) (Standard Slovene ''duša''), ''lüknja'' (slit) (Standard Slovene ''luknja''), ''brüsiti'' (facet) (Standard Slovene ''brusiti'').

In words starting with a ''v'', there are mixed forms, whereas Standard Slovene retains ''u'', for example ''vüjo'' (ear) (Standard Slovene ''uho''), ''vujti'' (escapes) (Standard Slovene ''uiti'').

The ''u'' derived from the earlier ''ol'' preceding a consonant does not convert into ''ü'', for ex. ''pun'' (full) (Standard Slovene ''poln''), ''dugi'' (long) (Standard Slovene ''dolg''), ''vuna'' (wool) (Standard Slovene ''volna''), ''vuk'' (wolf) (Standard Slovene ''volk'').

Consonant alternations

''Z'' prior to ''nj'' often sounds like ''ž'', for example ''ž njin'' (with him) (Standard Slovene ''z njim'').

''k>c''

For example ''tenko, natenci'' (thin, thinly) (Standard Slovene ''tanko, natanko''). This type of alternation was even more frequent in the old Prekmurje Slovene, for example ''vuk, vucke, vuci'' (wolf, wolves) (Standard Slovene ''volk, volki,'' Croatian ''vuk, vuci''). Today it is preserved in the speech of the elderly in Goričko and the subdialect of Hungarian Slovenes.

''m>n''

The final ''m'' in Prekmurje Slovene almost always sounds like ''n'' (just like in other Pannonian Slovene dialects or in the Chakavian). For example ''znan'' (I know) (Standard Slovene ''znam''), ''man'' (I have) (Standard Slovene ''imam''), ''tan'' (there) (Standard Slovene ''tam''), ''vüzen'' (Easter) (Standard Slovene ''vuzem'' ''z zlaton'' (with gold) (Standard Slovene ''z zlatom''), ''ran'' (building) (Standard Slovene ''hram''). Exceptions: ''grm'' (bush), ''doum'' (home), ''tram'' (strut) etc.

The change of ''m>n'' can also occur in a middle position, preceding consonants; for example: Nom. ''vüzen,'' Gen. ''vüzma.''

''nj>n''

The ''n'' has developed from an ''nj'' in final or medial positions, for example ''ogen'' (fire) (Standard Slovene ''ogenj''), ''kniga'' (book) (Standard Slovene ''knjiga''). ''Nj'' reappears in declined forms, for example ''ognja'' (Genitive).

''lj>l''

The hard ''lj'' (ł) has totally disappeared from Prekmurje Slovene, for example: ''klüč'' (key) (Standard Slovene ''ključ''), ''lübiti, lübezen'' (love) (Standard Slovene ''ljubiti, ljubezen''), ''grable'' (rake) (Standard Slovene ''grablje'').

''h>j'' or ''∅''

In certain regions and in certain positions it is still present as ''h''.
# In initial positions before a vowel or syllable forming ''r'' its usage is ambiguous and regionally variable. For example ''hüdi, üdi'' (evil) (Standard Slovene ''hud''). In noun ''iža'' (house) (Standard Slovene ''hiša'') ''h'' is absent in all Prekmurian dialects.
# in the middle position between vowels where ''h'' is present, a ''j'' has replaced it, for example ''küjati'' (cook) (Standard Slovene ''kuhati'').
# ''G'' usually disappears if followed by consonants and in the middle position preceded by consonants, for example ''lad'' (cold) (Standard Slovene ''hlad''), ''sprneti'' (decay) (Standard Slovene ''trohneti'').
# ''H'' in the final syllable and in medium position followed by consonants usually turns into ''j,'' which merges with the preceding vowel to form a diphthong,; for example ''lejko'' (perhaps, easily) (Standard Slovene ''lahko'').
# In the final position, preceded by a vowel, it changes into ''j'',; for example ''grej'' (sin) (Standard Slovene ''greh''), ''krüj'' (bread) (Standard Slovene ''kruh'').

There are a few exceptions: ''shajati'' (to go along with something), ''zahtejvati'' (demand) etc.

''bn>vn''

For example ''drouvno'' (tiny) (Standard Slovene ''drobno'').

''p>f''

For example ''ftic, ftič, ftica'' (bird) (Standard Slovene ''ptic, ptič, ptica'').

''j>d''

For example ''žeden'' (thirsty) (Standard Slovene ''žejen'').

''hč>šč''

For example ''nišče'' (nobody) (Standard Slovene ''nihče'').

''kt>št''

For example ''što'' (who) (Standard Slovene: ''kdo'').

''ljš>kš''

For example ''boukši'' (better, right) (Standard Slovene ''boljši'').

''dn (dnj)>gn (gnj)''

For example ''gnes, gnjes'' (today) (Standard Slovene ''danes''). Nom. ''škegen'' (barn), Gen. ''škegnja''.

''t>k''

Mainly preceding an ''l''.
# In the initial position, for example ''kmica'' (darkness), ''klačiti'' (to tread) (Standard Slovene ''tlačiti''), ''kusti'' (thick, fat) (Standard Slovene ''tolst'').
# In the medial position, for example ''mekla'' (broom) (Standard Slovene ''metla'').
# In the final position, ''soldak'' (soldier).

Orthography

Historically, Prekmurje Slovene was not written in the Bohorič alphabet used by Slovenes in Inner Austria, but in the Hungarian alphabet. János Murkovics's textbook (1871) was the first book to use Gaj's latin alphabet.

Before 1914: ''Aa, Áá, Bb, Cc, Cscs, Dd, Ee, Éé, Êê, Ff, Gg, Gygy, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Lyly, Mm, Nn, Nyny, Oo, Ôô, Öö, Őő, Pp, Rr, Szsz, Ss, Tt, Uu, Üü, Űű, Vv, Zz, Zszs''.

After 1914: ''Aa, Áá, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Éé, Êê, Ff, Gg, Gjgj, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Ljlj, Mm, Nn, Njnj, Oo, Ôô, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Zz, Žž''.

Morphology

Nouns in Prekmurje Slovene can be masculine, feminine or neuter, like in Standard Slovene. Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have three numbers: singular, dual, and plural, just like in Standard Slovene.

Feminine

Feminine nouns ending in ''a''.

Feminine nouns ending with a consonant.

Declension of feminine adjectives.

Masculine

Masculine nouns ending in a consonant. The singular accusative of masculine nouns designating animate things is the same as their genitive. The singular accusative of nouns designating inanimate things is the same as their nominative.

Masculines nouns ending in ''a.''

Declension of masculine adjective.

Neuter

Neuter nouns ending in ''o'' and ''e''.

In declension, nouns such as ''tejlo'' (body, Standard Slovene: ''telo'') or ''drejvo'' (three, Standard Slovene: ''drevo'') do not lengthen as in the Standard Slovene with the syllable –es (Prekmurian: nominative ''tejlo, drejvo'', genitive ''tejla, drejva;'' Standard Slovene: nominative ''telo, drevo'', genitive ''telesa, drevesa'').

Declension of neuter adjective.

Personal pronouns

Singular

Singular (Prekmurian)

Nom.	ges/jes (Masc.Fem.)	ti(j) (Masc.Fem.)	un (Masc.)	una (Fem.)
Gen.	mene(j) me	tebe(j) te	njega ga	nje je
Dat.	meni mi	tebi ti	njemi	njej/njoj ji
Ac.	mene(j) me	tebe(j) te	njega ga	njou jo
Loc.	meni	tebi	njen	njej/njoj
Inst	menof(v)/meuf	tebof(v)/teuf	njin	njouf(v)

Singular (Standard Slovene)

Nom.	jaz (Masc.Fem.Neut.)	ti (Masc.Fem.Neut)	on (Masc.)	ona (Fem.)	ono (Neut.)
Gen.	mene me	tebe te	njega ga	nje je	njega ga
Dat.	meni mi	tebi ti	njemu mu	njej/nji ji	njemu mu
Ac.	mene me -me	tebe te -te	njega ga -(e)nj	njo jo -njo	njega/ono ga -(e)nj
Loc.	pri meni	pri tebi	pri njem	pri njej/nji	pri njem
Inst.	z mano/menoj	s tabo/teboj	z njim	z njo	z njim

Dual

Dual (Prekmurje Slovene)

Nom.	müva (Masc.), müve (Fem.)	vüva (Masc.), vüve (Fem.)	njüva/njiva/oneva (Masc), njüve/njive (Fem.)
Gen.	naj(a)	vaj(a)	njiva(Masc), njivi (Fem.)
Dat.	nama	vama	njima
Ac.	naj(a)	vaj(a)	njiva(Masc), njivi (Fem.)
Loc.	nama	vama	njima
Inst.	nama	vama	njima

Dual (Standard Slovene)

Nom.	midva (Masc.), medve (Fem.Neut.)	vidva (Masc.), vedve (Fem.Neut.)	onadva (Masc.), onidve (Fem.Neut.)
Gen.	naju	vaju	njiju
Dat.	nama	vama	njima jima
Ac.	naju	vaju	njiju ju -nju
Loc.	naju	vaju	njiju
Inst.	nama	vama	njima

Plural

Plural (Prekmurje Slovene)

Nom.	mi (Masc. fem.)	vi (Masc. fem.)	uni (Masc.), une (Fem.)
Gen.	nas	vas	njih/nji jih/je
Dat.	nan	van	njin jin
Ac.	nas	vas	njih/nje jih je
Loc.	nas/nan	vas/van	njij
Inst.	nami	vami	njimi

Plural (Standard Slovene)

Nom.	mi (Masc.), me (Fem. neut.)	vi (Masc.), ve (Fem. neut.)	oni (Masc.), one (Fem.), ona (Neut.)
Gen.	nas	vas	njih jih
Dat.	nam	vam	njim jim
Ac.	nas	vas	njih/nje jih -nje
Loc.	nas	vas	njih
Inst.	nami	vami	njimi

Reflexive pronoun

Prekmurje Slovene

Nom.	—
Gen.	sebe(j) se
Dat.	sebi si
Ac.	sebe(j) se
Loc.	sebi/sebej
Inst.	sebof(v)/seuf

Standard Slovene

Nom.	—
Gen.	sebe se
Dat.	sebi si
Ac.	sebe se -se
Loc.	sebi
Inst.	sabo/seboj

Numerals

The names for numerals in Prekmurje Slovene follow a similar way to that found in Standard Slovene or other Slavic languages. Then again, the archaic way of forming two-digit numbers has been preserved. The ten comes first, followed by the singular digit number. A conjuction is not needed. In Standard Slovene, the numerals from 21 to 99 are formed by placing the singular in front of the ten ("four-and-twenty"), like in German language.

Verb

The verb ending in Prekmurje Slovene is most frequently ''üvati'' or ''avati,'' more rarely ''ovati'' (the ending ''ovati'' is the most frequent in Standard Slovene). In conjugation, the endings are also dissimilar in Prekmurian and Slovene. Example: Prekmurje Slovene: ''nategüvati, obrezavati'', conj. ''nategüvlen/nategüjen, obrezavlen'', Standard Slovene: ''nategovati, obrezovati'', conj. ''nategujem, obrezujem''.

In the Goričko dialect and some western subdialects of Ravensko, the infinitive ending is ''-niti'' (zdigniti), as it is in Standard Slovene (dvigniti), or rarely ''-nouti'' (Prekmurje Slovene ''obrnouti,'' Standard Slovene ''obrniti''). In the Dolinsko dialect and other Ravensko subdialects, the infinitive ending is ''-noti'' (zdignoti), as it is in Croatian (and Kajkavian).

Present tense

Prekmurje Slovene

Singular	lübin	lübiš	lübi
Dual	lübiva	lübita	lübita
Plural	lübimo	lübite	lübijo

Standard Slovene

Singular	ljubim	ljubiš	ljubi
Dual	ljubiva	ljubita	ljubita
Plural	ljubimo	ljubite	ljubijo

Past tense

Prekmurje Slovene

Singular	san/sen lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	si lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	je lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)
Dual	sva lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	sta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	sta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)
Plural	smo lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	ste lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	so lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)

Standard Slovene

Singular	sem ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	si ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	je ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)
Dual	sva ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	sta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	sta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)
Plural	smo ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	ste ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	so ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)

Future tense

Prekmurje Slovene

Singular	mo lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	boš lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	de lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)
Dual	va lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	ta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	ta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)
Plural	mo lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	te lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	do lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)

Standard Slovene

Singular	bom ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	boš ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	bo ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)
Dual	bova ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	bosta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	bosta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)
Plural	bomo ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	boste ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	bodo ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)

Present conditional

Prekmurje Slovene

Singular	bi lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	bi lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	bi lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)
Dual	bi lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	bi lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	bi lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)
Plural	bi lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	bi lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	bi lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)

Standard Slovene

Singular	bi ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	bi ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	bi ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)
Dual	bi ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	bi ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	bi ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)
Plural	bi ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	bi ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	bi ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)

Vocabulary

The Prekmurje Slovene vocabulary is very rich and differs significantly from the Standard Slovene vocabulary. The dialect includes many archaic words that have disappeared from modern Slovene. Along with the three dialects spoken in Venetian Slovenia and the Slovene dialects of eastern Carinthia, Prekmurje Slovene is considered the most conservative of all Slovene dialects in regard to the vocabulary.

The Prekmurje Slovene has exapnded its vocabulary to a large degree with words from other Slavic languages (mainly from Kajkavian Croatian, Standard Slovene, Styrian Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, partly from the Czech and Slovak) and non-Slavic languages (mainly from Hungarian and German, partly from Latin and Italian). More recent and less assimilated words are typically from English.

Comparison

Loanwords

Prekmurje Slovene also contains many words of mostly German and Hungarian origin. The German loanwoards mostly originate from the Austro-Bavarian dialect. There is still a strong German influence in the Goričko dialect.

We also find Latin loanwords: ''bauta, bunta'' (storage, Latin ''voluta'', Standard Slovene ''trgovina''), ''cintor'' (cemetery, Latin ''coementerium'', Standard Slovene ''pokopališče''), ''kanta'' (can, Latin ''canna'', Standard Slovene ''ročka''), ''oštarija'' (inn, Italian ''osteria,'' Standard Slovene ''gostilna''), ''upkaš'' (hoopoe, Latin ''upupa'', Standard Slovene ''smrdokavra'') etc.

Loanwords adopted from Serbo-Croatian in the period of Yugoslavia: ''dosaden'' (tedious, Serbo-Croatian ''dosadan'', Standard Slovene ''dolgočasen''), ''novine'' (newspaper, Serbo-Croatian ''novine'', Standard Slovene ''časopis''), ''život'' (live, Serbo-Croatian ''život'', Standard Slovene ''življenje'').

The Wendish question

There are many theories on how Prekmurje Slovene emerged as a language. The oldest theory from the 16th century argued that the Slovenes east of the Mura were descendants of the Vandals.

In 1627, a notable event was the Protestant visitation in the Tótság or ''Slovene District'' (this is the historical name of the Prekmurje and Raba March, Prekmurje Slovene: Slovenska okroglina).

According to Hungarian dissenters, the Wendish (Prekmurje Slovene) language was of Danish, Sorbian, Germanic, Celtic, Eastern Romance or West Slavic extraction. These were false political or exaggerated claims.

According to Hungarian nationalist groups, the Wends were captured by Turkish and Croatian troops who later became part of the Hungarian society. Another popular theory created by some Hungarian nationalists was that the speakers of the Wendish language were actually Magyar peoples and that some had merged into the Slavic population of Slovenia over the last 800 years.

In 1920, Hungarian physicist wrote a number of books about Slovene inhabitants of Hungary and the Wendish language: the Wendish-Celtic theory. Accordingly, the Wends (Slovenens in Hungary) were of Celtic descent, not Slavic. Mikola later also adopted the belief that the Wends were actually Slavic-speaking Hungarians. This theories were supported by the Hungarian ethnonationalistic state programme. Mikola also thought the Wends, Slovenes and Croatians, were all descendants of the Pannonian Romans, therefore they have their Latin blood and culture.

During the Hungarian revolution when Hungarians rebelled against Habsburg rule, the Catholic Slovenes sided with the Catholic Habsburgs. The Lutheran Slovenes, however, supported the rebel Lajos Kossuth siding with Hungary and they pleaded for the separation of Hungary from Habsburg Austria which had its anti-Protestant policy. At that time, the reasoning that the inhabitants of the Rába Region were not Slovenes but Wends and "Wendish-Slovenes" respectively and that, as a consequence, their ancestral Slavic-Wendish language was not to be equated with the other Slovenes living in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was established. In the opinion of the Lutheran-Slovene priest of Hodoš, the only option for the Lutheran Slovenes emerging from the Catholic Slovenian population was to support Kossuth and his Hungarian culture. Thereafter, the Lutheran Slovenes used their language in churches and schools in the most traditional way in order to distinguish themselves from the Catholic Slovenes and the Slovene language (i.e., pro-Hungarian or pan-Slavic Slovene literature). Lutheran priests and believers remained convicted that they could only adhere to their Lutheran faith when following the wish of the Hungarians (or the Austrians) and considering themselves "Wendish Slovenes". If they did not conform to this, they would be in danger of being assimilated into Hungarian culture.

In the years preceding World War I, the Hungarian Slovenes were swept into the ideology of Panslavism, the national unity of all Slavic-speaking peoples of Eastern Europe. The issue was volatile in the fragmented Austro-Hungarian empire, which was defeated in the war. In the 1921 Treaty of Trianon, the southern half (not the whole) of the Prekmurje region was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

After 1867, the Hungarian government in Budapest tried to assimilate the Prekmurje Slovenes. In the 19th century, there was still a ban on using Prekmurje Slovene In Somogy. József Borovnyák, Ferenc Ivanóczy, and other Slovene politicians and writers helped safeguard the Prekmurje Slovene and identity.

In the late 20th century and today, the new notion for Prekmurje Slovenes is to conceive Prekmurian as actually a Slovene language, but not dialect. Prekmurians and other Slovenes have common national and ethnic identity but Prekmurians have also their special separate language identity, literature, grammar and spelling. Literature in Prekmurje Slovene is linguistically clearly distinguished from the literature in standard Slovene or other Slovene dialectical traditions. Prekmurian literature is always variegated, multifarious and not only a repository of religious books, as Slovene linguistics and literary history once claimed.

In the Communist Yugoslavia, Prekmurje Slovene was looked down upon because numerous writers, such as József Klekl, were anti-communists.

Examples

A comparison of the Lord's Prayer in Standard Slovene, Old Prekmurje Slovene, new Prekmurje Slovene, Kajkavian Croatian, and Standard Croatian. The Prekmurje Slovene versions is taken from a 1942 prayer book (Zálozso János Zvér, ''Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti'', Murska Sobota, 1942, third edition) and from a 2022 prayer book ''Jezuš tovariš moj.''"Jezuš, tovariš moj: Mali katoliški molitvenik za Slovensko lüdstvo med Müjrof in Rabof"
(Pomurec) For easier comparison, the original Hungarian alphabet has been transliterated into Gaj's Latin alphabet, as used in other versions.

Examples from main Prekmurje Slovene dialects

Slovene national anthem in Prekmurje Slovene

Gallery

File:Mali katechismus (1715).JPG, The first printed book in Prekmurje Slovene: Mali cathecismus ''(Small Catechism),'' by Ferenc Temlin.
File:ABC Kni'sicza.JPG, The ABC-book of Miklós Küzmics. This is also the first Hungarian-Slovenian Dictionary.
File:Kis magyar nyelvtan.jpg, József Kossics: ''Small Grammar of the Hungarian language'' and ''Vandalic language''
File:Szlovenszke nove knige cstenya (1872).JPG, János Kardos's school book from 1872
File:Kniga molitvena (1855).JPG, The famous Prekmurje Slovene prayer-book, the ''Kniga molitvena'' from 1855.
File:Prijatel (1.4.1876).JPG, First Prekmurian newspaper ''Prijátel'' (Friend) by Imre Augustich
File:Molite bratje (1936).JPG, ''Pray my brothers!'' Prayer-book of József Szakovics in 1936. His script was written in the Slovene alphabet.
File:Groub Vincenca Talaberja, Stevanovci.JPG, The tomb of the young Vince Talabér from Permise (Kétvölgy) in the cemetery of Apátistvánfalva with Prekmurje Slovene inscription.
File:Grob Franca Sömaneka z Verice, South Bethlehem.jpg, Prekmurje Slovene gravestone in the United States (St. Michael's Cemetery, South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania)
File:Novine (1. obletnica pridruzitve Prekmurja, 22.8.1920).JPG, The most important Prekmurje Slovene-language newspaper ''Novine'' (1913–1941) by József Klekl
File:Kalendar Szrca Jezusovoga (1904).JPG, Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga ''(Jesus's Heart Calendar)'' was Prekmurje Catholic calendar between 1904 and 1944.
File:Dober pajdas kalendarium (1911).jpg, ''Dober pajdás kalendárium'' (Good Friend Calendar) from 1911. It contains various articles on politics, everyday life, literature and science
File:Szlovenszke szenszke knige (1919).jpg, Oneiromancy in Prekmurje Slovene

See also

* Languages of Slovenia
* List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary
* Slovene March (Kingdom of Hungary)
* Vandalic language
* János Fliszár
* József Klekl (politician)
* Ágoston Pável

References

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Sources

* Mária Mukics: ''Changing World - The Hungarian Slovenians'' (''Változó Világ'' - ''A magyarországi szlovének'') Press Publica
* Mukics Ferenc: Szlovén Nyelvkönyv/Slovenska slovnica (Slovenian language-book), 1997.
* ''Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine,'' Založba ZRC, Ljubljana 2006.
* Fliszár János: ''Magyar-vend szótár/Vogrszki-vendiski rêcsnik,'' Budapest 1922.
* Francek Mukič: ''Porabsko-knjižnoslovensko-madžarski slovar,'' Szombathely 2005.
*
*
* Marc L. Greenberg: Glasoslovni opis treh prekmurskih govorov in komentar k zgodovinskemu glasoslovju in oblikoglasju prekmurskega narečja. ''Slavistična revija'' 41/4 (1993), 465–487.

Marc L. Greenberg: Archaisms and innovations in the dialect of Središče: (Southeastern Prlekija, Slovenia). ''Indiana Slavic studies'' 7 (1994), 90-102.

Marc L. Greenberg: Prekmurje grammar as a source of Slavic comparative material. ''Slovenski jezik'' 7 (2009), 28-44.
* Marc L. Greenberg: Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora. ''Slavistična revija'' 36 (1988). 452–456. eview essay of Franc Novak, Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora [A Dictionary of the Prekmurje Dialect of Beltinci
* Vilko Novak: ''Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine'', Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, 2006.
* Vilko Novak: ''Martjanska pesmarica,'' Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, 1997.
* Vilko Novak: Zgodovina iz spomina/Történelem emlékezetből – ''Polemika o knjigi Tiborja Zsige Muravidéktől Trianonig/Polémia Zsiga Tibor Muravidéktől Trianonig című könyvéről,'' Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, 2004.
* Marija Kozar: ''Etnološki slovar slovencev na Madžarskem'', Monošter-Szombathely 1996.
* Források a Muravidék történetéhez 1./Viri za zgodovino Prekmurja 1. Szombathely-Zalaegerszeg, 2008. Ö
* Források a Muravidék történetéhez/Viri za zgodovino Prekmurja 2. Szombathely-Zalaegerszeg 2008.
* ''Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti,'' edit: József Szakovics 1942.
* Pokrajinski muzej Murska Sobota, ''Katalog stalne razstave,'' Murska Sobota 1997.
* Jerneja Kopitarja Glagolita Clozianus/Cločev Glagolit, Ljubljana 1995.
* Življenje in delo Jožefa Borovnjaka, Edit: , Maribor 2008.
* Bea Baboš Logar: Prekmurska narečna slovstvena ustvarjalnost – mednarodno znanstveno srečanje: prekmurščina zanimiva tudi za tuje znanstvenike, Vestnik July 17, 2003.
* Predgovor. Nouvi Zákon, Stevan Küzmics, Pokrajinski Muzej Murska Sobota 2008. (Translations: in English Peter Lamovec; in Hungarian Gabriella Bence; in Slovene Mihael Kuzmič)

External links

Marko Jesenšek: STILISTIKA PREKMURSKIH OGLAŠEVALSKIH BESEDIL/STYLISTICS IN ADVERTISING TEXTS IN PREKMURJE


* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20090220023921/http://www.ms.sik.si/PJMagyar_ford_bibl_1715.htm Hungarian books in Prekmurje Slovenian 1715-1919
Hungarian books in Prekmurje Slovenian 1920-1944

PREKMURSKI PUBLICISTIČNI JEZIK V PRVI POLOVICI 20. STOLETJA

Američan, ki je doktoriral iz prekmurščine

"Zame prekmurščina ni narečje, temveč jezik" – Branko Pintarič, gledališki ustvarjalec (For Me, Prekmurje Slovenian Is Not a Dialect, But a Language)

Preučevanje jezika in literature (Slovene)

Marko Jesenšek: The Slovene Language in the Alpine and Pannonian Language Area

Six stories from Prekmurje (1)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prekmurje Slovene

Cultural heritage of Slovenia