The New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are found from southern

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

to South America, specifically from the Southwest United States to northern Argentina. They are ecologically the most varied and diverse family within the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

Chiroptera. Most species are

insectivorous A robber fly eating a hoverfly An insectivore is a carnivorous animal or plant that eats insects. An alternative term is entomophage, which can also refer to the human practice of eating insects. The first vertebrate insectivores were ...

, but the phyllostomid bats include within their number true predatory species and

frugivore A frugivore is an animal that thrives mostly on raw fruits or succulent fruit-like produce of plants such as roots, shoots, nuts and seeds. Approximately 20% of mammalian herbivores eat fruit. Frugivores are highly dependent on the abundance an ...

s (subfamily Stenodermatinae and Carolliinae). For example, the spectral bat (''Vampyrum spectrum''), the largest bat in the

Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...

, eats vertebrate prey, including small, dove-sized birds. Members of this family have evolved to use food groups such as fruit, nectar, pollen, insects, frogs, other bats, and small vertebrates, and in the case of the vampire bats, even blood. Both the scientific and common names derive from their often large, lance-shaped noses, greatly reduced in some of the nectar- and pollen-feeders. Because these bats echolocate nasally, this "nose-leaf" is thought to serve some role in modifying and directing the echolocation call. Similar nose leaves are found in some other groups of bats, most notably the Old World leaf-nosed bats. New World leaf-nosed bats are usually brown, grey, or black, although five species are white. They range in size from in head-body length, and can weigh from . Most roost in fairly small groups within caves, animal burrows, or hollow trees, although some species aggregate in colonies of several hundred individuals. They do not

hibernate Hibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic depression undergone by some animal species. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy characterized by low body-temperature, slow breathing and heart-rate, and low metabolic rate. It most ...

, although some species have been reported to

aestivate Aestivation ( la, aestas (summer); also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a ...

Evolution

The Phyllostomidae, also known as New World leaf-nosed bats, are among the most ecologically diverse mammal families, displaying more morphological variation than any other mammalian family. This variation is measured by diversity in skull morphology and diet-related characteristics: Phyllostomidae consists of species that have evolved physical modifications for insectivory, frugivory, hematophagy,

nectarivory In zoology, a nectarivore is an animal which derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of the sugar-rich nectar produced by flowering plants. Nectar as a food source presents a number of benefits a ...

, and omnivory. The nose-leaf—a distinctive characteristic of the family—is thought to have evolved to reflect dietary and foraging behavior of different species of Phyllostomidae. With an evolutionary history tracing back to the

Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the ...

, fossil and phylogenetic evidence suggests the family originated about 30 million years ago. Leaf nosed bats evolved from Yangochiroptera and Miniopteridae with sister groups also evolving from this group. The Phyllostomidae consist of 55 genera and about 180 species.

Description

New World leaf-nosed bats are bilaterally symmetrical and endothermic mammals characterized by an elaborate outgrowth of skin on their noses, called a nose-leaf, which is believed to aid in echolocation. The nose-leaf can be adorned with a vertical leaf, a concave upward leaf, or multiple accessory leaves; varying by species. Leaf-nosed bats lack a tail, have triangular-shaped ears that can have pointed or rounded tips, range in body size from 4 cm to 13.5 cm, and a wingspan up to 90 cm or more.

Biology and ecology

Like other bats, leaf-nosed bats are nocturnal foragers that use echolocation to locate food sources, though the food sources vary between species. Many bats in the family Phyllostomidae appear to have limited reliance on echolocation, likely because frugivorous bats do not need to quickly identify flying insects like many other bats. Instead, species of leaf-nosed fruit bats appear to use scent to identify their preferred food sources. When they are not foraging, leaf-nosed bats roost in abandoned buildings, caves, and beneath folded leaves depending on the species. Nearly every roosting option present among bats is represented within this family, including species that prefer to roost alone, as well as species that roost with thousands of other individuals every day.

Diet

The Phyllostomidae demonstrate the most diverse dietary habits of any family of bats across the globe. Because of this, general dietary patterns are categorized for each species. Leaf-nosed bats generally specialize in a particular type of diet which leads to classification in one of these groups:

nectarivore In zoology, a nectarivore is an animal which derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of the sugar-rich nectar produced by flowering plants. Nectar as a food source presents a number of benefits a ...

insectivore A robber fly eating a hoverfly An insectivore is a carnivorous animal or plant that eats insects. An alternative term is entomophage, which can also refer to the human practice of eating insects. The first vertebrate insectivores wer ...

omnivore An omnivore () is an animal that has the ability to eat and survive on both plant and animal matter. Obtaining energy and nutrients from plant and animal matter, omnivores digest carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber, and metabolize the nutr ...

, or haematophagous. However, categorizations are based only on primary consumption habits, therefore observing species that occasionally consume food items outside of their particular classifications is not uncommon. Usually, when leaf-nosed bats consume outside of their primary dietary categorization, it is to ensure sufficient intake of nutrients that their primary food source may not provide. For example, nectar and ripe fruits provide sufficient amounts of carbohydrates and water, but are lacking in protein and fat.Elangovan, V., Marimuthu, G., Kunz, T.H. Temporal patterns of resource use by the short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) (2001) Journal of Mammalogy, 82 (1), pp. 161-165. To meet basic nutritional requirements, leaf-nosed bats that primarily feed on fruit and nectar must also ensure sufficient protein and fat intake by consuming insects or leaves. Most leaf-nosed bats are classified as insectivores and feed on a variety of small insects. Certain species with this classification capture their prey either while in flight or from foliage in trees or on the ground. Carnivorous species feed on a variety of animals ranging from frogs to other bats. The Desmodontinae fall into this general carnivorous category, but are further distinguished by feeding exclusively on blood. In contrast, some species in this family feed on exclusively plants, gaining needed nutrients from fruits and leaves.

Life cycle

Leaf-nosed bats are gonochoric (separate sexes) that partake in sexual copulation. These bats can live for 20–30 years and females become sexually active at two years of age. Female ovulation occurs from October through September, after the female mates, the gestation period ranges from 8–9 months with an initial 3- to 5-month diapause period when the fetus growth is slowed; this diapause period is controlled by hormones. The female gives birth to a single pup, which has open ears, open eyes, and the first set of deciduous teeth, and is fully furred at birth.

Social systems

Among species that roost in groups, some evidence exists for a social hierarchy with higher-ranking individuals gaining access to preferred areas of the site. Solitary roosting bats, though, live alone and maintain a strict fidelity to a single roosting site. In some cases, males live alone or with harems, while females prefer to roost with other individuals and their pups. In nearly every species that has been studied, mothers and pups maintain a social bond that lasts beyond nursing. Apparently, young bats can learn food preferences from their mothers and when they are reluctant to leave the nest, mothers literally nudge the infants out of the roost.

Range

New World leaf-nosed bats range from the United States, in southern Arizona and the West Indies to northern Argentina. The family inhabits a diverse array of environments and habitats ranging from forests to deserts.

Human impact

Species of New World leaf-nosed bats that make their homes in forested areas are greatly affected by agricultural intensification.Williams‐Guillén, K., & Perfecto, I. (2010). Effects of Agricultural Intensification on the Assemblage of Leaf-Nosed Bats (Phyllostomidae) in a Coffee Landscape in Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica, 42(5), 605–613. Specifically, it has been found that increased agricultural activity by humans causes negative conservation effects on these habitats and as a result reduces abundance and diversity of leaf-nosed bats that live there. California leaf-nosed bats in particular are susceptible to human disruption. This species is known to create large roosts in closed mine shafts due to their potential to provide warmth and isolation. When humans enter the shafts or rework old mines, this disrupts the roosts of the leaf-nosed bats and has the potential to be detrimental to the population as a whole.

Classification

The 192 described species within 56

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

are: FAMILY PHYLLOSTOMIDAE * Genus †'' Notonycteris'' *Subfamily: Brachyphyllinae **Genus: ''

Brachyphylla ''Brachyphylla'' (Caribbean fruit-eating bat) is a genus of leaf-nosed bats in the family Phyllostomidae. Both species live on islands near or in the Caribbean. The genus contains the following species: * Cuban fruit-eating bat (''B. nana'') * A ...

'' *** Cuban fruit-eating bat, ''B. nana'' *** Antillean fruit-eating bat, ''B. cavernarum'' *Subfamily: Carolliinae **Genus: '' Carollia'' - short-tailed leaf-nosed bats *** Benkeith's short-tailed bat, ''C. benkeithi'' *** Silky short-tailed bat, ''C. brevicauda'' *** Chestnut short-tailed bat, ''C. castanea'' *** Colombian short-tailed bat, ''C. colombiana'' *** Manu short-tailed bat, ''C. manu'' *** Mono's short-tailed bat, ''C. monohernandezi'' *** Seba's short-tailed bat, ''C. perspicillata'' *** Sowell's short-tailed bat, ''C. sowelli'' *** Gray short-tailed bat, ''C. subrufa'' **Genus: ''

Rhinophylla ''Rhinophylla'' is a genus of South American bat Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera.''cheir'', "hand" and πτερόν''pteron'', "wing". With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustaine ...

'' *** Hairy little fruit bat, ''R. alethina'' *** Fischer's little fruit bat, ''R. fischerae'' *** Dwarf little fruit bat, ''R. pumilio'' *Subfamily: Desmodontinae - vampire bats **Genus: ''

Desmodus ''Desmodus'' is a genus of bats which—along with the genera ''Diaemus'' and ''Diphylla''—are allied as the subfamily Desmodontinae, the carnivorous, blood-consuming vampire bats of the New World leaf-nosed bat family Phyllostomidae. The ge ...

'' ***''D. archaeodaptes'',

† A dagger, obelisk, or obelus is a typographical mark that usually indicates a footnote if an asterisk has already been used. The symbol is also used to indicate death (of people) or extinction (of species). It is one of the modern descendan ...

*** Giant vampire bat, ''D. draculae''

,Turvey, S.T. (2009). Holocene mammal extinctions. In: Turvey, S.T. (editor) (2009). ''Holocene Extinctions''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.Turvey, S. 2008
''Desmodus draculae''.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 02 March 2016. *** Cuban vampire bat, ''D. puntajudensis''

*** Common vampire bat, ''D. rotundus'' Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. ''Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference'' (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp.Barquez, R., Perez, S., Miller, B. & Diaz, M. 2015
''Desmodus rotundus''.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 02 March 2016. *** Stock's vampire bat, ''D. stocki''

,Knox Jones JR, J. (1958). Pleistocene Bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, Volume 9, No. 14, pp. 389-396, December 19, 1958.
Available online
**Genus: ''Diaemus'' ***

White-winged vampire bat The white-winged vampire bat (''Diaemus youngi''), a species of vampire bat, is the only member of the genus ''Diaemus''. They are found from Mexico to northern Argentina and are present on the islands of Trinidad and Margarita. Etymology and ta ...

, ''D. youngi'' **Genus: ''Diphylla'' *** Hairy-legged vampire bat, ''D. ecaudata'' *Subfamily:

Glossophaginae Glossophaginae is a subfamily of leaf-nosed bats. List of species Subfamily: Glossophaginae * Tribe Glossophagini **Genus: '' Anoura'' - Geoffroy's long-nosed bats ***'' Anoura aequatoris'' *** Cadena's tailless bat, ''Anoura cadenai'' *** Ta ...

** Tribe Glossophagini ***Genus: ''

Anoura ''Anoura'' is a genus of leaf-nosed bats from Central and South America. ''Anoura'' members lack or have a short tail, and are nectarivorous bats of small to medium size among the Phyllostomidae. Etymology The genus ''Anoura'' was described in ...

'' - Geoffroy's long-nosed bats ****''

Anoura aequatoris ''Anoura aequatoris'' (also known as the equatorial tailless bat) is a species of microbat that lives in South America in the countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Taxonomy When first described in 1921, Einar Lönnberg classified ' ...

'' ****

Cadena's tailless bat Cadena's tailless bat (''Anoura cadenai'') is a species of bat native to Colombia. In 2006 it was described as a separate species from the tailed tailless bat species complex. Taxonomy and etymology Cadena's tailless bat was species description, ...

, ''A. cadenai'' ****

Tailed tailless bat The tailed tailless bat (''Anoura caudifer'') is a species of leaf-nosed bat from South America. Taxonomy The scientific name of this species is variously given as either ''A. caudifer'' or ''A. caudifera'', with scientists having argued for bot ...

, ''A. caudifera'' **** Handley's tailless bat, ''A. cultrata'' **** Tube-lipped nectar bat, ''A. fistulata'' **** Geoffroy's tailless bat, ''A. geoffroyi'' **** Broad-toothed tailless bat, ''A. latidens'' **** Luis Manuel's tailless bat, ''A. luismanueli'' ****'' Anoura peruana'' ***Genus: '' Choeroniscus'' **** Godman's long-tailed bat, ''C. godmani'' **** Greater long-tailed bat, ''C. periosus'' **** Lesser long-tongued bat, ''C. minor'' ***Genus: '' Choeronycteris'' **** Mexican long-tongued bat (hog-nosed bat), ''C. mexicana'' ***Genus: '' Dryadonycteris'' ****

Dryades bat ''Dryadonycteris capixaba'' is a species of leaf-nosed bat found in South America. It is the only species within the genus ''Dryadonycteris''. Taxonomy and etymology It was described as a new species in 2012. It was described in part from mus ...

, ''D. capixaba'' ***Genus: ''

Glossophaga ''Glossophaga'' (long-tongued bat) is a genus of bats in the leaf-nosed bat family, Phyllostomidae. Members of the genus are native to the American Neotropics. Species *''G. antillarum'' (Rehn, 1902): Jamaican long-tongued bat, Jamaica. * ...

'' **** Commissaris's long-tongued bat, ''G. commissarisi'' **** Gray long-tongued bat, ''G. leachii'' ****

Miller's long-tongued bat Miller's long-tongued bat (''Glossophaga longirostris'') is a bat species found in northern Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, the Netherlands Antilles and the U.S. Virgin Islands The United States Virgin Isla ...

, ''G. longirostris'' **** Western long-tongued bat, ''G. morenoi'' **** Pallas's long-tongued bat, ''G. soricina'' ***Genus: ''

Hylonycteris Underwood's long-tongued bat (''Hylonycteris underwoodi'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is monotypic, the only species within the genus ''Hylonycteris''. It is found in Belize, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Hyl ...

'' **** Underwood's long-tongued bat, ''H. underwoodi'' ***Genus: '' Leptonycteris'' - Saussure's long-nosed bats **** Southern long-nosed bat, ''L. curasoae'' ****

Greater long-nosed bat The greater long-nosed bat or Mexican long-nosed bat (''Leptonycteris nivalis'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in Mexico and the United States. It chiefly consumes pollen and nectar, particularly from agave p ...

or Mexican long-nosed bat, ''L. nivalis'' **** Lesser long-nosed bat or Mexican long-nosed bat, ''L. yerbabuenae'' ***Genus: '' Lichonycteris'' **** Dark long-tongued bat, ''L. obscura'' ***Genus: ''

Monophyllus ''Monophyllus'', the Antillean long-tongued bats or single leaf bats , is a genus of bats in the family Phyllostomidae. They are distributed on the Antilles. Species It contains the following species: * ''Monophyllus plethodon'' Miller, 1900 � ...

'' ****

Insular single leaf bat The insular single leaf bat or Lesser Antillean long-tongued bat (''Monophyllus plethodon'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found on the Lesser Antilles, on Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Guadeloupe, ...

, ''M. plethodon'' **** Leach's single leaf bat, ''M. redmani'' ***Genus: '' Musonycteris'' **** Banana bat (Colima long-nosed bat), ''M. harrisoni'' ***Genus: ''

Scleronycteris The Ega long-tongued bat (''Scleronycteris ega'') is a bat species found in northwestern Brazil and southern Venezuela. It is monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate ...

'' **** Ega long-tongued bat, ''S. ega'' ** Tribe Lonchophyllini ***Genus: '' Lionycteris'' ****

Chestnut long-tongued bat The chestnut long-tongued bat (''Lionycteris spurrelli'') is a bat species from South and Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United Sta ...

, ''L. spurrelli'' ***Genus: ''

Lonchophylla ''Lonchophylla'' is a genus of bats in the family Phyllostomidae. List of species Genus ''Lonchophylla'' * Bokermann's nectar bat, ''Lonchophylla bokermanni'' *Cadena's long-tongued bat, ''Lonchophylla cadenai'' *Chocoan long-tongued bat, ''Lo ...

'' ****

Bokermann's nectar bat Bokermann's nectar bat (''Lonchophylla bokermanni'') is a bat species from South America. It is endemic to Brazil. It feeds on nectar, and is listed as an endangered species. Etymology This species was discovered by Ivan Sazima and Marlies Sazim ...

, ''L. bokermanni'' ****

Cadena's long-tongued bat Cadena's long-tongued bat (''Hsunycteris cadenai'') is a bat species from Colombia and Ecuador. It was originally described in the genus ''Lonchophylla'', but was moved to ''Hsunycteris ''Hsunycteris'' is a genus of bats in the family Phyllost ...

, ''L. cadenai'' ****

Chocoan long-tongued bat The Chocoan long-tongued bat (''Lonchophylla chocoana'') is a species of bat found in South America. It was described as a new species in 2004. Taxonomy and etymology It was described as a new species in 2004. Its species name "''chocoana''" i ...

, ''L. chocoana'' ****'' Lonchophylla concava'' ****

Dekeyser's nectar bat Dekeyser's nectar bat (''Lonchophylla dekeyseri'') is a bat species found in Brazil and Bolivia.Griffiths, T.A. and Gardner, A.L. 2008. Subfamily Glossophaginae Bonaparte, 1845. In: A.L. Gardner (ed.), Mammals of South America. Volume 1, pp. 224- ...

, ''L. dekeyseri'' **** Arched nectar bat, ''L. fornicata'' ****

Handley's nectar bat Handley's nectar bat (''Lonchophylla handleyi'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Pe ...

, ''L. handleyi'' ****

Western nectar bat The western nectar bat (''Lonchophylla hesperia'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. References Lonchophylla Bats of South America Mammals of Ecuador Mammals of Peru Mammals descri ...

, ''L. hesperia'' ****

Goldman's nectar bat Goldman's nectar bat (''Lonchophylla mordax'') is a bat species found in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a tra ...

, ''L. mordax'' **** Orcés’s long-tongued bat, ''L. orcesi'' ****'' Lonchophylla orienticollina'' ****

Patton's long-tongued bat Patton's long-tongued bat (''Hsunycteris pattoni'') is a bat species from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It was originally described in the genus ''Lonchophylla'', but was moved to ''Hsunycteris ''Hsunycteris'' is a genus of bats in the ...

, ''L. pattoni'' ****''

Lonchophylla peracchii Peracchi's nectar bat (''Lonchophylla peracchii'') is a species of nectar-feeding bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It was first described from the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. Description The discovery of this species as distinct ...

'' ****

Orange nectar bat The orange nectar bat (''Lonchophylla robusta'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Orange nectar bats in Costa Rica were observed utilisin ...

, ''L. robusta'' ****

Thomas's nectar bat Thomas's nectar bat (''Lonchophylla thomasi'') is a bat species from South and Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the ...

, ''L. thomasi'' ***Genus: '' Platalina'' **** Long-snouted bat, ''P. genovensium'' ***Genus: '' Xeronycteris'' **** Vieira's long-tongued bat, ''X. vieirai'' *Subfamily: Phyllonycterinae **Genus: '' Erophylla'' - brown flower bats *** Brown flower bat, ''E. bombifrons'' *** Buffy flower bat, ''E. sezekorni'' **Genus: '' Phyllonycteris'' - Jamaican flower bats *** Jamaican flower bat, ''P. aphylla'' *** Puerto Rican flower bat, ''P. major'' *** Cuban flower bat, ''P. poeyi'' *Subfamily: Phyllostominae ** Tribe Micronycterini ***Genus: '' Glyphonycteris'' **** Behn's bat, ''G. behnii'' **** Davies's big-eared bat, ''G. daviesi'' **** Tricolored big-eared bat, ''G. sylvestris'' ***Genus: '' Lampronycteris'' **** Yellow-throated big-eared bat, ''L. brachyotis'' ***Genus: '' Macrotus'' - leaf-nosed bats **** California leaf-nosed bat, ''M. californicus'' **** Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat, ''M. waterhousii'' ***Genus: '' Micronycteris'' - little big-eared bats **** Brosset's big-eared bat, ''M. brosseti'' **** Giovanni's big-eared bat, ''M. giovanniae'' **** Hairy big-eared bat, ''M. hirsuta'' **** Pirlot's big-eared bat, ''M. homezi'' **** Matses's big-eared bat, ''M. matses'' **** Little big-eared bat, ''M. megalotis'' **** Common big-eared bat, ''M. microtis'' **** White-bellied big-eared bat, ''M. minuta'' **** Sanborn's big-eared bat, ''M. sanborni'' **** Schmidts's big-eared bat, ''M. schmidtorum'' ***Genus: '' Neonycteris'' ****

Least big-eared bat The least big-eared bat (''Neonycteris pusilla'') is a bat species of the family Phyllostomidae, found in northwestern Brazil and eastern Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with ...

, ''N. pusilla'' ***Genus: '' Trinycteris'' ****

Niceforo's big-eared bat Niceforo's big-eared bat (''Trinycteris nicefori'') is a bat species from South and Central America, ranging from Chiapas to Bolivia and northeastern Brazil. Its habitat is primary and secondary forest at altitudes from sea level to 1000 m. It ...

, ''T. nicefori'' ** Tribe Vampyrini ***Genus: ''

Chrotopterus The big-eared woolly bat or (Peters's) woolly false vampire bat (''Chrotopterus auritus'') is a species of bat, belonging to the family Phyllostomidae. The name ''Chrotopterus'' is derived from Greek roots ''ch''ariots (skin, color), and ''pte ...

'' **** Big-eared woolly bat, ''C. auritus'' ***Genus: ''

Lophostoma ''Lophostoma'' is a genus of Central and South American bats in the family Phyllostomidae. Species Genus ''Lophostoma'' * Pygmy round-eared bat, ''Lophostoma brasiliense'' *Carriker's round-eared bat, ''Lophostoma carrikeri'' * Davis's round ...

'' ****

Pygmy round-eared bat The pygmy round-eared bat (''Lophostoma brasiliense'') is a bat species from South and Central America. Description Its ears are large with rounded tips. Its upper lip has several small warts. The fur is dark brown or black in color. Its forearm ...

, ''L. brasiliense'' **** Carriker's round-eared bat, ''L. carrikeri'' ****

Davis's round-eared bat Davis's round-eared bat (''Lophostoma evotis'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and southeastern Mexico. Description Its ears are long with rounded tips. Its fur is dark gray. Its ...

, ''L. evotis'' **** Western round-eared bat, ''L. occidentalis'' ****

Schultz's round-eared bat Schultz's round-eared bat (''Lophostoma schulzi'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname Suriname (; srn, Sranankondre or ), officially the Republic of Suriname ( n ...

, ''L. schulzi'' ****

White-throated round-eared bat The white-throated round-eared bat (''Lophostoma silvicolum'') is a bat species found from Honduras to Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil. It creates roosts inside the nests of the termite, '' Nasutitermes corniger''. It thrives on a mainly insect-ba ...

, ''L. silvicolum'' **** Yasuni round-eared bat, ''L. yasuni'' ***Genus: ''

Tonatia ''Tonatia'' is a small genus of South and Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the C ...

'' - round-eared bats **** Greater round-eared bat, ''T. bidens'' **** Stripe-headed round-eared bat, ''T. saurophila'' ***Genus: ''

Trachops The fringe-lipped bat (''Trachops cirrhosus'') is a leaf-nosed bat from southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil. It has three subspecies and no known fossils. It is the only species within its genus. Morphology The fringe-lipped bat has ...

'' **** Fringe-lipped bat, ''T. cirrhosus'' ***Genus: '' Vampyrum'' ****

Spectral bat The spectral bat (''Vampyrum spectrum''), also called the great false vampire bat or Linnaeus's false vampire bat, is a large, carnivorous leaf-nosed bat found in Mexico, Central America, and South America. It is the only member of the genus ' ...

, ''V. spectrum'' ** Tribe Lonchorhinini ***Genus: '' Lonchorhina'' - sword-nosed bats ****

Tomes's sword-nosed bat Tomes's sword-nosed bat (''Lonchorhina aurita''), also known as the common sword-nosed bat is a bat species from South and Central America. It is also found in the Bahamas, but is known from only one specimen collected on the island of New Provi ...

, ''L. aurita'' **** Fernandez's sword-nosed bat, ''L. fernandezi'' **** Northern sword-nosed bat, ''L. inusitata'' ****

Marinkelle's sword-nosed bat Marinkelle's sword-nosed bat (''Lonchorhina marinkellei'') is a bat species found in Colombia. In 2013, Bat Conservation International listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation. Its species name ' ...

, ''L. marinkellei'' **** Orinoco sword-nosed bat, ''L. orinocensis'' ***Genus: ''

Macrophyllum The long-legged bat (''Macrophyllum macrophyllum'') is a member of the Phyllostomidae family in the order Chiroptera. Both males and females of this species are generally small, with wingspans reaching 80mm with an average weight ranging betwee ...

'' **** Long-legged bat, ''M. macrophyllum'' ***Genus: '' Mimon'' - Gray's spear-nosed bats ****

Golden bat The golden bat (''Mimon bennettii'') is a bat species found in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Ve ...

, ''M. bennettii'' **** Cozumelan golden bat, ''M. cozumelae'' **** Striped hairy-nosed bat, ''M. crenulatum'' **** Koepcke's hairy-nosed bat, ''M. koepckeae'' ** Tribe Phyllostomatini ***Genus: ''

Phylloderma The pale-faced bat (''Phylloderma stenops'') is a bat species from South South is one of the cardinal directions or Points of the compass, compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both east and west. Et ...

'' - Peters's spear-nosed bat **** Pale-faced bat, ''P. stenops'' ***Genus: '' Phyllostomus'' - spear-nosed bats **** Pale spear-nosed bat, ''P. discolor'' **** Lesser spear-nosed bat, ''P. elongatus'' **** Greater spear-nosed bat, ''P. hastatus'' **** Guianan spear-nosed bat, ''P. latifolius'' *Subfamily:

Stenodermatinae Stenodermatinae is a large subfamily of bats in the family Phyllostomidae. List of species Subfamily Stenodermatinae *Genus: ''Ametrida'' **Little white-shouldered bat, ''Ametrida centurio'' *Genus: ''Ardops'' **Tree bat, ''Ardops nichollsi'' * ...

**Genus: '' Ametrida'' *** Little white-shouldered bat, ''A. centurio'' **Genus: ''

Ardops The tree bat (''Ardops nichollsi'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae and the only species in the genus ''Ardops''. It is found in Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Saint Lucia Saint Luci ...

'' *** Tree bat, ''A. nichollsi'' **Genus: '' Ariteus'' *** Jamaican fig-eating bat, ''A. flavescens'' **Genus: ''

Artibeus The Neotropical fruit bats (''Artibeus'') are a genus of bats within the subfamily Stenodermatinae. The genus consists of 12 species, which are native to Central and South America, as well as parts of the Caribbean. Description These bats grow ...

'' - Neotropical fruit bats ***Subgenus: ''

'' ****

Large fruit-eating bat The large fruit-eating bat (''Artibeus amplus'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in the countries of Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela. The large fruit-eating bat is one of only a few microbats that eats leaves (a ...

, ''A. amplus'' **** Fringed fruit-eating bat, ''A. fimbriatus'' **** Fraternal fruit-eating bat, ''A. fraterculus'' **** Hairy fruit-eating bat, ''A. hirsutus'' **** Honduran fruit-eating bat, ''A. inopinatus'' ****

Jamaican fruit bat The Jamaican, common or Mexican fruit bat (''Artibeus jamaicensis'') is a fruit-eating bat native to Mexico, through Central America to northwestern South America, as well as the Greater and many of the Lesser Antilles. It is also an uncommon re ...

, ''A. jamaicensis'' **** Great fruit-eating bat, ''A. lituratus'' **** Dark fruit-eating bat, ''A. obscurus'' **** Flat-faced fruit-eating bat, ''A. planirostris'' ****'' Artibeus schwartzi'' ***Subgenus: '' Dermanura'' **** Andersen's fruit-eating bat, ''A. anderseni'' **** Aztec fruit-eating bat, ''A. aztecus'' **** Bogota fruit-eating bat, ''A. bogotensis'' **** Gervais's fruit-eating bat, ''A. cinereus'' **** Silver fruit-eating bat, ''A. glaucus'' **** Gnome fruit-eating bat, ''A. gnomus'' **** Solitary fruit-eating bat, ''A. incomitatus'' ****

Pygmy fruit-eating bat The pygmy fruit-eating bat (''Dermanura phaeotis'') is a bat of the family Phyllostomidae. The specific name ''phaeotis'' is of Greek derivation, coming from the word ''phaios'' meaning dusky, referring to their dusky gray coloration. Biogeo ...

, ''A. phaeotis'' **** Rosenberg's fruit-eating bat, ''A. rosenbergi'' ****

Toltec fruit-eating bat The Toltec fruit-eating bat (''Dermanura tolteca'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is also sometimes called the "lowland fruit eating bat." Taxonomy Three subspecies of the Toltec fruit-eating bat are recognized: ''A. t. t ...

, ''A. toltecus'' **** Thomas's fruit-eating bat, ''A. watsoni'' ***Subgenus: '' Koopmania'' **** Brown fruit-eating bat, ''K. concolor'' **Genus: '' Centurio'' ***

Wrinkle-faced bat The wrinkle-faced bat (''Centurio senex'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae and the only identified member of the genus ''Centurio''. This bat is found in various countries in and around Central America. It eats fruit but is not ...

, ''C. senex'' **Genus: '' Chiroderma'' - big-eyed bats or white-lined bats *** Brazilian big-eyed bat, ''C. doriae'' *** Guadeloupe big-eyed bat, ''C. improvisum'' *** Salvin's big-eyed bat, ''C. salvini'' ***

Little big-eyed bat The little big-eyed bat (''Chiroderma trinitatum'') is a bat species from South America, South and Central America. References

Bats of South America Bats of Brazil Mammals of Colombia Chiroderma Mammals described in 1958 {{leafnosed-b ...

, ''C. trinitatum'' *** Hairy big-eyed bat, ''C. villosum'' **Genus: '' Ectophylla'' *** Honduran white bat, ''E. alba'' **Genus: ''

Enchisthenes The velvety fruit-eating bat (''Enchisthenes hartii''), also known as Hart's little fruit bat, is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is monotypic, the only species within the genus ''Enchisthenes''. It is found in Central America, ...

'' *** Velvety fruit-eating bat, ''E. hartii'' **Genus: '' Mesophylla'' ***

MacConnell's bat MacConnell's bat (''Mesophylla macconnelli''), is a bat species from South and Central America. It is the only species within the genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and foss ...

, ''M. macconnelli'' **Genus: ''

Phyllops ''Phyllops'' is a genus of bats that includes the Cuban fig-eating bat and two extinct species, both from Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island o ...

'' - falcate-winged bats ***

Cuban fig-eating bat The Cuban fig-eating bat, or white-shouldered bat, (''Phyllops falcatus'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae, found only in the Caribbean. It is the sole extant species in the genus ''Phyllops'', although two other species, '' P. ...

, ''P. falcatus'' **Genus: ''

Platyrrhinus ''Platyrrhinus'' is a genus of leaf-nosed bats in the tribe Stenodermatini of family Phyllostomidae. Twenty one species are known: * Alberico's broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus albericoi'' * Slender broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus angustirostr ...

'' *** Alberico's broad-nosed bat, ''P. albericoi'' ***'' Platyrrhinus aquilus'' *** Slender broad-nosed bat ''P. angustirostris'' *** Eldorado broad-nosed bat, ''P. (Vampyrops) aurarius'' *** Short-headed broad-nosed bat, ''P. (Vampyrops) brachycephalus'' *** Choco broad-nosed bat, ''P. chocoensis'' *** Thomas's broad-nosed bat, ''P. (Vampyrops) dorsalis'' *** Brown-bellied broad-nosed bat ''P. fusciventris'' *** Heller's broad-nosed bat, ''P. (Vampyrops) helleri'' ***'' Platyrrhinus incarum'' ***

Buffy broad-nosed bat The buffy broad-nosed bat (''Platyrrhinus infuscus'') is a bat species found in Bolivia, western Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , o ...

, ''P. (Vampyrops) infuscus'' *** Ismael's broad-nosed bat, ''P. ismaeli'' ***

White-lined broad-nosed bat The white-lined broad-nosed bat (''Platyrrhinus lineatus'') is a bat species found in southern and eastern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, northern Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, French Guiana French Guiana ( or ; french: link=n ...

, ''P. (Vampyrops) lineatus'' ***

Quechua broad-nosed bat The Quechua broad-nosed bat (''Platyrrhinus masu'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in Bolivia and Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , ...

, ''P. masu'' ***

Matapalo broad-nosed bat The Matapalo broad-nosed bat (''Platyrrhinus matapalensis'') is a species of leaf-nosed bat described in 2005. It is found in South America. Taxonomy and etymology Before it was described, there were only 10 species recognized in the genus '' P ...

, ''P. matapalensis'' *** Geoffroy's rayed bat, ''P. nigellus'' ***''

Platyrrhinus nitelinea The western broad-nosed bat (''Platyrrhinus nitelinea'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republ ...

'' *** Recife broad-nosed bat, ''P. (Vampyrops) recifinus'' *** Shadowy broad-nosed bat, ''P. umbratus'' *** Greater broad-nosed bat, ''P. (Vampyrops) vittatus'' **Genus: '' Pygoderma'' ***

Ipanema bat The Ipanema bat (''Pygoderma bilabiatum'') is a bat species of order Chiroptera and family Phyllostomidae. It is found in northern Argentina, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil and Paraguay. It is the only species within its genus. Description The ...

, ''P. bilabiatum'' **Genus: ''

Sphaeronycteris The visored bat, (''Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum''), is a bat species from tropical South America. It is the monotypic taxon, only species in the genus ''Sphaeronycteris''. Although visored bats have some unique characteristics, they are thought t ...

'' *** Visored bat, ''S. toxophyllum'' **Genus: '' Stenoderma'' *** Red fruit bat, ''S. rufum'' **Genus: '' Sturnira'' - yellow-shouldered bats or American epauleted bats *** Aratathomas's yellow-shouldered bat, S. aratathomasi'' *** Bidentate yellow-shouldered bat, ''S. bidens'' *** Bogota yellow-shouldered bat, ''S. bogotensis'' *** Hairy yellow-shouldered bat, ''S. erythromos'' ***

Chocó yellow-shouldered bat Choco or Chocó may refer to: * El Chocó, a region in western Colombia and adjacent parts of Panama and Ecuador ** Chocó–Darién moist forests **Pacific/Chocó natural region ** Chocó Department, Colombian administrative region * Choco langua ...

, ''S. koopmanhilli'' ***

little yellow-shouldered bat The little yellow-shouldered bat (''Sturnira lilium'') is a bat species from South and Central America. It is a frugivore A frugivore is an animal that thrives mostly on raw fruits or succulent fruit-like produce of plants such as roots, sho ...

, ''S. lilium'' *** Highland yellow-shouldered bat, ''S. ludovici'' ***

Louis's yellow-shouldered bat Louis's yellow-shouldered bat (''Sturnira luisi'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Es ...

, ''S. luisi'' *** Greater yellow-shouldered bat, ''S. magna'' *** Mistratoan yellow-shouldered bat, ''S. mistratensis'' ***

Talamancan yellow-shouldered bat The Talamancan yellow-shouldered bat (''Sturnira mordax'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found only in Costa Rica and Panama, and there are no subspecies. Description The bat is relatively small, with adults measuri ...

, ''S. mordax'' *** Lesser yellow-shouldered bat, ''S. nana'' *** Tschudi's yellow-shouldered bat, ''S. oporaphilum'' ***'' Sturnira perla'' Jarrin-V & Kunz, 2011 *** Soriano's yellow-shouldered bat, ''S. sorianoi'' *** Thomas's yellow-shouldered bat, ''S. thomasi'' *** Tilda's yellow-shouldered bat, ''S. tildae'' **Genus: '' Uroderma'' - tent-building bats *** Tent-making bat, ''U. bilobatum'' *** Brown tent-making bat, ''U. magnirostrum'' **Genus: '' Vampyressa'' - yellow-eared bats ***''

Vampyressa elisabethae ''Vampyressa'' is a genus of bat Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera.''cheir'', "hand" and πτερόν''pteron'', "wing". With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats a ...

'' ***

Melissa's yellow-eared bat Melissa's yellow-eared bat (''Vampyressa melissa'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in southern Colombia, Ecuador and Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacion ...

, ''V. melissa'' *** Southern little yellow-eared bat, ''V. pusilla'' ***'' Vampyressa sinchi'' *** Northern little yellow-eared bat, ''V. thyone'' **Genus: '' Vampyriscus'' *** Bidentate yellow-eared bat, ''V. bidens'' *** Brock's yellow-eared bat, ''V. brocki'' ***

Striped yellow-eared bat ''Vampyriscus nymphaea'' is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae, the leaf-nosed bats. It is known commonly as the striped yellow-eared bat. It is native to Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, and Honduras Honduras, ...

, ''V. nymphaea'' **Genus: '' Vampyrodes'' *** Great stripe-faced bat, ''V. caraccioli''

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q600042 Taxa named by John Edward Gray