Pashayis

The Pashayi or Pashai, formerly known as the Alina, ( /pəˈʃaɪ/; Pashayi: پشه‌ای, romanised: ''Paṣhəy'') are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group living primarily in eastern Afghanistan. They are mainly concentrated in the northern parts of Laghman and Nangarhar, also parts of Kunar, Kapisa, Parwan, Nuristan, and a bit of Panjshir. Many Pashai are bilingual in Pashto and sometimes trilingual with Farsi as a third language. Some of the Pashayi have been assimilated by Pashtuns, whereas those in Panjshir and Parwan,''Pashai, Ethnic identity in Afghanistan'', on nps.edu
/ref> have been assimilated by Tajiks. Some Pashayi people are also based in Central Afghanistan, in places such as Jaghori District.

History

There is no consensus on the origins of the Pashayi. According to Christine Noelle-Karimi, the Pashayis and Nuristanis were native to the Kunar Valley and Laghman Province, near Jalalabad in north-east Afghanistan, until they were displaced to less fertile mountainous region by successive waves of immigration by Ghilji Pashtuns. Conversely, Ovesen and Keiser suggest that the Pashayi were not driven up into the mountain valleys where they reside and were, rather, the indigenous inhabitants of their region before the rise of the Gandhara civilization.

The Pasiani, a tribe described by the ancient Greek scholar Strabo (1st Century CE), as one of the Scythian peoples, were tentatively identified with the Pashayi by the pioneering archaeologist Charles Masson, in the 1830s. However, as Jeffrey Evans-von Krbek (1977) commented, Masson's research was devalued by a lack of clarity in his writing.

Religions traditionally practised by the Pashayi people (before the arrival of Islam) included corrupt forms of Buddhism and Hinduism, animism, local beliefs, or combinations of these.

In the 13th century, Marco Polo traveled through the region and described the locals as practitioners of sorcery and witchcraft, as well as calling them a "pestilent people" and crafty". Polo claimed that the men wore brooches and earrings decorated with gemstones, and that the main diet of the locals consisted of rice and meat. In the 16th century, when Mughal ruler Babur visited Darai Nur, a district in Nangarhar Province primarily inhabited by the Pashayi people (and later more than 99% Pashayi), he found that the eating of pork had only recently been forbidden and that the town was famous for its wine.

According to the ''Tabakat-i-Akbari'' of Nizamuddin Ahmad, Mughal Emperor Akbar had dispatched his younger brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim, who was a staunch adherent of the missionary-minded Naqshbandi Sufi order, against the infidels of Katwar in 1582. Hakim was a semi-independent governor of Kabul. The ''Sifat-nama-yi Darviš Muhammad Hān-i Ğāzī'' of Kadi Muhammad Salim who accompanied the expedition mentions its details. The ''Sifat-nama'' gives Muhammad Hakim the epithet of '' Darviš Khan Gazi''. Muhammad Hakim's invasion fought its way from Laghman to Alishang, and is stated to have conquered and converted 66 valleys to Islam. After conquering Tajau and Nijrau valleys in Panjshir area, the soldiers established a fort at Islamabad at confluence of Alishang and Alingar Rivers. They continued the raid up to Alishang and made their last effort against the non-Muslims of Alingar, fighting up to Mangu, the modern border between the Pashai and Ashkun-speaking areas.

During the 18th century, Pashtuns forced Pashayi people to convert to Islam, and conversions continued into recent history. According to Pashai oral tradition, in the mid-18th century, Deishamir Baba conquered Darra-i Nur Valley and converted the people to Islam. The valley was inhabited by Kafirs who only were armed with bows and arrows, whereas Deishamir Baba and his army had firearms. Deishamir Baba was from Kunar Valley, and he came to Darra-i Nur through Pech Valley and Aret and Shumast villages. The kafir rulers Bhim Raja of Bambakot, Shultan Raja of Sotan, and Sher Raja all surrendered to Deishamir Baba and converted to Islam. Laṇā Raja of Shemul was defeated and he fled the region. Muturu Raja of Utran fought with Deishamir Baba for a longer time, but eventually converted to Islam and became an ally of Deishamir Baba. Deishamir Baba had two sons, Ranga and Japar, and six grandsons. The six grandsons are the ancestors of the Pashai in Sotan. In Darra-i Nur, Deishamir decided to give permanent land settlements to family and followers instead of introducing a rotating land tenure system known as ''wesh'', which integrated and strengthened the segmentary lineage systems of the Kohistani people, allowing them to ward off Pashtun attempts of invasion. By not introducing the ''wesh'' system, the Darai Nur valley's economic cohesion was strengthened and was therefore more immune to " Pashtunization". He invited Aṇu and Kolalek from Kordar to settle in Kandak, and Yarukei from Chelas to settle in Shemul. In return, they had to guard the north of the valley and water supply. He also allowed the Kafir Kalautar from Wama to settle Amla with his goats, on the condition that Kalautar give Deishamir tribute of a kharwar of cheese annually. Kalautar was later expelled because he would not convert to Islam but continued to pay tribute. In the south of the valley, the remaining Kafir rajas were under pressure due to lost allies (Bhim Raja and Shultan Raja) as well as poor land due to lack of water, and thus moved to the east. Bambakot's main market known as the Hindu Quarter also declined with the going of the Hindus. According to Ovsen, these events occurred in the early 19th century.

By the early 20th century, the Pashayi were often referred to as '' Kohistani'', and were Sunni Muslims, while a minority are Nizari Ismaili Muslims. Pashayi people have deliberately been listed as Tajik by census takers and government agents. This is a result of the census takers being Tajik themselves, wanting to increase their own numbers for "consequent benefits". Although, Pashayi-speaking Nizari Isma'ili refer to themselves as Tajik.

During the 1929 Afghan Civil War, which saw the overthrow of King Amanullah Khan and fighting between the Saqqawists and anti-Saqqawist forces, Kalakani faced resistance on several fronts, including Greater Nangarhar where Pashayi rebels loyal to Mohammad Nadir Shah and other opposition leaders managed to defeat Habibullāh Kalakāni in three battles.

Founding myths among the Darra-i-Nur Pashayi

In Darra-i-Nur, the two most important descent groups are ''Soom'', meaning hoof, and ''Shenganek'', ''sheng'' meaning horn. According to Pashayi mythology, an unmarried woman had become pregnant and went into the mountains to give birth to a boy, subsequently abandoning the newborn under some leaves to hide her shame. A goat then discovered the boy, scraping the leaves away with their hoof, and raised the newborn, earning the name ''Soom''. The story is repeated, except this time, the goat discovered the abandoned newborn with their horns, therefore earning the name ''Shenganek'' and becoming the ancestor of the ''Shenganek'' Pashayi. There is an additional tribe from Kuz Kunar District, known as ''Kolmān,'' as well as another tribe referred to as ''Surat Begum.''

Etymology

There are several theories regarding the origin of the word Pashayi, with some claiming it is over 2,500 years old. In 1891, Henry Walter Bellew stated "Pashae, or Pashie are attributive plural forms, meaning 'of the Kingdom Padshahi'. The Pashayi are still found by that name in the Darai Nur District of Nangarhar Province, Bamyan and Laghman districts in the southern valleys. However, the Afghan Ministry of Information of Culture claim that Pashayi is derived from the words ''Baha Sha'', ''Bahash'' and ''Bash'' which are words in the Pashayi languages. Others believe that the word comes from ''Psatha'' or '' Pishacha'', meaning demon and carnivore. Others think that Pashayi is derived from ''Pashi'', meaning "strong", "sturdy" and "rock wall" in the language.

The last theory claims that in ancient times, a king emerged from the Pashayi ethnic group, later being named after him as kings were referred to as ''Pasha'' or ''Padshāh''. Pashayi historians and the Ministry of Culture and Information claim that the Pashayi people were referred to as ''Alina'', evident through the naming of Alishang and Alingar District, ''Alingar'' meaning "home of the ''Alina''".

In the present, some Pashayi people refer to themselves as ''Degano'' (resident of the plain, additionally implying "indigenous" or "native"), Laghmani, Nuristani and ''Sha'ari'', although the latter is a slur. Originally, it came from the Pashai expression ''šāre ke šāraman'' (‘let’s go’), from the verb ''šarik'' (to go, to move along).

Culture

The Pashayi engage in a mixed economy of agriculture and herding. Common crops cultivated include rice, wheat, and corn. They also raise goats, cattle, and sheep. It has been noted that both the Pashayi, Nuristani people and other Dardic groups share a fascination with the goat, which might connote to pre-Islamic worship of the animal, or a goat-like deity. They also hold meetings known as ''marat'' to resolve issues, which has similarities to the Pashtun Jirga, where Pashayi elders are also present and lead the discussions. The Pashayi people additionally perform a dance where young people of all genders gather in a circle, hold each other by their shoulders and begin singing songs. This is performed at weddings or during celebrations, and lasts for 20–25 minutes.

Notable individuals

* Northern Alliance commander Hazrat Ali
* IEC Commissioner Rafiullah Bidar
* Hezb-e Islami commander Muhammad Alim Qarar
* Kabul Eagles cricketer Abdul Rahman Rahmani

See also

* Pashayi languages

References

External links

{{Authority control

Pashai people
Ethnic groups in Nangarhar Province
Dardic peoples