Nissl bodies in neurons of the spinal cord

cellular neuroscience Cellular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience concerned with the study of neurons at a cellular level. This includes Morphology (biology), morphology and physiology, physiological properties of single neurons. Several techniques such as intrace ...

, Nissl bodies (also called Nissl granules, Nissl substance or tigroid substance) are discrete granular structures in

neuron A neuron (American English), neurone (British English), or nerve cell, is an membrane potential#Cell excitability, excitable cell (biology), cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network (biology), neural net ...

s that consist of rough

endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryote, eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. The word endoplasmic means "within the cytoplasm", and reticulum is Latin for ...

, a collection of parallel, membrane-bound

cisternae A cisterna (: cisternae) is a flattened membrane vesicle found in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Cisternae are an integral part of the packaging and modification processes of proteins occurring in the Golgi. Function Proteins begi ...

studded with

ribosomes Ribosomes () are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA molecules to fo ...

on the

cytosol The cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells ( intracellular fluid (ICF)). It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondri ...

ic surface of the membranes. Nissl bodies were named after

Franz Nissl Franz Alexander Nissl (9 September 1860, in Frankenthal – 11 August 1919, in Munich) was a German psychiatrist and medical researcher. He was a noted neuropathologist. Early life Nissl was born in Frankenthal to Theodor Nissl and Maria Haas. ...

, a German

neuropathologist Neuropathology is the study of disease of nervous system tissue, usually in the form of either small surgical biopsies or whole-body autopsies. Neuropathologists usually work in a department of anatomic pathology, but work closely with the cli ...

who invented the

staining Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the Microscope, microscopic level. Stains and dyes are frequently used in histology (microscopic study of biological tissue (biology), tissues), in cytology (microscopic ...

method bearing his name ( Nissl staining). The term "Nissl bodies" generally refers to discrete clumps of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes in nerve cells. Masses of rough endoplasmic reticulum also occur in some non-neuronal cells, where they are referred to as ergastoplasm,

basophilic Basophilic is a technical term used by pathologists. It describes the appearance of cells, tissues and cellular structures as seen through the microscope after a histological section has been stained with a basic dye. The most common such dye ...

bodies, or chromophilic substance. While these organelles differ in some ways from Nissl bodies in neurons, large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum are generally linked to the copious production of proteins.

Staining

"Nissl stains" refers to various basic dyes that selectively label negatively charged molecules such as

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of al ...

and

RNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA). RNA and deoxyrib ...

. Because ribosomes are rich in

ribosomal RNA Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal ...

, they are strongly

("base-loving"). The dense accumulation of membrane-bound and free ribosomes in Nissl bodies results in their intense coloration by Nissl stains, allowing them to be seen with a light

microscope A microscope () is a laboratory equipment, laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic ...

Size and distribution

Nissl bodies occur in the

somata In cellular neuroscience, the soma (: somata or somas; ), neurocyton, or cell body is the bulbous, non-process portion of a neuron or other brain cell type, containing the cell nucleus. Although it is often used to refer to neurons, it can also ...

and

dendrites A dendrite (from Greek δένδρον ''déndron'', "tree") or dendron is a branched cytoplasmic process that extends from a nerve cell that propagates the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma ...

of neurons, though not in the

axon An axon (from Greek ἄξων ''áxōn'', axis) or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er, spelling differences) is a long, slender cellular extensions, projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, ...

axon hillock The axon hillock is a specialized part of the cell body (or soma) of a neuron that connects to the axon. It can be identified using light microscopy from its appearance and location in a neuron and from its sparse distribution of Nissl substanc ...

. They vary in size, shape, and intracellular location; they are most conspicuous in the

motor neurons A motor neuron (or motoneuron), also known as efferent neuron is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or ...

of the

spinal cord The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the lower brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals. The center of the spinal c ...

and

brainstem The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior stalk-like part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. In the human brain the brainstem is composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The midbrain is conti ...

, where they appear as large, blocky assemblies. In other neurons, they may be smaller, and in some (such as the granule neurons of the

cerebellar The cerebellum (: cerebella or cerebellums; Latin for 'little brain') is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates. Although usually smaller than the cerebrum, in some animals such as the mormyrid fishes it may be as large as it or e ...

cortex) very little rough endoplasmic reticulum is present. The pattern of coloration with Nissl stains once was used to classify neurons. For various reasons, this practice has largely ceased, but specific neuronal types do manifest characteristic types of Nissl bodies.

Functional role

The functions of Nissl bodies are thought to be the same as those of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in general, primarily the synthesis and segregation of proteins. Similar to the ergastoplasm of

glandular A gland is a cell or an organ in an animal's body that produces and secretes different substances that the organism needs, either into the bloodstream or into a body cavity or outer surface. A gland may also function to remove unwanted substance ...

cells, Nissl bodies are the main site of protein synthesis in the neuronal

cytoplasm The cytoplasm describes all the material within a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, including the organelles and excluding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. The material inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell a ...

. The

ultrastructure Ultrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells and biomaterials that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope. This traditionally meant the resolution and magnification range of a c ...

of Nissl bodies suggests they are primarily concerned with the synthesis of proteins for intracellular use.

Pathology

Nissl bodies show changes under various physiological conditions and in

pathological Pathology is the study of disease. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in the context of modern medical treatme ...

conditions such as

axonotmesis Axonotmesis is an injury to the peripheral nerve of one of the extremities of the body. The axons and their myelin sheath are damaged in this kind of injury, but the endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium remain intact. Motor and sensory function ...

, during which they may dissolve and largely disappear (

chromatolysis In cellular neuroscience, chromatolysis is the dissolution of the Nissl body, Nissl bodies in the cell body of a neuron. It is an induced response of the cell usually triggered by axotomy, ischemia, toxicity to the cell, cell exhaustion, viral i ...

). If the neuron is successful in repairing the damage, the Nissl bodies gradually reappear and return to their characteristic distribution within the cell.

References

External links

* * * - "Nervous Tissue and Neuromuscular Junction: spinal cord, cell bodies of anterior horn cells"
Histology at anhb.uwa.edu.auTissues containing Nissl bodies at harvard.edu
{{Nervous tissue Nervous tissue cells