Huáng bǎi (

黃 Radical 201 or radical yellow () meaning "yellow" is one of the 4 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals in total) composed of 12 strokes. In the ''Kangxi Dictionary'', there are 42 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical. The ''xin ...

栢 ''or''

柏 Bái is the pinyin of the surname 白, meaning the colour white. Origin Han Chinese origins * a surname used by descendants of Bai Fu (白阜), a minister of the legendary Emperor Yan. * a surname used by descendants of , the son of a crown p ...

, literally "yellow cypress"), huáng bó (

) or huáng bò (

檗) is one of the fifty fundamental herbs of

traditional Chinese medicine Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medicine, alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China. A large share of its claims are pseudoscientific, with the majority of treatments having no robust evidence ...

. Known also as Cortex Phellodendri, it is the bark of one of two species of

Phellodendron ''Phellodendron'', or cork-tree, is a genus of deciduous, dioecious trees in the family Rutaceae, native to east and northeast Asia. It has leathery, pinnate leaves and yellow, clumped flowers. The name refers to the thick and corky bark of some ...

tree: ''

Phellodendron amurense ''Phellodendron amurense'' is a species of tree in the family Rutaceae, commonly called the Amur cork tree. It is a major source of ''huáng bò'' ( or wiktionary:黄, 黄wiktionary:檗, 檗), one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Ch ...

'' or '' Phellodendron chinense''. ]

Cultivation

For ''Phellodendron amurense'' ( wikt:关, 关

黄 Huang or Hwang may refer to: Location * Huang County, former county in Shandong, China, current Longkou City * Yellow River, or Huang River, in China * Huangshan, mountain range in Anhui, China * Huang (state), state in ancient China. * Hwang Ri ...

, i.e. "highland Phellodendron") one of the major producing areas is

Taoshan District Taoshan District () is a district and the seat of the city of Qitaihe, Heilongjiang Heilongjiang is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in ...

Heilongjiang province Heilongjiang is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the confluence of the Amur and Ussu ...

, though other regions of

Heilongjiang Heilongjiang is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the confluence of the Amur and Us ...

Jilin ) , image_skyline = Changbaishan Tianchi from western rim.jpg , image_alt = , image_caption = View of Heaven Lake , image_map = Jilin in China (+all claims hatched).svg , mapsize = 275px , map_al ...

Liaoning ) , image_skyline = , image_alt = , image_caption = Clockwise: Mukden Palace in Shenyang, Xinghai Square in Dalian, Dalian coast, Yalu River at Dandong , image_map = Liaoning in China (+all claims hatched).svg , ...

and

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of China. Its border includes two-thirds of the length of China's China–Mongolia border, border with the country of Mongolia. ...

may also be suitable. These provinces are in the far northeast of China, near the Heilong Jiang river, known in Russian as the Аму́р (

Amur River The Amur River () or Heilong River ( zh, s=黑龙江) is a perennial river in Northeast Asia, forming the natural border between the Russian Far East and Northeast China (historically the Outer and Inner Manchuria). The Amur ''proper'' is ...

), and ''Phellodendron amurense'' is commonly known as the Amur cork tree. ''Phellodendron chinense'' (

川 Radical 47 or radical river () meaning "river" is one of the 31 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals total) composed of three strokes. In the ''Kangxi Dictionary'', there are 26 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical. is also the 6 ...

, i.e. "lowland Phellodendron") producing areas include

Sichuan Sichuan is a province in Southwestern China, occupying the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau—between the Jinsha River to the west, the Daba Mountains to the north, and the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau to the south. Its capital city is Cheng ...

Hubei Hubei is a province of China, province in Central China. It has the List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP, seventh-largest economy among Chinese provinces, the second-largest within Central China, and the third-largest among inland ...

Guizhou ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = , image_map = Guizhou in China (+all claims hatched).svg , mapsize = 275px , map_alt = Map showing the location of Guizhou Province , map_caption = Map s ...

Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...

, and

Guangxi Guangxi,; officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the China, People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam (Hà Giang Province, Hà Giang, Cao Bằn ...

Preparation

Bark is collected during

Qingming The Qingming Festival or Ching Ming Festival, also known as Tomb-Sweeping Day in English (sometimes also called Chinese Memorial Day, Ancestors' Day, the Clear Brightness Festival, or the Pure Brightness Festival), is a traditional Chines ...

(Pure Brightness), the fifth solar term (April 4–20). It is sun-dried and cut into slices. The bark may be used raw or fried with salt. Typical dosage is 3–10 grams. A variety of methods of water and ethanol extraction may have differing activities ''(see below)'' and methods such as "semi-bionic extraction" have been investigated to improve yields. Some pharmacological activities of the bark can be standardized by analyzing the level of

berberine Berberine is a Quaternary ammonium cation, quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, occurring naturally as a secondary metabolite in some plants including species of ''Berberis'', from which its name ...

using a

monoclonal antibody A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodie ...

thin-layer chromatography Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique that separates components in non-volatile mixtures. It is performed on a TLC plate made up of a non-reactive solid coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material. This is called the sta ...

HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify specific components in mixtures. The mixtures can origina ...

, potentiometry, or acidic

potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KMnO4. It is a purplish-black crystalline salt, which dissolves in water as K+ and ions to give an intensely pink to purple solution. Potassium permanganate is widely us ...

chemiluminescence Chemiluminescence (also chemoluminescence) is the emission of light (luminescence) as the result of a chemical reaction, i.e. a chemical reaction results in a flash or glow of light. A standard example of chemiluminescence in the laboratory se ...

. There are quantitative differences between the two species of Cortex Phellodendri (''P. amurense'' and ''chinense'') and it has been suggested that they should be used as separate resources in the clinic. An analysis of 31 commercial samples in 1993 found that the total level of five alkaloids in samples of ''P. wilsonii'' and ''P. amurense'' var. ''sachalinense'' was 4.1% (mostly berberine), while the level in ''P. amurense'' and ''Ph. chinense'' was 1.5%. The levels of four harmful trace heavy metals (

arsenic Arsenic is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol As and atomic number 33. It is a metalloid and one of the pnictogens, and therefore shares many properties with its group 15 neighbors phosphorus and antimony. Arsenic is not ...

cadmium Cadmium is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12 element, group 12, zinc and mercury (element), mercury. Like z ...

, mercury, and

thallium Thallium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Tl and atomic number 81. It is a silvery-white post-transition metal that is not found free in nature. When isolated, thallium resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air. Che ...

) in ''P. chinense'' for export are limited by the

Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (or the typographically obsolete rendering, ''pharmacopœia''), meaning "drug-making", in its modern technical sense, is a reference work containing directions for the identification of compound med ...

and the Green Trade Standard for Importing and Exporting Medicinal Plant and Preparation.

History

The earliest known writings about this preparation are found in the

Shennong ben cao jing ''Shennong Bencaojing'' (also ''Classic of the Materia Medica'' or ''Shen-nong's Herbal Classics'' and ''Shen-nung Pen-tsao Ching''; ) is a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants, traditionally attributed to Shennong. Researchers belie ...

Traditional attributes

The bark is categorized in a

counterpart of

humorism Humorism, the humoral theory, or humoralism, was a system of medicine detailing a supposed makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by Ancient Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers. Humorism began to fall out of favor in the 17th ce ...

Wu Xing Wuxing may refer to: Places in China Counties and districts * Huzhou, formerly Wuxing County, Zhejiang, China * Wuxing District (吴兴区), central district of Huzhou Subdistricts (五星街道) * Wuxing Subdistrict, Mudanjiang, in Dong'an Dis ...

, as bitter and cold, affecting the kidney, urinary bladder and large intestine meridians. Is said "to clear heat and dry dampness", and "to reduce fire and release toxins".

Biochemical analysis

Small molecules found in the bark include: *

and oxyberberine * caffeic acid ethyl ester *

isovanillin Isovanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, an organic compound and isomer of vanillin. It is a selective inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase. It is not a substrate of that enzyme, and is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase into isovanillic acid, which cou ...

ferulic acid Ferulic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid derivative and a phenolic compound. It is an organic compound with the formula (CH3O)HOC6H3CH=CHCO2H. The name is derived from the genus '' Ferula'', referring to the giant fennel ('' Ferula communis''). Cl ...

*(+/-)-5,5'- dimethoxylariciresinol * methyl beta-orsellinate * obacunone *

limonin Limonin is a limonoid, and a bitter, white, crystalline substance found in citrus and other plants. It is also known as limonoate D-ring-lactone and limonoic acid di-delta-lactone. Chemically, it is a member of the class of compounds known as f ...

and 12alpha-hydroxylimonin * nomilin * γ-Fagarine * canthin-6-one * 4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-quinolone *

palmatine Palmatine is a protoberberine alkaloid found in several plants including ''Coptis chinensis'' (Rhizoma coptidis, chinese goldthread), ''Corydalis yanhusuo'', ''Tinospora cordifolia'' (gurjo, heart-leaved moonseed), '' Tinospora sagittata'', ''Phel ...

and oxypalmatine *(+/-)- lyoniresinol * β-sitosterol * stigmasterine * amurenlactone A * amurenamide A * phellodensins and phellodenols *(2R)-sodium 3- phenyllactate *

jatrorrhizine Jatrorrhizine is a protoberberine alkaloid found in some plant species, such as '' Enantia chlorantha'' (Annonaceae). Synonyms that may be encountered include jateorrhizine, neprotin, jatrochizine, jatrorhizine, and yatrorizine. Bioactive effect ...

*an

isocoumarin Isocoumarin (1''H''-2-benzopyran-1-one; 3,4-benzo-2-pyrone) is a lactone, a type of natural organic compound. Known natural compounds * Thunberginol A and B ; dihydroisocoumarins * Hydrangenol * Phyllodulcin * Thunberginol C, D, E and G ...

, 3-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one * Ala-

Pro Pro is an abbreviation meaning "professional". Pro, PRO or variants thereof might also refer to: People * Miguel Pro (1891–1927), Mexican priest * Pro Hart (1928–2006), Australian painter * Mlungisi Mdluli (born 1980), South African ret ...

- Trp- Cys, a

glutathione S-transferase Glutathione ''S''-transferases (GSTs), previously known as ligandins, are a family of eukaryote, eukaryotic and prokaryote, prokaryotic Biotransformation#Phase II reaction, phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to Catalysis, ...

activating peptide

References

External links

黃檗
description in

Li Shizhen Li Shizhen (July 3, 1518 – 1593), courtesy name Dongbi, was a Chinese acupuncturist, herbalist, naturalist, pharmacologist, physician, and writer of the Ming dynasty. He is the author of a 27-year work, the '' Compendium of Materia ...

's 1578 materia medica, the

Bencao Gangmu The ''Bencao gangmu'', known in English as the ''Compendium of Materia Medica'' or ''Great Pharmacopoeia'', is an encyclopedic gathering of medicine, natural history, and Chinese herbology compiled and edited by Li Shizhen and published in the ...

''(Wikisource: Chinese)'
autotranslate黄柏
entry on

Hudong Douyin Baike (), formerly Hudong and Hoodong (), is a for-profit social network and Chinese encyclopedia owned by ByteDance. It is one of the two largest wikis in China, along with Baidu Baike. History Baike.com was founded in 2005 by CEO ...

''(Chinese)'
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Huang Bai Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine