γ-Fagarine

	γ-Fagarine γ-Fagarine (''gamma''-Fagarine) is a furoquinoline alkaloid found in numerous plant species, including some used in herbal medicine such as Huáng bǎi (黃栢), one of the fifty fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine. Studies ''in vitro'' have shown it to exhibit mutagenic, anti-malaria, anti-cancer and antiviral properties, but it is unclear what role it plays in the medicinal uses of these plants due to the complex mixture of phytochemicals found alongside it.Li J, Zhao Y, Dai Y, Zhao J. Identification of γ-Fagarine as a novel antiviral agent against respiratory virus (hMPV) infection. ''Virus Res''. 2023 Oct 15;336:199223. See also * Allocryptopine (α-Fagarine) * Skimmianine Skimmianine is a furoquinoline alkaloid found in '' Skimmia japonica'', a flowering plant in family Rutaceae that is native to Japan and China. It is a known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Biosynthesis The biosynthesis of skimmianine starts f ... (β-Fagarine) References {{DEFAU ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Huang Bai Huáng bǎi (黃栢 ''or'' 黃柏, literally "yellow cypress"), huáng bó (黃柏) or huáng bò (黃檗) is one of the fifty fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine. Known also as Cortex Phellodendri, it is the bark of one of two species of Phellodendron tree: ''Phellodendron amurense'' or '' Phellodendron chinense''. ] Cultivation For ''Phellodendron amurense'' ( wikt:关, 关黄柏, i.e. "highland Phellodendron") one of the major producing areas is Taoshan District of Heilongjiang province, though other regions of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia may also be suitable. These provinces are in the far northeast of China, near the Heilong Jiang river, known in Russian as the Аму́р (Amur River), and ''Phellodendron amurense'' is commonly known as the Amur cork tree. ''Phellodendron chinense'' ( 川黄柏, i.e. "lowland Phellodendron") producing areas include Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Guangxi. Preparation Bark is collected ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Furoquinoline Alkaloid Furoquinoline alkaloids are a group of alkaloids with simple structure. Distribution of this group of alkaloids is essentially limited to plant family Rutaceae. The simplest member of this group is dictamnine and most widespread member is skimmianine. A furoquinoline alkaloid, dictamnine, is very common within the family Rutaceae. It is the main alkaloid in the roots of ''Dictamnus albus'' and responsible for the mutagenicity of the drug derived from crude extracts. Dictamnine was also reported to be a phototoxic and photomutagenic compound. It participates in the severe skin phototoxicity of the plant. Another furoquinoline alkaloid, skimmianine, has strong antiacetylcholinesterase activity. Chemistry Thomas first isolated dictamnine from Rutaceae in 1923. It is very weak base, shows similar reaction with methyl iodide and dimethyl sulfate or diazomethane, does not form a derivative but go through isomerization to isodictamnine. Dictamine have linear structure which is confirm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Chinese Herbology Chinese herbology () is the theory of traditional Chinese herbal therapy, which accounts for the majority of treatments in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). A ''Nature'' editorial described TCM as "fraught with pseudoscience", and said that the most obvious reason why it has not delivered many cures is that the majority of its treatments have no logical mechanism of action. The term herbology is misleading in the sense that, while plant elements are by far the most commonly used substances, animal, human, and mineral products are also used, some of which are poisonous. In the they are referred to as () which means "poison-medicine". Paul U. Unschuld points out that this is similar etymology to the Greek and so he uses the term ''pharmaceutic''. Thus, the term ''medicinal'' (instead of ''herb'') is usually preferred as a translation for (). Research into the effectiveness of traditional Chinese herbal therapy is of poor quality and often tainted by bias, with little or n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Traditional Chinese Medicine Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medicine, alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China. A large share of its claims are pseudoscientific, with the majority of treatments having no robust evidence of effectiveness or logical mechanism of action. Some TCM ingredients Traditional Chinese medicine#Safety, are known to be toxic and cause disease, including cancer. Medicine in traditional China encompassed a range of sometimes competing health and healing practices, folk beliefs, Scholar-official, literati theory and Confucianism, Confucian philosophy, Chinese herbology, herbal remedies, Chinese food therapy, food, diet, exercise, medical specializations, and schools of thought. TCM as it exists today has been described as a largely 20th century invention. In the early twentieth century, Chinese cultural and political modernizers worked to eliminate traditional practices as backward and unscientific. Traditional practitioners then selec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Mutagen In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level. As many mutations can cause cancer in animals, such mutagens can therefore be carcinogens, although not all necessarily are. All mutagens have characteristic mutational signatures with some chemicals becoming mutagenic through cellular processes. The process of DNA becoming modified is called mutagenesis. Not all mutations are caused by mutagens: so-called "spontaneous mutations" occur due to spontaneous hydrolysis, errors in DNA replication, repair and recombination. Discovery The first mutagens to be identified were carcinogens, substances that were shown to be linked to cancer. Tumors were described more than 2,000 years before the discovery of chromosomes and DNA; in 500 B.C., the Greek physician Hippocrates named tumors resembling a crab ''karkinos'' (from which the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Malaria Malaria is a Mosquito-borne disease, mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates and ''Anopheles'' mosquitoes. Human malaria causes Signs and symptoms, symptoms that typically include fever, Fatigue (medical), fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, Epileptic seizure, seizures, coma, or death. Symptoms usually begin 10 to 15 days after being bitten by an infected ''Anopheles'' mosquito. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial Immunity (medical), resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria. The mosquitoes themselves are harmed by malaria, causing reduced lifespans in those infected by it. Malaria is caused by protozoa, single-celled microorganisms of the genus ''Plasmodium''. It is spread exclusively through bites of infected female ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Antiviral Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. Antiviral drugs are a class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also termed antibacterial), antifungal and antiparasitic drugs, or antiviral drugs based on monoclonal antibodies. Most antivirals are considered relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. They should be distinguished from virucides, which are not medication but deactivate or destroy virus particles, either inside or outside the body. Natural virucides are produced by some plants such as eucalyptus and Australian tea trees. Medical uses Most of the antiviral drugs now available are designed to help deal with HIV, herpes viruses, the hepatitis B and C viruses, and influenza A and B viruses. Viruses use the host's cells to replicate and this makes it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Allocryptopine Allocryptopine is a bioactive alkaloid found in plants of the Papaveraceae family, including ''Glaucium arabicum'', '' Argemone mexicana'', '' Eschscholtzia'', ''Corydalis'', '' Fumaria'', ''Chelidonium ''Chelidonium'', commonly known as celandines, is a small genus of flowering plants in the Papaveraceae, poppy family, This genus is native to northern Africa and Eurasia, where they are widespread, ranging from western Europe to east Asia. '', '' Hunnemannia fumariifolia'', ''Eschscholzia lobbii'' and other Papaveraceae plants. See also * Cryptopine References Alkaloids [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Skimmianine Skimmianine is a furoquinoline alkaloid found in '' Skimmia japonica'', a flowering plant in family Rutaceae that is native to Japan and China. It is a known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Biosynthesis The biosynthesis of skimmianine starts from anthranilic acid, which is very abundant in the family Rutaceae. By combining anthranilic acid acetate, anthraniloyl-CoA is formed as a starting unit and able to extend side chain by adding malonyl-CoA by Claisen condensation The Claisen condensation is a carbon–carbon bond forming reaction that occurs between two esters or one ester and another carbonyl compound in the presence of a strong base. The reaction produces a β-keto ester or a β- diketone. It is named .... Next, lactam is formed through the cyclization and generate a heterocyclic system, leading the dienol tautomer adopt the 4-hydroxy quinolone tautomer, which is 4-hydroxy-2-quinolone. With the formation of quinolone, alkylation is happening at C-3 position by intro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Quinoline Alkaloids Quinoline alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds from the group of alkaloids, which are chemically derived from quinoline. Some quinoline alkaloids show antiseptic, Convulsion, convulsive or antineoplastic effects. Examples Alkaloids with a quinoline partial structure are widespread and are usually further subdivided according to their occurrence and biogenetic origin. Among the quinoline alkaloids are the cinchona alkaloids quinine and quinidine, which are important due to their therapeutic potential, furthermore cinchonine and cinchonidine, as well as some furoquinoline alkaloids and acridine alkaloids. Strychnine and brucine, alkaloids of the Nux-vomica, nux vomica, which have a hydrogenated quinoline system, are also counted among the quinoline alkaloids. Also nitramarine (1-(2-quinolinyl)-β-carboline) belongs to the quinoline alkaloids. File:Quinine.svg, Quinine File:Cinchonidine.svg, Cinchonidine File:Cinchonine.svg, Cinchonine File:Quinidine.svg, Quinidine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]

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