Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari
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Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari () known as Mohaghegh Sabzevari () (born in 1608, died on 19 April 1679) was an
Iranian Iranian () may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Iran ** Iranian diaspora, Iranians living outside Iran ** Iranian architecture, architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia ** Iranian cuisine, cooking traditions and practic ...
Faqih and
Shia Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib () as both his political successor (caliph) and as the spiritual leader of the Muslim community (imam). However, his right is understood ...
scholar from the 11th century AH,
Shaykh al-Islām Shaykh al-Islām (; ; , ''Sheykh-ol-Eslām''; , Sheikh''-ul-Islām''; , ) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclope ...
and the
Imam of Friday Prayer The Imam of Friday Prayer (), or ''Imam Jom'a'' (''Jumu'ah''), is the person who conducts the Friday prayer in Islam and preaches related sermons. Qualifications to serve An Imam of Friday Prayer is expected to be distinguished for intellect ...
of
Isfahan Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city ...
. ''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'' was born in Naman village around
Sabzevar Sabzevar (; ) is a city in northeastern Iran. It is located in the Central District (Sabzevar County), Central District of Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan province, Razavi Khorasan province, serving as the capital of both the county and the ...
and settled in Isfahan and was raised in the ''jurisprudence philosophy school of Isfahan''. He was a principled
Islamic jurist Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number 2 billion worldwide and are the world's second-largest religious populatio ...
,
theologian Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of ...
and sage. He had a friendly relationship with
Mullah Mullah () is an honorific title for Islam, Muslim clergy and mosque Imam, leaders. The term is widely used in Iran and Afghanistan and is also used for a person who has higher education in Islamic theology and Sharia, sharia law. The title h ...
Mohsen Fayz Kashani Mullā Muḥammad b. Murtaḍā b. Maḥmūd al-Kāshānī knows as Mullā Muḥsin & al-Fayḍ al-Kāshānī (Persian pronuciation: 'Fayz-e-Kashani') () was an Iranian Akhbari Twelver Shi'i Muslim, mystic, poet, philosopher, and muhaddith (1598- ...
. In rational sciences he was one of the students of
Mir Fendereski Mir Fendereski (Persian: میرفِنْدِرِسْکی)‎ (1562–1640) was a Persian philosopher, poet and mystic of the Safavid era. His full name is given as Mir Abulqasim Mirfendereski (Persian: میرابوالقاسم میرفندر ...
and in traditional sciences he was one of the students of ''Mullah Hassan Ali Shoushtari'' and some other great masters of the time.


Life

''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' was born in the village of Naman around the city of
Sabzevar Sabzevar (; ) is a city in northeastern Iran. It is located in the Central District (Sabzevar County), Central District of Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan province, Razavi Khorasan province, serving as the capital of both the county and the ...
, Razavi Khorasan Province in 1608 and is the son of ''Mohammad Mo'men al-Sharif al-Sabzevari'' (died around 1619). During the reign of
Shah Abbas I Abbas I (; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (), was the fifth Safavid shah of Iran from 1588 to 1629. The third son of Shah Mohammad Khodabanda, he is generally considered one of the most important rulers ...
, after the death of his father, he went to Isfahan with his family to continue his education. After a while, he became one of the leading scholars of his time, so that at the request of
Shah Abbas II Abbas II (; born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of Safi and his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum, he inherited the throne when he was ni ...
, he became the
Imam of Friday Prayer The Imam of Friday Prayer (), or ''Imam Jom'a'' (''Jumu'ah''), is the person who conducts the Friday prayer in Islam and preaches related sermons. Qualifications to serve An Imam of Friday Prayer is expected to be distinguished for intellect ...
of Shah Mosque and
Shaykh al-Islām Shaykh al-Islām (; ; , ''Sheykh-ol-Eslām''; , Sheikh''-ul-Islām''; , ) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclope ...
of Isfahan. He was also appointed director of Molla Abdollah School. He was brought up in the philosophical school of jurisprudence of Isfahan, which was both a school of jurisprudence and a philosophical. He had a close relationship and friendship with
Khalifeh Soltan Sayyed Ala al-Din Hoseyn () (c.1592 5March 1654), better known as Khalifeh Soltan (), and also known as Soltan al-Ulama (), was an Iranian statesman and cleric, who served as the grand vizier of the Safavid king (''shah'') Abbas I (r. 1588–16 ...
(Prime Minister of Shah Abbas the Great, Shah Safi I and
Shah Abbas II Abbas II (; born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of Safi and his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum, he inherited the throne when he was ni ...
), Mullah Mohsen Fayz Kashani,
Agha Hossein Khansari Agha Hossein Khansari (), full name Hossein ibn Jamal al-Din Mohammad Khansari (), known as Mohaghegh Khansari () and also known as "''Master of all in all''" (), who was nicknamed "''the disciple of mankind''" () because of the many masters he ...
(her sister husband) and ''Seyyed Abdol Hossein Khatoonabadi'', the famous 11th century AH writer and historian.


His masters

''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'' has used famous professors during his studies. Some of his masters have been outstanding in his time: * Baha' al-din al-'Amili Among his professors in traditional sciences are the following: * Mohammad Taghi Majlesi, known as the ''Majlesi Avval'' * Mullah Hassan Ali Shoushtari (Abolhassan Tustari Esfahani, died 1664, author of "''Al-Tebyan''") * Mullah Heydar Ali Esfahani * Seyyed Hossein ibn Heydar Ameli Among his professors in the rational sciences are the following: *
Mir Fendereski Mir Fendereski (Persian: میرفِنْدِرِسْکی)‎ (1562–1640) was a Persian philosopher, poet and mystic of the Safavid era. His full name is given as Mir Abulqasim Mirfendereski (Persian: میرابوالقاسم میرفندر ...
(Mir Hosseini, 1562–1640), famous sage of the 11th century AH * Qazi Moez al-Din Hossein ''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'' has been allowed "''the narration to preserve and transmit the
hadith Hadith is the Arabic word for a 'report' or an 'account f an event and refers to the Islamic oral tradition of anecdotes containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the Islamic prophet Muhammad or his immediate circle ...
to future generations''" from several students of Baha' al-din al-'Amili, who were great scholars: * Mohammad Taghi Majlesi * Noor al-Din Ali ibn Hossein ibn Abi al-Hassan Ameli (1658) * Mir Sharaf al-Din Ali ibn Hojjat Sholestani * Hossein ibn Heydar ibn Qamarkorki, known as ''Hossein Mofti Esfahani'' (died 1632) His other professors include: * Sheikh Ahmad Bohrani * Sheikh Hossein Moqerri Ameli * Mola Heydar ibn Mohammad Khansari Esfahani


Works

* Zakhirat al-Ma'ad fi Sharhe al-Ershad (', ''The repertoire of the resurrection in the explanation of the guidance''): It is an Islamic jurisprudential book that covers the subject of
purification Purification is the process of rendering something pure, i.e. clean of foreign elements and/or pollution, and may refer to: Religion * Ritual purification, the religious activity to remove uncleanliness * Purification after death * Purification ...
until the end of the discussion of
Hajj Hajj (; ; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for capable Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetim ...
. This book is a description of the book "''Ershad al-Az'han ela Ahkam al-Iman''" (', ''Guidance of the Minds to the Provisions of Faith'') by
Allamah Al-Hilli Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Ḥasan bin Yūsuf bin ʿAli ibn al-Muṭahhar al-Ḥillī (; December 1250 – December 1325), known by the honorific title al-Allāmah al-Ḥillī (, ''"The Sage of Hillah"'') was an Iraqi Arab scholar and one of the most inf ...
, which has been considered by great scholars since its writing, and a number of notes and explanations have been written on it, and it has also been cited and argued in the detailed books of Islamic jurisprudence. The date of writing of the first volume (', ''Book of Purification'') is mentioned December 1640 and at the end of the second volume (', ''Book of Prayer''), the date of writing is mentioned August 1643. The date of writing of ''Ketab al-Zakat'' (', ''Book of
Zakat Zakat (or Zakāh زكاة) is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Zakat is the Arabic word for "Giving to Charity" or "Giving to the Needy". Zakat is a form of almsgiving, often collected by the Muslim Ummah. It is considered in Islam a relig ...
'') and ''Ketab Hajj'' (', ''Book of
Hajj Hajj (; ; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for capable Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetim ...
'') is not mentioned but the date of writing of ''Ketab al-Sowm'' (', ''Book of
Fasting Fasting is the act of refraining from eating, and sometimes drinking. However, from a purely physiological context, "fasting" may refer to the metabolic status of a person who has not eaten overnight (before "breakfast"), or to the metabolic sta ...
'') is mentioned September 1645 in the third volume. * Kefayat al-Ahkam (', ''The adequacy of judgments''): It is a book of Islamic jurisprudence that includes all the chapters of jurisprudence (
Fiqh ''Fiqh'' (; ) is the term for Islamic jurisprudence.Fiqh
Encyclopædia Britannica
''Fiqh'' is of ...
). This book has also been popular with the names ''Kefayat al-Moqtased'' (', ''The adequacy of the frugal'') and ''Kefayat al-Fiqh'' (', ''The sufficiency of jurisprudence''). ''Mohammad Ali ibn Mohammad Hassan Nahwi Ardakani'' has translated this book as ''Hedayat al-Aelam'' (', ''The guidance of media''). This book has had a special place in the eyes of Imamieh jurists and since its writing many annotations and explanations have been written on it. The reputation of the books ''"Zakhirat al-Ma'ad fi Sharhe al-Ershad"'' and ''"Kefayat al-Ahkam"'' has caused that in the books of rijal and
Islamic jurisprudence ''Fiqh'' (; ) is the term for Islamic jurisprudence.Fiqh
Encyclopædia Britannica
''Fiqh'' is of ...
, ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' has been introduced as "the owner of the ''Zakhirat'' and ''Kefayat''": * Rozat al-Anvar Abbasi (', ''Recommendations for Abbasi''): It is a book about the ethics and style of governance that was written at the request of
Abbas II of Persia Abbas II (; born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of Safi and his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum, he inherited the throne when he was ni ...
in 1663 in an introduction and two sections. In the introduction, ''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'' points out the reasons why people need kings and the factors of the permanence and decline of the rule of kings. This book is in
Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
and is about political ethics. * Resaleh fi Tahrim al-Ghina (', ''The treatise on the prohibition of singing''): This treatise is about Ghina' and music and rejects the theory of Fayz Kashani. In this book, ''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'' has brought all the verses and narrations that have been included from the companions of
The Fourteen Infallibles The Fourteen Infallibles (, '; , ') in Twelver, Twelver Shia Islam are the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima Zahra, Fatima, and Twelve Imams, the Twelve Imams. All are considered to be ismah, infallible under the theological conce ...
in the prohibition of Ghina'. * Resaleh ee dar Namaz Jomeh (', ''A treatise on Friday prayers''): This book is in Persian and ''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'' has written this treatise in Arabic with the title of ''"Resalah fi Salah Al-Jumu'ah"'' ('). * Hashieh ala al-Shafa (', ''Footnote on the al-Shafa''): This book is a footnote on the theology section of Avicenna 's book ''
Healing With physical trauma or disease suffered by an organism, healing involves the repairing of damaged tissue(s), organs and the biological system as a whole and resumption of (normal) functioning. Medicine includes the process by which the cells ...
''. In this work, ''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'' only describes the difficulties and solves the problems of the book and does not enter into the disputes over the topics. * Jameh al-Ziaraat Abbasi (', ''Comprehensive pilgrimage for Abbasi''): About
Farsi Persian ( ), also known by its endonym Farsi (, Fārsī ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoke ...
prayers and pilgrimages in nine chapters in
Persian language Persian ( ), also known by its endonym and exonym, endonym Farsi (, Fārsī ), is a Western Iranian languages, Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian languages, Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian subdivision ...
in credit of
Abbas II of Persia Abbas II (; born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of Safi and his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum, he inherited the throne when he was ni ...
. ''Seyyed Mosleh al-Din Mahdavi'' has quoted forty books and treatises by ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' in 1992, citing references, and has pointed out that Sazevari's other books may have been found by studying reference books and the list of libraries: * Khalafiah (', ''Controversial issues''): It is written in Persian for
Abbas the Great Abbas I (; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (), was the fifth Safavid Iran, Safavid shah of Iran from 1588 to 1629. The third son of Mohammad Khodabanda, Shah Mohammad Khodabanda, he is generally considered ...
on worship subject. * Resaleh ee dar Tahlile Ghina' dar Quran (', ''A treatise on the analysis of Ghina' in the
Quran The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which ...
'') * Resaleh ee dar Fiqh (', ''A treatise on jurisprudence''): ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' has written this treatise for
Abbas II of Persia Abbas II (; born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of Safi and his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum, he inherited the throne when he was ni ...
and it includes all the chapters of
Islamic jurisprudence ''Fiqh'' (; ) is the term for Islamic jurisprudence.Fiqh
Encyclopædia Britannica
''Fiqh'' is of ...
. * Resaleh Amalieh (', ''Practical treatise''): ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' wrote this book for his followers and compiled it at the request of ''Mirza Mahdi ibn Mirza Reza Hosseini Khorasani'' in 1670. * Hashieh ala Sharh al-Isharat (', ''Footnotes on
Sharh al-Isharat Sharh al-Isharat () is a philosophical commentary on Avicenna's book '' Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat'' (''Remarks and Admonitions''). It was written by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in defense of the philosophy of Avicenna in response to the criticism made a ...
''): This book contains some footnotes on the description of the book
Sharh al-Isharat Sharh al-Isharat () is a philosophical commentary on Avicenna's book '' Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat'' (''Remarks and Admonitions''). It was written by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in defense of the philosophy of Avicenna in response to the criticism made a ...
of
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (1201 – 1274), also known as Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (; ) or simply as (al-)Tusi, was a Persians, Persian polymath, architect, Early Islamic philosophy, philosopher, Islamic medicine, phy ...
, the compilation of which has been completed on 27 May 1665. * Mafatih al-Nejat Abbasi (', ''The keys of salvation for Abbasi''): This book contains the famous and narrated prayers of The Fourteen Infallibles, and consists of an introduction - which is about virtue, etiquette, and the time for prayers to be answered - and 27 chapters. ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' wrote this compilation at the request of
Abbas II of Persia Abbas II (; born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of Safi and his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum, he inherited the throne when he was ni ...
and completed it on 28 September 1646. * Sharhe Hadise Berr al-Valedayn (', ''Explanation of the hadith of righteousness with the parents''): ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' wrote this work in his own handwriting during his trip to the
Masjid al-Haram Masjid al-Haram (), also known as the Sacred Mosque or the Great Mosque of Mecca, is considered to be the most significant mosque in Islam. It encloses the vicinity of the Kaaba in Mecca, in the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia. It is among the ...
for the collection of ''Sheikh Shams al-Din Hussein ibn Muhammad Shirazi''. The date of writing of this work is September 1652. * Ekhtiarat Ayyaam (', ''Options of the day''): This work is a research on the blessed and blest days and the unfortunate days of the ancient
Islamic Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...
,
Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...
and
Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
months, which is written in an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion, and each of them contains several articles and topics. * Sharh Zubdat al-Usūl (', ''Explanation of the Zubdat al-Usūl''): This book is a description of the book ''"Zubdat al-Usūl"'' of Baha' al-din al-'Amili. * Al-Radd ala Resalah Shobhat al-Estelzam (', ''Reply to the treatise of suspicion of obligation''): This work is in response to Mohaghegh Khansari 's criticisms of Sabzevari's dissertation on the ''suspicion of obligation''. * Sharhe Towheede Saduq (', ''Explanation of the book "al-Towheed" of
Shaykh al-Saduq Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi (Persian: ; –991), commonly referred to as Ibn Babawayh (Persian: ) or al-Shaykh al-Saduq (Persian: ), was a Persian Shia Islamic scholar whose work, entitled '' Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'' ...
'') * Rowzat al-Abrar (', ''Recommendations of the righteous'') * Diwane Ash'Aar (', '' Diwan of poetries'') * Ketabe Mazar (', ''Tomb Book'') * Manaaseke Hajj (', ''
Hajj Hajj (; ; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for capable Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetim ...
Rituals'') * Resaleh ee dar Namaz va Roozeh (', ''A treatise on
Salah ''Salah'' (, also spelled ''salat'') is the practice of formal worship in Islam, consisting of a series of ritual prayers performed at prescribed times daily. These prayers, which consist of units known as ''rak'ah'', include a specific s ...
and
Fasting Fasting is the act of refraining from eating, and sometimes drinking. However, from a purely physiological context, "fasting" may refer to the metabolic status of a person who has not eaten overnight (before "breakfast"), or to the metabolic sta ...
'') * Resaleh fi al-Ghusl (', ''A treatise on
Ghusl ( ', ) is an Arabic term that means the full-body ritual purification which is mandatory before the performance of various Islamic activities and prayers. For any Muslim, it is performed after sexual intercourse (i.e. it is fardh), before Fri ...
'') * Resaleh fi Tahdeed al-Nahar al-Shar'ee (', ''A treatise on determining the legal day'') * Hashieh ala Masalek al-Afham (', ''Footnotes on the "Masalek al-Afham"''): This book is a description of the book ''"Masalek al-Afham"'' of
Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili Zayn al-Dīn al-Juba'ī al-Ṭalluṣī al'Amilī (; 1506-1559), also known as ash-Shahīd ath-Thanī (, ', ) was a Twelver Shia Muslim scholar. Early life He was born ''Zayn al-Dīn bin Nur al-Dīn 'Alī bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin 'Alī bi ...
. * Resaleh fi Mohgaddameh al-Vajeb (', ''A treatise in the introduction to the duty'') * Resaleh fi Fazilah al-Mut'ah (', ''A treatise in the virtue of the
mut'ah ''Nikah mut'ah'' , "pleasure marriage"; temporary marriageFiqh ''Fiqh'' (; ) is the term for Islamic jurisprudence.Fiqh
Encyclopædia Britannica
''Fiqh'' is of ...
''): This book contains about thirty thousand verses of poetry.


Careers

*
Shaykh al-Islām Shaykh al-Islām (; ; , ''Sheykh-ol-Eslām''; , Sheikh''-ul-Islām''; , ) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclope ...
: The position of Shaykh al-Islami was considered the most important clerical post in the
Safavid dynasty The Safavid dynasty (; , ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from Safavid Iran, 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of History of Iran, modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder em ...
era, and in fact Shaykh al-Islam was the head of the clergy of the country, and all religious affairs were administered under his supervision. The exact date of his appointing as Shaykh al-Islam is not available. But ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'', as the Shaykh al-Islam of Isfahan, performed the second coronation and the renaming of
Suleiman of Persia Suleiman I (; born Sam Mirza, February or March 1648 – 29 July 1694) was the eighth Shah of Safavid Iran from 1666 to 1694. He was the eldest son of Abbas II and his concubine, Nakihat Khanum. Born as Sam Mirza, Suleiman spent his childhood ...
: *
Imam of Friday Prayer The Imam of Friday Prayer (), or ''Imam Jom'a'' (''Jumu'ah''), is the person who conducts the Friday prayer in Islam and preaches related sermons. Qualifications to serve An Imam of Friday Prayer is expected to be distinguished for intellect ...
at the Shah Mosque, Isfahan: There is no exact information about the exact date of appointing of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' as the Friday Imamate of the Abbasi Grand Mosque (Shah Mosque). Apparently, his Imamate began after the year 1661, that is, after the death of ''Allama Majlesi I'', and continued until the year of his death, 1679. * Trusteeship of Molla Abdollah School in Isfahan: Molla Abdollah School is one of the most important religious schools in Isfahan. It was built in Isfahan by the order of ''Shah Abbas I'' as a place of teaching for ''Abdullah Shoushtari'', one of the great scholars of the Safavid period. After the death of ''Abdullah Shoushtari'' (1612), the tutelage of the school was entrusted to his son, ''Mullah Hassan Ali''. In this case it is stated: "''Shah Abbas has dedicated the school on the condition that its teaching belongs to the descendants of Mullah Abdullah Shoushtari.''". However, during the chancellor of
Khalifeh Soltan Sayyed Ala al-Din Hoseyn () (c.1592 5March 1654), better known as Khalifeh Soltan (), and also known as Soltan al-Ulama (), was an Iranian statesman and cleric, who served as the grand vizier of the Safavid king (''shah'') Abbas I (r. 1588–16 ...
, on the occasion, the tutelage was removed from him and handed over to ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'', and after that its tutelage remained in the family of Sabzevari. * Revival of ''Bagherieh school'' in
Mashhad Mashhad ( ; ), historically also known as Mashad, Meshhed, or Meshed in English, is the List of Iranian cities by population, second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. ...
: ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' was in the city of Mashhad in 1672 and in this year, he repaired the building of ''Bagherieh school''. According to the text of the inscription, this school was built in 1672, during the reign of Shah Suleiman of the
Safavid dynasty The Safavid dynasty (; , ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from Safavid Iran, 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of History of Iran, modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder em ...
. Some historians believe that the school was founded before this date and then in 1672 by the efforts of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' and by allocating some property, books and stuffs as a
Waqf A (; , plural ), also called a (, plural or ), or ''mortmain'' property, is an Alienation (property law), inalienable charitable financial endowment, endowment under Sharia, Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot ...
to the school, its building has been restored. وقفنامه شماره 57 در بایگانی اداره کل اوقاف مشهد For this reason, due to ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' presence and teaching at the school, it is known as "''Mullah Mohammad Bagher school''" and later as the "''Bagherieh school''".


Contemporaries

''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'' was a contemporary of four kings of the
Safavid dynasty The Safavid dynasty (; , ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from Safavid Iran, 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of History of Iran, modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder em ...
during his lifetime, and most of his political life was during the reigns of
Abbas II of Persia Abbas II (; born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of Safi and his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum, he inherited the throne when he was ni ...
and
Suleiman of Persia Suleiman I (; born Sam Mirza, February or March 1648 – 29 July 1694) was the eighth Shah of Safavid Iran from 1666 to 1694. He was the eldest son of Abbas II and his concubine, Nakihat Khanum. Born as Sam Mirza, Suleiman spent his childhood ...
(Safi II). His contemporary kings are: *
Abbas the Great Abbas I (; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (), was the fifth Safavid Iran, Safavid shah of Iran from 1588 to 1629. The third son of Mohammad Khodabanda, Shah Mohammad Khodabanda, he is generally considered ...
(reign 1588–1629) *
Safi of Persia Sam Mirza () (161112 May 1642), known by his dynastic name of Shah Safi (), was the sixth shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1629 to 1642. Abbas the Great was succeeded by his grandson, Safi. A reclusive and passive character, Safi was unable to ...
(reign 1629–1642) *
Abbas II of Persia Abbas II (; born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of Safi and his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum, he inherited the throne when he was ni ...
(reign 1642–1666) *
Suleiman of Persia Suleiman I (; born Sam Mirza, February or March 1648 – 29 July 1694) was the eighth Shah of Safavid Iran from 1666 to 1694. He was the eldest son of Abbas II and his concubine, Nakihat Khanum. Born as Sam Mirza, Suleiman spent his childhood ...
(reign 1666–1694) ''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'' during the reign of
Abbas II of Persia Abbas II (; born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of Safi and his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum, he inherited the throne when he was ni ...
and his
prime minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...
Khalifeh Soltan Sayyed Ala al-Din Hoseyn () (c.1592 5March 1654), better known as Khalifeh Soltan (), and also known as Soltan al-Ulama (), was an Iranian statesman and cleric, who served as the grand vizier of the Safavid king (''shah'') Abbas I (r. 1588–16 ...
, was in full honor and respect and was taken care of by them. Shah Abbas II, in order to guarantee the benefits of ''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'', set an amount of fifty tomans as an annual allowance, the original document of which is available in the
British Library The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom. Based in London, it is one of the largest libraries in the world, with an estimated collection of between 170 and 200 million items from multiple countries. As a legal deposit li ...
. The full text of the decree is as follows:


His disciples

''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' was proficient in most of the Islamic sciences of his time. Hence, many students have participated in his field of study and have used his scientific lectures. Some of his students achieved a high degree of science, some of which are mentioned here: *
Agha Hossein Khansari Agha Hossein Khansari (), full name Hossein ibn Jamal al-Din Mohammad Khansari (), known as Mohaghegh Khansari () and also known as "''Master of all in all''" (), who was nicknamed "''the disciple of mankind''" () because of the many masters he ...
, known as Mohaghegh Khansari, the sister's husband of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari''. * Agha Jamal Khansari, is one of the Shiite scholars in the twelfth century AH and the sister's son of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'', the author of the book "''Aqaed al-Nesa wa Mar'at al-Bolaha''" ('). * Mirza Abdollah Esfahani Afandi, the author of the book "''Riaz al-Olama va Hiaz al-Fozala''" ('). * Seyyed Nematollah Mousavi Jazayeri, one of the great Shiite scholars in the late eleventh and early twelfth century AH, known as ''Seyyed Jazayeri''. * Jafar ibn Abdollah Hoveizi, known as ''Sheikh Jafar Qazi'', one of the
Imami Twelver Shi'ism (), also known as Imamism () or Ithna Ashari, is the largest branch of Shi'a Islam, comprising about 90% of all Shi'a Muslims. The term ''Twelver'' refers to its adherents' belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as th ...
jurists A jurist is a person with expert knowledge of law; someone who analyzes and comments on law. This person is usually a specialist legal scholar, mostly (but not always) with a formal education in law (a law degree) and often a legal practition ...
who was
Shaykh al-Islām Shaykh al-Islām (; ; , ''Sheykh-ol-Eslām''; , Sheikh''-ul-Islām''; , ) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclope ...
and the judge of Isfahan. * Mir Abdol Hossein Khatoon Abadi, is one of the famous historians of the
Safavid era The Safavid dynasty (; , ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder empires. The Safavid Shah Ismai ...
. His most important book is "''Vaqaye al-Senin va al-Aevam''" ('), which is considered very important in
Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
prose. In addition to accurately recording the events, he also briefly introduced the book that he received. He spent most of his time with ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' and in 1670, he received permission from him to narrate hadiths. * Mullah Mohammad ibn Abd al-Fattah Tonekaboni, known as ''Sarab''; he has authored more than 30 books and treatises, ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' allowed him to narrate hadiths in 1670. * Mohammad Shafi ibn Faraj Gilani, he was
Shaykh al-Islām Shaykh al-Islām (; ; , ''Sheykh-ol-Eslām''; , Sheikh''-ul-Islām''; , ) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclope ...
of
Rasht Rasht (; ) is a city in the Central District (Rasht County), Central District of Rasht County, Gilan province, Gilan province, Iran, serving as the capital of the province, the county, and the district. The city is also known as the "City of ...
and
Shiraz Shiraz (; ) is the List of largest cities of Iran, fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars province, which has been historically known as Pars (Sasanian province), Pars () and Persis. As of the 2016 national census, the popu ...
and the book "''Al-Bada''" (') is one of his works. ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' allowed him to narrate hadiths in 1674. * Seyyed Mohammad Moghim ibn Mohammad Bagher Isfahani, he is the author of several books, including "''Towzih al-Oqoud''" ('). ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' allowed him to narrate hadiths in 1673. * Mohammad Saleh Biabanaki, ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' allowed him to narrate hadiths in 1664. * Abdollah Ardabili, ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' allowed him to narrate hadiths. ''Seyyed Mosleh al-Din Mahdavi'' has named 36 students of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' and has given explanations for each of them.


In the eyes of others

Some of his contemporary
jurists A jurist is a person with expert knowledge of law; someone who analyzes and comments on law. This person is usually a specialist legal scholar, mostly (but not always) with a formal education in law (a law degree) and often a legal practition ...
and elders have mentioned ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' in their books and praised him for his knowledge, wisdom and comprehensiveness in sciences, which include: *
Al-Hurr al-Amili Muḥammad bin al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin al-Ḥusayn al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī al-Mashgharī (; 1033/1624 - 1104/1693), commonly known as Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmilī (), was a prominent Akhbari Twelver Shia muhaddith. He is best known for his comprehensive ...
writes about him: ''Our lord "Mohammad Bagher ibn Mohammad Mo'men Khorasani Sabzevari", genius scientist, researcher, theologian, sage, jurist and a valuable narrator.'' * Mohammad Taher Nasrabadi Esfahani, writes in his book "''Tazkereh al-Shoara''" (') (p. 151): ''Our lord "Mohammad Bagher" is one of the believer from
Sabzevar Sabzevar (; ) is a city in northeastern Iran. It is located in the Central District (Sabzevar County), Central District of Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan province, Razavi Khorasan province, serving as the capital of both the county and the ...
. The mystic of the teachings of certainty and the discoverer of the sciences of religion, he is the pioneer of the knowledge of the scholars and the leader of all of the virtuous. *
Ali Khamenei Ali Hosseini Khamenei (; born 19 April 1939) is an Iranian cleric and politician who has served as the second supreme leader of Iran since 1989. He previously served as the third President of Iran, president from 1981 to 1989. Khamenei's tenure ...
, the second and current
supreme leader of Iran The supreme leader of Iran, also referred to as the supreme leader of the Islamic Revolution, but officially called the supreme leadership authority, is the head of state and the highest political and religious authority of Iran (above the Presi ...
, in several of speeches, he referred to the high science position of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari''.


Critics

''Sheikh Ali Sibt Shahid Dovvom'' is one of his contemporary scholars and authors. He written a treatise against ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'', which is the subject of his objections and criticisms as follow: * The subject of the prohibition of Ghina' and considers it detailed: the non-
haram ''Haram'' (; ) is an Arabic term meaning 'taboo'. This may refer to either something sacred to which access is not allowed to the people who are not in a state of purity or who are not initiated into the sacred knowledge; or, in direct cont ...
and permissible Ghina' - the haram Ghina'. the
haram ''Haram'' (; ) is an Arabic term meaning 'taboo'. This may refer to either something sacred to which access is not allowed to the people who are not in a state of purity or who are not initiated into the sacred knowledge; or, in direct cont ...
Ghina' restricted to sinful parties and binges. * Disagreement and
fatwa A fatwa (; ; ; ) is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (sharia) given by a qualified Islamic jurist ('' faqih'') in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government. A jurist issuing fatwas is called a ''mufti'', ...
about the limit of the obligation of
Friday prayer Friday prayer, or congregational prayer (), is the meeting together of Muslims for communal prayer and service at midday every Friday. In Islam, the day itself is called ''Yawm al-Jum'ah'' (shortened to ''Jum'ah''), which translated from Arabic me ...
in one
Parasang The parasang, also known as a farsakh (from Arabic), is a historical Iranian peoples, Iranian unit of Walking distance measure, walking distance, the length of which varied according to terrain and speed of travel. The European equivalent is the ...
and less, and the principle of its objective obligation. There is a difference between the Islamic jurists regarding the obligation and prohibition of Friday prayers during the
occultation An occultation is an event that occurs when one object is hidden from the observer by another object that passes between them. The term is often used in astronomy, but can also refer to any situation in which an object in the foreground blocks f ...
of the
Imam Imam (; , '; : , ') is an Islamic leadership position. For Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslims, Imam is most commonly used as the title of a prayer leader of a mosque. In this context, imams may lead Salah, Islamic prayers, serve as community leaders, ...
and there are three theories in them: 1- Objective existence, 2- Optional existence, 3- Prohibition. * Knowing the sunset as a camouflage of the sun * The thick dust is not a
fast Fast or FAST may refer to: Arts and entertainment * "Fast" (Juice Wrld song), 2019 * "Fast" (Luke Bryan song), 2016 * "Fast" (Sueco song), 2019 * "Fast" (GloToven song), 2019 * ''Fast'', an album by Custom, 2002 * ''Fast'', a 2010 short fil ...
breaker * Non-
Najis In Islamic law, najis () means ritually unclean. According to Islam, there are two kinds of najis: the essential najis which cannot be cleaned and the unessential najis which become najis while in contact with another najis. Contact with ''na ...
of the
People of the Book People of the Book, or ''Ahl al-Kitāb'' (), is a classification in Islam for the adherents of those religions that are regarded by Muslims as having received a divine revelation from Allah, generally in the form of a holy scripture. The clas ...
* Reflect on the principle of
purity Purity may refer to: Books * ''Pureza'' (novel), a 1937 Brazilian novel by José Lins do Rego * ''Purity'' (novel), a 2015 novel by Jonathan Franzen ** ''Purity'' (TV series), a TV series based on the novel *''Purity'', a 2012 novel by Jackson ...
of things


His children

* Mohammad Jafar Sabzevari, also known as ''Mirza Jafar Sabzevari Esfahani'' is the eldest son of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari''. He is an educated person in Islamic sciences and is the author of several books and treatises, including the "''Nowruznameh''" ('), which was written at the request of
Sultan Husayn Soltan Hoseyn (; 1668 – 9 September 1727) was the Safavid shah of Iran from 1694 to 1722. He was the son and successor of Shah Suleiman (). Born and raised in the royal harem, Soltan Hoseyn ascended the throne with limited life experience a ...
in 1817. ''Mohammad Jafar Sabzevari'' was appointed as the
Imamate The term imamate or ''imamah'' (, ''imāmah'') means "leadership" and refers to the office of an ''imam'' or a Muslim theocratic state ruled by an ''imam''. Theology *Imamate in Shia doctrine, the doctrine of the leadership of the Muslim commu ...
of the Shah Mosque, Isfahan after the death of ''Mullah Mohammad Saleh''. His children are ''Mohammad Rahim'' (
Shaykh al-Islām Shaykh al-Islām (; ; , ''Sheykh-ol-Eslām''; , Sheikh''-ul-Islām''; , ) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclope ...
of
Isfahan Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city ...
), ''Mohammad Zaki'' and ''Roqayyeh Sharif''. ''
Mullah Mullah () is an honorific title for Islam, Muslim clergy and mosque Imam, leaders. The term is widely used in Iran and Afghanistan and is also used for a person who has higher education in Islamic theology and Sharia, sharia law. The title h ...
Mohammad Zaki'', a perfect genius, studied religious sciences in Isfahan and was a scholar of grace and research, but died at a young age (1698), and his tombstone is installed on the wall in the northeastern room of ''Agha Hossein Khansari Mausoleum'' in
Takht-e Foulad The Takht-e Foulad (), also known as Lissanul Arz, is an historical, predominately Islamic, cemetery located in Esfahan, in the province of Isfahan, Iran. It is a large funerary complex that includes several historic mausoleums, mosques, tekyeh ...
. ''Mullah Mohammad Jafar Sabzevari'' fell ill while
Isfahan Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city ...
was under siege by the
Afghans Afghans (; ) are the citizens and nationals of Afghanistan, as well as their descendants in the Afghan diaspora. The country is made up of various ethnic groups, of which Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks are the largest. The three main lan ...
and the people living in the city were suffering from high prices and famine. He died on October 20, 1722, and because it was not possible to transport his body to
Takht-e Foulad The Takht-e Foulad (), also known as Lissanul Arz, is an historical, predominately Islamic, cemetery located in Esfahan, in the province of Isfahan, Iran. It is a large funerary complex that includes several historic mausoleums, mosques, tekyeh ...
or
Mashhad Mashhad ( ; ), historically also known as Mashad, Meshhed, or Meshed in English, is the List of Iranian cities by population, second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. ...
(his father's tomb), his body was taken to Hakim Mosque, which was along the alley of his house, and buried in the southern part of the mosque, known as ''"Barf Andaz"''. * Mohammad Hadi Sabzevari, is one of the scholars of Isfahan who apparently studied in the service of his father and
Agha Hossein Khansari Agha Hossein Khansari (), full name Hossein ibn Jamal al-Din Mohammad Khansari (), known as Mohaghegh Khansari () and also known as "''Master of all in all''" (), who was nicknamed "''the disciple of mankind''" () because of the many masters he ...
and ''Agha Jamal Khansari'' and probably
Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi Mohammad Baqer Majlesi ( – 29 March 1699; ), also known as Allamah Majlesi or Majlesi Al-Thani (Majlesi the Second), was an influential Iranian Akhbari Twelver Shia scholar and thinker during the Safavid era. He has been described as "one of t ...
until he reached high positions. ''Khatoon Abadi'' in the book "''Vaqaye al-Senin va al-Aevam''" (') mentions him as one of the scholars who had gathered in the house of ''Mirza Mohammad Bagher Sadr Khasseh'' in 1710 to determine the birthday of
Imam Ali Ali ibn Abi Talib (; ) was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from until Assassination of Ali, his assassination in 661, as well as the first imamate in Shia doctrine, Shia Imam. He was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muha ...
. ''Khatoon Abadi'' also mentions him as one of the scholars who attended at the inauguration ceremony of Chahar Bagh school on 4 September 1710. ''Seyyed Abdollah Jazayeri'' has mentioned him as one of his famous contemporary scholars. His wife was one of the daughters of the Safavid family, from whose family a number of endowments are left to the children, among whom is still divided (1925). His children are ''Sheikh Mirza Abed'' and ''Sheikh Mirza Mohsen''. They died during their father's lifetime (before 1679) and their burial place is unknown. * Mohammad Mahdi Sabzevari, no information is available about his life and works. He is the father of ''Agha Mohammad al-Soltani'', who wrote the book "''Tarjumat al-Sultani''" ('). No information is available on the date of his death or burial. * Mohammad Ibrahim Sabzevari, apparently he was younger than his brothers and did not have much fame and title in the eyes of scientific authorities. His children are ''Mirza Mohammad Bagher'' and ''Ashraf'' who for some reason during the Safavid period (late reign of Shah Suleiman or early reign of Shah Sultan Hussein around 1692) were exiled/migrated to the village of Qehi and inhabited in the castle of ''Atashgah'' in the western side of the village. The castle built by ''Mirza Mohammad Bagher'' and ''Ashraf'' is more than 300 years old and is one of the prominent buildings of the village with an area of about 6500 square meters and has 7 houses. These 7 houses are surrounded by a high wall and 7 brick towers with 7 meters high. Seven generations of the descendants of these two brothers have lived in this castle, hence they are known as the ''castle family (Ghal'eh Eeha)''. Later, they changed their surnames to ''Ashrafi'', ''Bagheri'' and ''Bagheri Mohagheghi''. One of the descendants of ''Mohammad Ibrahim Sabzevari'' is ''Haj Mirza Bagher Qehi'' known as Muhammad Baqir Sharif Tabatabae who was one of the
Sheikh Sheikh ( , , , , ''shuyūkh'' ) is an honorific title in the Arabic language, literally meaning "elder (administrative title), elder". It commonly designates a tribal chief or a Muslim ulama, scholar. Though this title generally refers to me ...
s and scholar of the
Shaykhism Shaykhism () is a term used by Shia Muslims for the followers of Shaykh Ahmad in early 19th-century Qajar Iran. While grounded in traditional Twelver Shiʻi doctrine, Shaykhism diverged from the Usuli school in its interpretation of key ideas s ...
sect. No information is available on the date of his death or burial. * Sabzevari's daughter, she was the wife of ''Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi Jabei Ameli'', who died during his father's lifetime in Isfahan with his two young children in 1678 because of plague.


The position of Shaykh al-Islam

After the death of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'', for more than 50 years, a number of clerics were appointed as
Shaykh al-Islām Shaykh al-Islām (; ; , ''Sheykh-ol-Eslām''; , Sheikh''-ul-Islām''; , ) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclope ...
of
Isfahan Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city ...
(kind of religious leader). At the beginning of Nader Shah's rule and his coming to power, two spiritual positions, namely ''Imam of Congregational Prayer'' and ''Shaykh al-Islam'', were in the monopoly of the descendants of
Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi Mohammad Baqer Majlesi ( – 29 March 1699; ), also known as Allamah Majlesi or Majlesi Al-Thani (Majlesi the Second), was an influential Iranian Akhbari Twelver Shia scholar and thinker during the Safavid era. He has been described as "one of t ...
. Some advisers told ''Nader Shah'' that the two positions, which have power, influence and importance among the masses, should not be concentrated in one place where they can oppose the government whenever they want. Because ''Nader Shah'' was thinking of gaining absolute power, and had previously opposed the rise of
Shiite Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib () as both his political successor (caliph) and as the spiritual leader of the Muslim community (imam). However, his right is understood ...
Ulama In Islam, the ''ulama'' ( ; also spelled ''ulema''; ; singular ; feminine singular , plural ) are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law. They are considered the guardians, transmitters, and interpreters of religious knowledge in Islam. "Ulama ...
to power, and had killed some of them under the some pretexts, he decided to separate and appoint two men to lead the congregation and Shaykh al-Islam. ''Nader Shah'', knowing the records of ''Mirza Mohammad Rahim Sabzevari'', who was one of the scholars who agreed with him and favored him, consulted with him, and he replied that "''the position of
Imam of Friday Prayer The Imam of Friday Prayer (), or ''Imam Jom'a'' (''Jumu'ah''), is the person who conducts the Friday prayer in Islam and preaches related sermons. Qualifications to serve An Imam of Friday Prayer is expected to be distinguished for intellect ...
was in the family of
Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi Mohammad Baqer Majlesi ( – 29 March 1699; ), also known as Allamah Majlesi or Majlesi Al-Thani (Majlesi the Second), was an influential Iranian Akhbari Twelver Shia scholar and thinker during the Safavid era. He has been described as "one of t ...
and our ancestor ''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'' has already been Shaykh al-Islam''". ''Nader Shah'' accepted this statement and appointed ''Mirza Mohammad Rahim'' as the judge of Isfahan and then Shaykh al-Islam of this city. After that, the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Isfahan remained in the monopoly of the descendants of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'', which included: * Mirza Mohammad Rahim (died 1767), the son of Mohammad Jafar Sabzevari son of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari''. He was one of the great scholars and clerics who was highly esteemed by the rulers and elders of the government and Nader Shah. Nader Shah appointed him as the judge and then Shaykh al-Islam of Isfahan in 1741. ''Mirza Mohammad Rahim Sabzevari'' held this position until his death during the reign of
Karim Khan Zand Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (; ) was the founder of the Zand dynasty, ruling all of Iran (Name of Iran, Persia) except for Khorasan province, Khorasan from 1751 to 1779. He also ruled over some of the Caucasus, Caucasian lands and occupied Basra f ...
. * Mirza Morteza Shaykh al-Islam (died 1811), the son of ''Mirza Abdol Mottalleb'' son of ''Mirza Mohammad Rahim Sabzevari''. He was a genius researchist and one of the famous scholars of Isfahan. Mirza Morteza's father (''Mirza Abdol Mottalleb Sabzevari'') died in 1747 during the life of his grandfather. His uncle (''Mirza Abdollah Sabzevari'') died in 1762 during the life of his grandfather too. Therefore, after the death of his grandfather (''Mirza Mohammad Rahim'') in 1767, ''Mirza Morteza'' became the Shaykh al-Islam of Isfahan during the reign of
Karim Khan Zand Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (; ) was the founder of the Zand dynasty, ruling all of Iran (Name of Iran, Persia) except for Khorasan province, Khorasan from 1751 to 1779. He also ruled over some of the Caucasus, Caucasian lands and occupied Basra f ...
. * Mirza Mohammad Rahim II (died 1833) was one of the scholars of Isfahan. Among his students, can be mentioned ''Mohammad Bagher Sharif Isfahani'' son of ''Mohammad Taghi Sharif Razavi Qomi'', the author of "''Noor Al-Oyoun''" ('). ''Mirza Mohammad Rahim II'' reached the position of Shaykh al-Islam after the death of his father (''Mirza Morteza'') in 1811 during the reign of
Fath-Ali Shah Qajar Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (; 5 August 1772 – 24 October 1834) was the second Shah of Qajar Iran. He reigned from 17 June 1797 until his death on 24 October 1834. His reign saw the irrevocable ceding of Iran's northern territories in the Caucasus, com ...
. * Mirza Abdollah Shaykh al-Islam (died after 1871) was one of the great and influential scholars of Isfahan. In the revolt of the people of Isfahan against Khosrow Khan Gorji, the tyrant of Isfahan, he went to
Mohammad Shah Qajar Mohammad Shah (; born Mohammad Mirza; 5 January 1808 – 5 September 1848) was the third Qajar ''shah'' of Iran from 1834 to 1848, inheriting the throne from his grandfather, Fath-Ali Shah. From a young age, Mohammad Mirza was under the tutela ...
in
Tehran Tehran (; , ''Tehrân'') is the capital and largest city of Iran. It is the capital of Tehran province, and the administrative center for Tehran County and its Central District (Tehran County), Central District. With a population of around 9. ...
to complain about the ruler and support the people, and he was respected and honored. A decree was issued on behalf of the king, in which he ordered ''Khosrow Khan Gorji'' to carry out the orders of ''Shaykh al-Islam Mirza Abdollah''. ''Mirza Abdollah'' became the Shaykh al-Islam after the death of his father (''Mirza Mohammad Rahim II'') in 1833. * Mirza Mohammad Rahim III (died 1889) was one of the famous and influential scholars of Isfahan and gained knowledge in this city from the service of prominent scholars and mujtahids. Among his professors, can be mentioned ''Haj Mohammad Jafar Abadeh Ee'', ''Mullah Hossein Ali Tuyserkani'', ''Agha Seyyed Mohammad Shahshahani'' and ''Sheikh Mohammad Bagher Masjed Shahi''. ''Mirza Mohammad Rahim III'' after the death of his father (''Mirza Abdollah II'') and after the year 1871, during the reign of
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (; ; 17 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) was the fourth Shah of Qajar Iran from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated. During his rule there was internal pressure from the people of Iran, as well as external ...
and the governor of
Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan (, "Mass'oud Mirza the Sultan's Shadow"; 5 January 1850 in Tabriz – 2 July 1918 in Isfahan), or Massud Mirza, was an Iranian prince of the Qajar dynasty; he was known as the "Yamin-od-Dowleh" ("Right Hand of the Go ...
, reached the position of Shaykh al-Islam. * Haj Mirza Mohammad Hassan (died 1892), in the service of the great scholars of Isfahan, such as ''Haj Sheikh Mohammad Taghi Masjed Shahi'' and others, he used to reach high positions of knowledge, grace and perfection. After the death of his father (son of ''Mirza Rahim III'') in 1888, during the reign of
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (; ; 17 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) was the fourth Shah of Qajar Iran from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated. During his rule there was internal pressure from the people of Iran, as well as external ...
and the governor of
Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan (, "Mass'oud Mirza the Sultan's Shadow"; 5 January 1850 in Tabriz – 2 July 1918 in Isfahan), or Massud Mirza, was an Iranian prince of the Qajar dynasty; he was known as the "Yamin-od-Dowleh" ("Right Hand of the Go ...
in Isfahan, he became Shaykh al-Islam. * Haj Mirza Ali Akbar Shaykh al-Islam (1867-1931) was a political and social activist during the constitutional movement in Isfahan. He held various positions, including the mayor of Isfahan and the ''representative of Isfahan in the fourth term of the National Assembly''. ''Mirza Ali Akbar'' After the death of his brother (''Mirza Mohammad Hassan'') in 1892, became the Shaykh al-Islam in Isfahan.


His grandchildren

* Mirza Abdol Rahim: also known as ''Mohammad Rahim'', he was one of the
Shaykh al-Islām Shaykh al-Islām (; ; , ''Sheykh-ol-Eslām''; , Sheikh''-ul-Islām''; , ) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclope ...
s of
Isfahan Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city ...
. * Mohammad Reza ibn Mohammad Mahdi Sabzevari: also known as ''Agha Mohammad al-Soltani'', from the nobility of the early twelfth century AH. * Muhammad Baqir Sharif Tabatabae: also known as ''Haj Mirza Bagher Qehi'', one of the
Sheikh Sheikh ( , , , , ''shuyūkh'' ) is an honorific title in the Arabic language, literally meaning "elder (administrative title), elder". It commonly designates a tribal chief or a Muslim ulama, scholar. Though this title generally refers to me ...
s and scholar of the
Shaykhism Shaykhism () is a term used by Shia Muslims for the followers of Shaykh Ahmad in early 19th-century Qajar Iran. While grounded in traditional Twelver Shiʻi doctrine, Shaykhism diverged from the Usuli school in its interpretation of key ideas s ...
sect. * Zayn ol-Abedin Shahshahani: a genius and proficient in
Quranic studies Quranic studies is the academic study of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam. Like in biblical studies, the field uses and applies a diverse set of Academic discipline, disciplines and methods, such as philology, textual criticism, lex ...
and one of the masters of the art of
Qiraʼat In Islam, (pl. ; ) refers to the ways or fashions that the Quran, the holy book of Islam, is recited. More technically, the term designates the different linguistic, lexical, phonetic, morphological and syntactical forms permitted with rec ...
and
Tajwid In the context of the recitation of the Quran, or (, ) is a set of rules for the correct pronunciation of the letters with all their qualities and applying the various traditional methods of recitation, known as . In Arabic, the term is deriv ...
. * Mirza Yahya Modarres Esfahani: scholar, writer, mystic and professor of religious literature and owner of a poetry collection with about six thousand verses including eulogy, literature and religious poems in the late of
Qajar The Guarded Domains of Iran, alternatively the Sublime State of Iran and commonly called Qajar Iran, Qajar Persia or the Qajar Empire, was the Iranian state under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic origin,Cyrus Ghani. ''Iran an ...
period. * Agha Hassan Sabzevari: a physician and sage scientist in the early thirteenth century AH and one of the prominent students of the sage
Hadi Sabzavari Hadi Sabzavari () or Hajj Molla Hadi Sabzavari (1797–1873 CE / 1212 - 1289 AH) was an Iranian Shia cleric, philosopher, mystic theologian and poet. Historical background Molla Hadi lived in the Qajar period. According to his description, this ...
. * Ali Sheikholeslam: founder and first president of the ''National University of Iran''. *
Hossein Sheikholeslam Hossein Sheikholeslam (; 29 November 1952 – 5 March 2020) was an Iranian conservative politician and diplomat who was advisor to the foreign minister Javad Zarif. He also was a member of the Seventh Islamic Parliament of Iran and previously t ...
: the representative of the constituencies of
Tehran Tehran (; , ''Tehrân'') is the capital and largest city of Iran. It is the capital of Tehran province, and the administrative center for Tehran County and its Central District (Tehran County), Central District. With a population of around 9. ...
,
Ray Ray or RAY may refer to: Fish * Ray (fish), any cartilaginous fish of the superorder Batoidea * Ray (fish fin anatomy), the bony or horny spine on ray-finned fish Science and mathematics * Half-line (geometry) or ray, half of a line split at an ...
, Shemiranat and
Eslamshahr Eslamshahr () is a city in the Central District of Eslamshahr County, Tehran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Etymology The name of Eslamshahr before the Islamic revolution in Iran was "Shadshahr" an ...
in the seventh term of the
Islamic Consultative Assembly The Islamic Consultative Assembly (), also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis) or ICA, is the unicameral national legislative body of Iran. The parliament currently consists of 290 representatives, an i ...
and also the former ambassador of Iran to Syria. * Zahra Karinshak: daughter of ''Mahdi Sheikholeslam'', lawyer and politician, democratic senator of the State of
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the southeastern United States Georgia may also refer to: People and fictional characters * Georgia (name), a list of pe ...
.


Sheykh ol-Eslam's House

The residence of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' is known as the court or house of Shaykh al-Islam. During the reign of Shah Suleiman of the
Safavid dynasty The Safavid dynasty (; , ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from Safavid Iran, 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of History of Iran, modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder em ...
(and probably
Shah Abbas II Abbas II (; born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of Safi and his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum, he inherited the throne when he was ni ...
), گنجینه آثار تاریخی اصفهان، آثار عهد شاه عباس دوم ''
Allamah ''Allamah'' () is an Islamic honorary title for a profound scholar, a polymath, a man of vast reading and erudition, or a great learned one. The title is carried by scholars of Islamic fiqh (jurisprudence) and philosophy. It is used as an hon ...
Mohsen Fayz Kashani Mullā Muḥammad b. Murtaḍā b. Maḥmūd al-Kāshānī knows as Mullā Muḥsin & al-Fayḍ al-Kāshānī (Persian pronuciation: 'Fayz-e-Kashani') () was an Iranian Akhbari Twelver Shi'i Muslim, mystic, poet, philosopher, and muhaddith (1598- ...
'' asked ''
Mullah Mullah () is an honorific title for Islam, Muslim clergy and mosque Imam, leaders. The term is widely used in Iran and Afghanistan and is also used for a person who has higher education in Islamic theology and Sharia, sharia law. The title h ...
Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' to live in Isfahan and take the position of
Shaykh al-Islām Shaykh al-Islām (; ; , ''Sheykh-ol-Eslām''; , Sheikh''-ul-Islām''; , ) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclope ...
of this city. In the "''Seeneh Payeeni''" neighborhood near "''Homayoun Garden (Bab Homayoun)''", there was a royal garden that the
Shah Shāh (; ) is a royal title meaning "king" in the Persian language.Yarshater, Ehsa, ''Iranian Studies'', vol. XXII, no. 1 (1989) Though chiefly associated with the monarchs of Iran, it was also used to refer to the leaders of numerous Per ...
entrusted to ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' and ordered the construction of a magnificent mansion in the style of
Chehel Sotoun Chehel Sotoun (, ) is a Persian pavilion in the middle of a park at the far end of a long pool, in Isfahan, Iran, built by Shah Abbas II to be used for his entertainment and receptions. In this palace, Shah Abbas II and his successors would re ...
. This building was the residence of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' and his wife ''Sarv Ghad Khanom'' (one of the daughters of the Safavid court) and the court part of the main building became the center of justice and the religious rule of the country, especially the capital affairs. Six generations of ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' descendants, held the position of
Shaykh al-Islām Shaykh al-Islām (; ; , ''Sheykh-ol-Eslām''; , Sheikh''-ul-Islām''; , ) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclope ...
of
Isfahan Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city ...
and the last of them was ''Haj Mirza Ali Akbar Shaykh al-Islam'' who lived in this house.


Endowments

''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'', after the repairs of ''Bagherieh School'' in
Mashhad Mashhad ( ; ), historically also known as Mashad, Meshhed, or Meshed in English, is the List of Iranian cities by population, second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. ...
in 1672, determined endowments to continue the work of the school, which included two plots of land with two guest houses, the buildings of which were leased to individuals with a lease agreement to be given to the school free of charge after 15 years, and two houses that were later rented as inns and 27 shops around the school. Endowment income according to the ''endowment contract'' after deduction of repair costs is used as follows: 0.1 as a fee and 0.3 for charity (mourning and feeding the poor of the
Twelver Twelver Shi'ism (), also known as Imamism () or Ithna Ashari, is the Islamic schools and branches, largest branch of Shia Islam, Shi'a Islam, comprising about 90% of all Shi'a Muslims. The term ''Twelver'' refers to its adherents' belief in twel ...
community, at the discretion of the trustee) and 0.6 for lighting and cleaning and salaries of clergies and servants.
James Baillie Fraser James Baillie Fraser (11 June 1783 – 23 January 1856) was a Scotland, Scottish travel writer, and artist who illustrated and wrote about Anatolia, Asia Minor, Iran, Kurdistan and India. Some of his Watercolor painting, watercolours made in the ...
, a
Scottish Scottish usually refers to something of, from, or related to Scotland, including: *Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family native to Scotland *Scottish English *Scottish national identity, the Scottish ide ...
travel writer, who came to Iran around 1825, mentions this school as an organized school with eighty to ninety students. ''Nowruz Ali Fazel Bastami'', the author of "''Ferdows al-Tawarikh''" (') in 1884, considers this school unique in the eyes of teachers, agents and students who are engaged in teaching and learning day and night. After the incident of
Kashf-e hijab On 8 January 1936, Reza Shah of Iran (Persia) issued a decree known as ''Kashf-e hijab'' (also Romanized as and , ) banning all Islamic veils (including hijab and chador), an edict that was swiftly and forcefully implemented. Hoodfar, Homa (fall ...
in Iran (1936) and the emergence of difficulties for the clergies, ''The Endowment Office'' entrusted the school to ''The Culture Department'' so that students could study there. But after the ouster of
Reza Shah Reza Shah Pahlavi born Reza Khan (15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941 and founder of the roughly 53 years old Pahlavi dynasty. Originally a military officer, he became a politician, serving as minister of war an ...
(September 16, 1941) by the efforts of ''
Ayatollah Ayatollah (, ; ; ) is an Title of honor, honorific title for high-ranking Twelver Shia clergy. It came into widespread usage in the 20th century. Originally used as a title bestowed by popular/clerical acclaim for a small number of the most di ...
Mirza Ahmad Kafaei'', the school was once again handed over to the students of religious sciences. At that time, the school was headed by ''Haj Mirza Abdollah Shaykh al-Islam'', a descendant of ''Mohaghegh Sabzevari'' who lived in Isfahan, and a person named ''Mozaffari'', a retired cultural worker, as his representative took care of the school. ''The Endowment Office'' began to reconstruction the school in 1967, and in 1971, reopened it by preserving the first form with 34 chamber, a teaching hall, a library including a repository and a reading room, four rooms for office affairs and security, and a pantry. The school library at that time had four hundred manuscripts and 580 volumes of printed books. In 1975, due to the development plan around the
Imam Reza Shrine The Imam Reza shrine (; ) is a Shi'ite shrine, imamzadeh and mausoleum complex, located in Mashhad, in the province of Razavi Khorasan, Iran. The shrine contains the grave of Ali al-Rida, who is regarded as the eighth Imam in Shia Islam. Als ...
, the school was completely destroyed, and all its endowments became part of the green space around the shrine.


Demise

Allamah ''Allamah'' () is an Islamic honorary title for a profound scholar, a polymath, a man of vast reading and erudition, or a great learned one. The title is carried by scholars of Islamic fiqh (jurisprudence) and philosophy. It is used as an hon ...
''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'' died at the age of 71 on 19 April 1679 in Isfahan. His body was transferred from
Isfahan Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city ...
to the city of
Mashhad Mashhad ( ; ), historically also known as Mashad, Meshhed, or Meshed in English, is the List of Iranian cities by population, second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. ...
, where he was buried in the
basement A basement is any Storey, floor of a building that is not above the grade plane. Especially in residential buildings, it often is used as a utility space for a building, where such items as the Furnace (house heating), furnace, water heating, ...
of ''Mirza Jafar School''. In addition to ''Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari'', his wife (''Sarv Ghad Khanom'') and his descendants ''Haj Mirza Mohammad Hassan Shaykh al-Islam'' and ''Haj Mirza Ali Akbar Shaykh al-Islam'' and several other scholars are buried in the basement of ''Mirza Jafar School'' (tomb of
Al-Hurr al-Amili Muḥammad bin al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin al-Ḥusayn al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī al-Mashgharī (; 1033/1624 - 1104/1693), commonly known as Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmilī (), was a prominent Akhbari Twelver Shia muhaddith. He is best known for his comprehensive ...
), that after the plan to develop the
Imam Reza Shrine The Imam Reza shrine (; ) is a Shi'ite shrine, imamzadeh and mausoleum complex, located in Mashhad, in the province of Razavi Khorasan, Iran. The shrine contains the grave of Ali al-Rida, who is regarded as the eighth Imam in Shia Islam. Als ...
, their gravestones were moved and no longer exist in this place.


See also

* Mohammad Ibrahim Kalbasi * Mirza-ye Qomi *
Zakaria ibn Idris Ash'ari Qomi Zakariya may refer to: People * Zakariya, the father of John the Baptist ( Yahya) in Islam *Zakariya (name), a common personal name in West Asia Places *Zakariya, Iran, a village in western Iran *Zakaria, Iran, a village in northeastern Iran *Az-Z ...
* Seyyed Mohammad Hojjat Kooh Kamari * Ahmad ibn Ishaq Ash'ari Qomi * Zakaria ibn Adam Ash'ari Qomi *
Agha Hossein Khansari Agha Hossein Khansari (), full name Hossein ibn Jamal al-Din Mohammad Khansari (), known as Mohaghegh Khansari () and also known as "''Master of all in all''" (), who was nicknamed "''the disciple of mankind''" () because of the many masters he ...


References


External links


A Comparative Study on the Foundations of the State’s Legal Personality in the Political Thought of Hobbes and Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari

Arabic Manuscript on Paper, Mullah Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari, Kefayah


* ttp://nic.shahed.ac.ir/article_3147.html?lang=en An Analysis of the Components of Sabzevari Scholar's Political Thought in Relation to Karaki Scholar in the Safavid Civilization
Political Life in Mohaghegh-e Sabzevari's View
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabzevari, Mohammad Bagher 1608 births 1679 deaths Shia clerics from Isfahan People from Sabzevar 17th-century Iranian writers Iranian Shia scholars of Islam 17th-century people from Safavid Iran Safavid theologians Burials at Imam Reza Shrine