Metro Manila Transit Corporation
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The Metropolitan Manila Transit Corporation (MMTC) was a
government-owned and controlled corporation In the Philippines, a government-owned and controlled corporation (GOCC; ), sometimes with an "and/or", is a state-owned enterprise that conducts both commercial and non-commercial activity. Examples of the latter would be the Government Service I ...
that operated as a transport company in
Metro Manila Metropolitan Manila ( ), commonly shortened to Metro Manila and formally the National Capital Region (NCR; ), is the capital region and largest List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines, metropolitan area of the Philippines. Located ...
, Philippines. At its peak, MMTC operated several bus routes across Metro Manila. It was best known for its "Love Bus" service and
double-decker bus A double-decker bus is a bus that has two storeys or decks. Double-deckers are used primarily for commuter transport, but open-top models are used as sightseeing buses for tourists, and there are coaches too for long-distance travel. They app ...
routes.


History

After
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, the pre-war
tranvía The Tranvía was a streetcar system that served Manila and its surrounding cities during the early years of the 20th century. History Prior to the tranvia, modes of street transportation in Manila were mostly horse-drawn, consisting of the ...
streetcar system in
Manila Manila, officially the City of Manila, is the Capital of the Philippines, capital and second-most populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City, with a population of 1,846,513 people in 2020. Located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay on ...
was left destroyed, leaving a gap in the city's public transport infrastructure that was subsequently filled by
bus A bus (contracted from omnibus, with variants multibus, motorbus, autobus, etc.) is a motor vehicle that carries significantly more passengers than an average car or van, but fewer than the average rail transport. It is most commonly used ...
es and
jeepney A jeepney (), or simply a jeep (), is a type of Public transport, public utility vehicle (PUV) that serves as the most popular means of Transportation in the Philippines, public transportation in the Philippines. Known for its crowded seating ...
s. Loose regulations, however, resulted in a fragmented public transportation system in Manila and its suburbs dominated by independent transport operators who competed against each another, resulting in inadequate services. During the martial law period under
Ferdinand Marcos Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino lawyer, politician, dictator, and Kleptocracy, kleptocrat who served as the tenth president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled the c ...
, efforts were made to address the problem, as Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 492 on June 27, 1974, which established a
government-owned and controlled corporation In the Philippines, a government-owned and controlled corporation (GOCC; ), sometimes with an "and/or", is a state-owned enterprise that conducts both commercial and non-commercial activity. Examples of the latter would be the Government Service I ...
called the Manila Transit Corporation (MTC). The MTC would serve the role of integrating all public transportation operations in the region under a single corporate entity, thereby streamlining services and eliminating the issues caused by the proliferation of independent transport operators. It was created with a
capital stock In economics, capital goods or capital are "those durable produced goods that are in turn used as productive inputs for further production" of goods and services. A typical example is the machinery used in a factory. At the macroeconomic level, ...
of ₱10 million () divided into 3 million shares. Of these shares, one million shares may be sold to individuals or entities operating public transport vehicles in Metro Manila. On May 12, 1975, MMTC commenced its initial bus operations, introducing an ordinary bus service with a fleet of 30 units on the Monumento–Pasay Rotunda route. On November 7, 1975, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 824, establishing
Metro Manila Metropolitan Manila ( ), commonly shortened to Metro Manila and formally the National Capital Region (NCR; ), is the capital region and largest List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines, metropolitan area of the Philippines. Located ...
and the Metropolitan Manila Commission. Following this, on December 25, 1975, the MTC was renamed as the Metropolitan Manila Transit Corporation (MMTC) and its focus was expanded to cover the newly created metropolitan area through the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 860. The decree also exempted the MMTC from regulation under the Public Service Act. On January 26, 1976, the Love Bus was launched by the MMTC. It was popularized as the first air-conditioned bus service in the country, as well as its strict observance of timetables. By May 1977, the Love Bus had carried over 5.34 million passengers, with a study in February 1976 stating that 19 percent of its passengers used to commute by car. On June 27, 1977, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1168, increasing MMTC's corporate stock to ₱25 million () divided into 6 million shares. The number of shares was then increased to 26 million shares through the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 1465 on June 11, 1978. Around this time, the MMTC reportedly had over 2,500 bus drivers and conductresses and 491 employees in its administration and maintenance departments. On July 23, 1979, Marcos issued Executive Order No. 546, creating the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC) and designating the MMTC as an attached agency of the MOTC. By 1980, the MMTC shifted from its original role in monopolizing all public transport operations in Metro Manila to supporting private operators through integrating fewer but larger bus consortiums, acting as a government tool for achieving broader social and developmental goals, such as pioneering new services and routes. In 1982, the MMTC reported its first profitable year. This would be the only year it generated a profit during its first ten years of operation. On March 20, 1985, Marcos issued Executive Order No. 1011, creating the Land Transportation Commission (LTC) as an attached agency of the MOTC. The order removed MMTC's exemption from regulation, placing it under the authority of the LTC. At some point in the 1990s, the Love Bus was discontinued due to significant losses incurred by MMTC.


Privatization and dissolution

Following the
People Power Revolution The People Power Revolution, also known as the EDSA Revolution or the February Revolution, were a series of popular Demonstration (people), demonstrations in the Philippines, mostly in Metro Manila, from February 22 to 25, 1986. There was a ...
in 1986, which led to Marcos' resignation, the subsequent Aquino administration shifted the government's focus towards deregulating and privatizing the transport sector. As MMTC's net worth declined between 1983 and 1987 and its debt-to-equity ratio increased, the government recommended the
privatization Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector. It is also sometimes used as a synonym for deregulation w ...
of MMTC to the Asset Privatization Trust. In 1991, a
USAID The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is an agency of the United States government that has been responsible for administering civilian United States foreign aid, foreign aid and development assistance. Established in 19 ...
-funded study conducted by
PwC PricewaterhouseCoopers, also known as PwC, is a Multinational corporation, multinational professional services network based in London, United Kingdom. It is the second-largest professional services network in the world and is one of the Big Fo ...
firm Joaquin Cunanan & Co. recommended against the privatization of MMTC at the time, concluding that with its current framework and financial liabilities, MMTC would likely default on its loans. Instead, it recommended the
liquidation Liquidation is the process in accounting by which a Company (law), company is brought to an end. The assets and property of the business are redistributed. When a firm has been liquidated, it is sometimes referred to as :wikt:wind up#Noun, w ...
of MMTC's bus fleet, operations, and other assets while retaining its bus leasing and financing functions. During the Ramos administration, a study group was created in 1994 to formulate a plan to privatize the MMTC. After multiple unsuccessful attempts to liquidate MMTC, the company was eventually sold to its blue-collar employees on April 10, 1995. Its remaining 155 buses were then acquired and operated by four groups formed by the former employees: * United Workers Transport Corporation * Drivers, Conductors, Mechanics (DCOMMP) Multi-Purpose Transport Service Cooperative * Filcomtrans * Fastrans MMTC retained a skeletal workforce of 12 employees and focused on asset liquidation, auditing the four groups operating its former buses, and collecting outstanding payments from prior obligations. After the company had completely ceased operations, its remaining assets were sold and auctioned off. The northern terminal and garage on the corner of North Avenue and Mindanao Avenue in Quezon City was demolished and returned to the National Housing Authority (NHA). The area of that property was then developed in a joint venture between
Ayala Land Ayala Land, Inc. (ALI) is a full line real estate firm based in the Philippines. It is a subsidiary of Ayala Corporation. It began as a division of Ayala Corporation until it was spun off and incorporated in 1988. It became publicly listed in ...
and the NHA into
Vertis North Vertis North is a Transit-oriented development, transit oriented mixed-use development in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. Rising along key major roads such as EDSA, North Avenue (Quezon City), North Avenue, Mindanao Avenue, and Senator M ...
. On the other hand, the southern terminal in Taguig was demolished and returned to Food Terminal Inc. (FTI), which leased the lot and much of the area to the Shoppers Paradise FTI Corporation in the 2000s, then sold most of the area to Ayala Land in 2012, developing most of the area into Arca South.


Bus consortia

During the Marcos administration, the MMTC was one of a few consortia of bus companies based in Metro Manila, while the other consortia consisted of private bus companies. This was a result of Marcos ordering on June 21, 1976 that all bus companies in Metro Manila should be reorganized into four consortia, with MMTC acting as the fifth consortium. However, due to different management and logistical problems encountered in reorganizing the bus operators, the requirement was relaxed to nine consortia and the MMTC through Letter of Instruction No. 532 signed on April 20, 1977. Each consortium was required to have at least 200 operating units and bear the consortium's marks and colors on its units. Any bus companies not part of a consortium would have their certificate of public convenience revoked. The deadline for merging into consortia was moved several times from June 1977 to December 1979. The guidelines in Letter of Instruction No. 532 were then replaced by a new set of guidelines made in 1980 through discussions between the bus companies and then-
Minister of Transportation A ministry of transport or transportation is a ministry responsible for transportation within a country. It usually is administered by the ''minister for transport''. The term is also sometimes applied to the departments or other government a ...
Jose P. Dans


Fares

In 1977, ordinary buses in the Philippines had a fare of ₱0.25 () for the first 5 kilometers and ₱0.05 () per succeeding kilometer. By 1984, both ordinary buses and double-decker buses had a fare of ₱0.80 () for the first and ₱0.21 () for each succeeding kilometer. Limited buses operated on a
flat rate A flat fee, also referred to as a flat rate or a linear rate refers to a pricing structure that charges a single fixed fee for a service, regardless of usage. Less commonly, the term may refer to a rate that does not vary with usage or time of u ...
system with a fare of ₱0.70 () per zone with a special fare of ₱1.85 () per zone. The Love Bus also similarly operated on a flat rate system. A year from its launch, the fare was set at ₱1.50 (), which increased to ₱2.50 () in 1979. By 1984, this amount had increased to ₱5.50 (), and by 1990, it had risen to ₱8.50 ().


Routes

In 1984, MMTC operated 54 ordinary bus routes, 28 air-conditioned bus (Love Bus) routes, five limited bus routes, and three double-decker bus routes.


Love Bus routes

In 1984, MMTC operated 28 Love Bus routes, where 27 routes were within Metro Manila limits while one route was between Metro Manila and
Rizal Rizal most commonly refers to: * Rizal (province), a province of the Philippines * José Rizal, Filipino national hero whom the province is named after Rizal may also refer to: People * Akmal Rizal Ahmad Rakhli, Malaysian footballer * Atep Ri ...
. The first Love Bus route was launched between Escolta and the Makati CBD in 1976 and was its most profitable route. In 1987, the number of Love Bus routes was reduced to 14 routes: * Cubao - Escolta * Cubao - Ayala * Buendia - Ayala * Buendia - Greenhills * Greenhills - Crossing * Crossing - Ayala * U.P. - Ayala * U.P. - Guadalupe * PNR - Ayala via Monumento * PNR Monumento - Crossing * Muñoz - Ayala * Muñoz - Crossing * PNR - Ortigas * West EDSA - Ayala At some point, the Love Bus routes were complemented by Pag-Ibig Bus routes. By 1989, MMTC was only operating four Love Bus and Pag-Ibig Bus routes.


Fleet

The MMTC operated several types of buses, each with varying specifications. The ordinary and limited buses were wide, high, and long. The ordinary buses had a seating capacity of 59, while the limited buses had 58 seats. The double-decker buses measured in width, in height, and in length, and had 100 seats. The Love Bus measured wide, high, and long, with a seating capacity of 54. The Love Bus formerly ran on a fleet of air-conditioned buses that had a
monocoque Monocoque ( ), also called structural skin, is a structural system in which loads are supported by an object's external skin, in a manner similar to an egg shell. The word ''monocoque'' is a French term for "single shell". First used for boats, ...
body design, which was considered a significant milestone at the time as before 1975, all buses in the Philippines were
flatbed truck A flatbed truck (or flatbed lorry in British English) is a type of truck the bodywork of which is just an entirely flat, level 'bed' with no sides or roof. This allows for quick and easy loading of goods, and consequently they are used to trans ...
s mounted with wooden bodies. Its former fleet initially consisted of buses made by industry giants
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,
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, and
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, then expanded into then-lesser known brands such as Ford,
Fiat Fiat Automobiles S.p.A., commonly known as simply Fiat ( , ; ), is an Italian automobile manufacturer. It became a part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles in 2014 and, in 2021, became a subsidiary of Stellantis through its Italian division, Stellant ...
, and four other companies. The Love Bus had also operated
double-decker bus A double-decker bus is a bus that has two storeys or decks. Double-deckers are used primarily for commuter transport, but open-top models are used as sightseeing buses for tourists, and there are coaches too for long-distance travel. They app ...
es, being the first company to do so in the Philippines. The MMTC was also known for maintaining bus operations even during heavy rains or flood. During the curfew under the martial law period, the MetroCom would also direct the MMTC to deploy buses to rescue stranded commuters. In May 1977, the MMTC operated a fleet of 609 buses, consisting of 100 Hino Ordinary units, 50
Volvo B57 Volvo B57 was a front-engined single-decker bus chassis manufactured by Volvo between 1966 and 1982. Since 1970 it was also available as the Volvo BB57, with the engine mounted on top of the front axle, giving the buses very little front overha ...
units, 162 Fiat 331A units, and 147 Ford B-1617 units. The fleet also included 60 Mercedez-Benz buses and 10
Berliet Berliet was a French manufacturer of automobiles, buses, trucks and military vehicles among other vehicles based in Vénissieux, outside of Lyon, France. Founded in 1899, and apart from a five-year period from 1944 to 1949 when it was put into 'a ...
buses of unspecified models. The Love Bus service at the time was served by 100 Hino buses of an unidentified model. The 1984 JUMSUT report estimated that there were 40 double-decker bus units, 370 Love Bus units, and 100 limited bus units in operation as of February of that year. Between 1986 and 1990, the fleet size of the MMTC decreased from 520 units to 484 units. In 1991, double-decker buses and trailer buses were discontinued by MMTC. In that same year, MMTC acquired 92
Nissan is a Japanese multinational Automotive industry, automobile manufacturer headquartered in Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. The company sells its vehicles under the ''Nissan'' and ''Infiniti'' brands, and formerly the ''Datsun'' brand, with in-house ...
shuttle
minibus A minibus, microbus, or minicoach is a passenger-carrying motor vehicle that is designed to carry more people than a multi-purpose vehicle or minivan, but fewer people than a full-size bus. In the United Kingdom, the word "minibus" is us ...
es manufactured by the Columbian Motors Corporation. These operated on routes connecting
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in Quezon City to Lagro Subdivision, the SSS Village and city proper in
Marikina Marikina (), officially the City of Marikina (), is a Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Metro Manila, National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 4 ...
, and in Rizal province, the municipalities of
Angono Angono ( or ), officially the Municipality of Angono (), is a municipality of the Philippines, municipality in the Philippine Province, province of Rizal (province), Rizal, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 130,4 ...
and
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.


Taxi operations

In 1975, to address a shortage of
taxi A taxi, also known as a taxicab or simply a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a Driving, driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of thei ...
s, the MTC ventured into taxi operations with an initial fleet of 50 Harabas Taksi taxicabs manufactured by the Francisco Motors Corporation. These were also supplemented by a fleet of 50 Ford Escorts in 1977. Taxicab drivers were given a chance to own their vehicles through daily installments for a period of two years. Once the installments are paid in full, drivers are invited to join a semi-cooperative plan, where the driver could avail bulk purchases of spare parts and maintenance services from MTC. At its peak, the MMTC operated a fleet of 248 taxicab units of various models. Taxi operations were eventually phased out in July 1983 and were sold on April 7, 1984 to the Metro Manila Taxi Service Cooperative, a private entity created to assume MMTC's taxi operations.


Board of directors

The MMTC was governed by a
board of directors A board of directors is a governing body that supervises the activities of a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government agency. The powers, duties, and responsibilities of a board of directors are determined by government regulatio ...
consisting of six
ex-officio An ''ex officio'' member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, or council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term ''List of Latin phrases (E)#ex officio, ex officio'' is Latin, meaning literally 'from the off ...
cabinet members. The board was chaired by the general manager or governor of Metro Manila, who also served as the MMTC chairman. The other board members included the Secretary of Transportation and Communications, who acted as Vice Chairman, the Secretary of National Defense, the Secretary of Industry, the
Secretary of Finance The Secretariat of the Treasury and Public Credit (, SHCP) is the finance ministry of Mexico. The Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the department, and is a member of the federal executive cabinet, appointed to the post by the President ...
, the Secretary of Public Highways, and one additional member appointed by the
President of the Philippines The president of the Philippines (, sometimes referred to as ) is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-ch ...
, with a term limited to two years.


Notable incidents

* On May 24, 1987, a MMTC bus was grounded and used as a barricade along EDSA during a rally organized by supporters and candidates of the Union for Peace and Progress (UPP) and
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan The New Society Movement (, KBL), formerly named the New Society Movement of United Nationalists, Liberals, et cetera (, KBLNNL), is a Right-wing politics, right-wing political party in the Philippines. It was first formed in 1978 as an umbrel ...
(KBL) parties, who were protesting allegations of
electoral fraud Electoral fraud, sometimes referred to as election manipulation, voter fraud, or vote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of an election, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share o ...
in the 1987 Philippine Senate election. * On June 17, 1992, thousands of MMTC workers conducted a
sitdown strike A sit-down strike (or simply sitdown) is a labour strike and a form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at factories or other centralized locations, take unauthorized or illegal possession of the workpl ...
at multiple MMTC depots and terminals due to unpaid rice subsidies, delayed salaries, and alleged graft and corruption in a bus maintenance contract. The strike coincided with work slowdowns at other bus companies, leaving only 20 buses out of over 300 buses operating in Metro Manila, leaving thousands of commuters stranded. The next day, the Quezon City
Regional Trial Court The regional trial courts (RTC; ) are the highest trial courts in the Philippines. In criminal matters, they have original jurisdiction. History It was formerly called as the Court of First Instance since the Spanish colonial period. It cont ...
granted a petition filed by MMTC president and general manager Antonio Nery to order the workers to put an end to the strike and remove all barricades and
picket line A picket line is a horizontal rope A rope is a group of yarns, Plying, plies, fibres, or strands that are plying, twisted or braided together into a larger and stronger form. Ropes have high tensile strength and can be used for dragging and ...
s. Nery alleged that the strike had resulted in daily losses amounting to about ₱100,000 () and denied the allegations of corruption. He further denounced the strike as "blackmail" and "sabotage" and vowed to press charges against the MMTC
workers' union A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages ...
leaders who organized the strike.


MMTC v. D.M. Consortium, Inc.

In the aftermath of the
1989 Philippine coup attempt The 1989 Philippine coup attempt was the most serious attempted coup d'état against the government of Philippine President Corazon Aquino and part of a series of coup attempts against her. It was staged beginning December 1, 1989, by members o ...
against the Aquino administration, bus operators JD Transit, Inc. and DM Consortium Inc. ceased operations, causing disruption to bus services. In response, President
Corazon Aquino María Corazón "Cory" Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino (; January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009) was a Filipino politician who served as the 11th president of the Philippines and the first woman president in the country, from Presidency of Corazon ...
issued Memorandum Order No. 267 on December 7, 1989, directing the Department of Transportation and Communications to temporarily direct or take over the operations of the two transport companies. On December 9, 1989, MMTC repossessed DMCI's buses, occupied its offices, and attempted to auction off 228 repossessed buses that it was leasing from MMTC, alleging that DMCI had defaulted on its amortization payments. DMCI responded by filing for a
temporary restraining order An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a special court order compelling a party to do or refrain from doing certain acts. It was developed by the English courts of equity but its origins go back to Roman law and the equitable reme ...
against the public auction, which was granted on April 11, 1990. MMTC filed a motion for reconsideration of the restraining order and a
petition for certiorari In law, ''certiorari'' is a Legal process, court process to seek judicial review of a decision of a lower court or government agency. ''Certiorari'' comes from the name of a prerogative writ in England, issued by a superior court to direct that ...
, but these were denied by the courts. In 1995, the Regional Trial Court ruled in favor of DMCI, finding no legal basis for MMTC to repossess the buses or sell them at auction. Both MMTC and DMCI filed motions for reconsideration, with MMTC arguing it was justified to do so under a lease-purchase agreement, while DMCI argued that MMTC did not ensure just compensation as required by MO No. 267. DMCI also sought
damages At common law, damages are a remedy in the form of a monetary award to be paid to a claimant as compensation for loss or injury. To warrant the award, the claimant must show that a breach of duty has caused foreseeable loss. To be recognized at ...
, claiming the buses had deteriorated during the prolonged legal battle. In 2001, the
Court of Appeals An appellate court, commonly called a court of appeal(s), appeal court, court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear a case upon appeal from a trial court or other lower tribunal. Appellat ...
upheld the decision against MMTC and ordered additional compensation, including ₱2 million for DMCI's offices. MMTC appealed to the Supreme Court, contesting the ruling on the repossession and the ₱2 million compensation. The
Supreme Court In most legal jurisdictions, a supreme court, also known as a court of last resort, apex court, high (or final) court of appeal, and court of final appeal, is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts. Broadly speaking, the decisions of ...
denied MMTC's appeal in 2007, affirming the Court of Appeals’ decision.


See also

*
History of the Philippines (1965–1986) The history of the Philippines, from 1965 to 1986, covers the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. The Marcos era includes the final years of the Third Republic (1965–1972), the Philippines under martial law (1972–1981), and the majority of t ...
*
Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program The Public Transport Modernization Program (PTMP), formerly and still commonly referred to as the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP), is a program made by the Department of Transportation (Philippines), Department of Transpor ...
*
Transportation in the Philippines Transportation in the Philippines covers the transportation methods within the archipelagic nation of over 7,600 islands. From a previously underdeveloped state of transportation, the government of the Philippines has been improving transport ...
*
Transportation in Metro Manila The transportation system in Metro Manila covers the road network, rail network, ferries, ports and airports located within the metropolitan Manila area. Road transportation in Metro Manila is diverse, composed of many types of private and pub ...
*
List of bus companies of the Philippines This is a list of bus companies that are operating in the Philippines. These companies may manufacture buses, build bus Coachbuilder, coaches and provide public transport bus service. Brands and manufacturers * Zyle Daewoo Commercial Vehic ...
* List of bus routes in Metro Manila Similar state-owned enterprises *
Bangkok Mass Transit Authority Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (, ), also known as BMTA ( ), is the main operator of public transit buses within the Greater Bangkok area. It is the largest city bus system in Thailand. The Bangkok Mass Transit Authority offers bus and van r ...
*
Land Transport Authority The Land Transport Authority (LTA) is a Statutory boards of the Singapore Government, statutory board under the Ministry of Transport (Singapore), Ministry of Transport of the Government of Singapore. History Incorporation The Land Transport Au ...
*
Prasarana Malaysia Prasarana Malaysia Berhad (Prasarana) (English: Malaysian Infrastructure Limited) is a government-owned company which was set up by Ministry of Finance (Malaysia) as a corporate body established under the Minister of Finance (Incorporation) A ...


References


Notes


External links

* * * {{Transportation in the Philippines Bus companies of the Philippines Bus transportation in Metro Manila Government-owned and controlled corporations of the Philippines 1974 establishments in the Philippines 1997 disestablishments in the Philippines Establishments by Philippine presidential decree Lists of former bus routes