order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
...
in the fungal class
Dothideomycetes
Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi. It comprises 11 orders 90 families, 1,300 genera and over 19,000 known species.
Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more orders to the class.
Traditionally, most of it ...
. By a 2008 estimate, it contained 23
families
Family (from ) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictability, structure, and safety as ...
, 332
genera
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...
and more than 4700
species
A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
. The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water, marine, or terrestrial environments, but several species are also associated with living plants as
parasites
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The en ...
,
epiphyte
An epiphyte is a plant or plant-like organism that grows on the surface of another plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphyt ...
s or
endophyte
An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; ...
s. The best studied species cause plant diseases on important agricultural crops e.g. ''
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
''Cochliobolus heterostrophus'' is a fungal plant pathogen. It can cause southern corn leaf blight in maize.
''Cochliobolus heterostrophus'' is found in many tropical regions and in the southern part of the US. ''Cochliobolus'', although not ...
'', causing southern corn leaf blight on
maize
Maize (; ''Zea mays''), also known as corn in North American English, is a tall stout grass that produces cereal grain. It was domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago from wild teosinte. Native American ...
, ''
Phaeosphaeria nodorum
''Phaeosphaeria nodorum'' (syn. ''Stagonospora nodorum'', synonym and correct taxonomic name: ''Parastagonospora nodorum'') is a major fungal pathogen of wheat ('' Triticum aestivum''), causing the disease Septoria nodorum blotch. It is a member ...
'' (''Stagonospora nodorum'') causing glume blotch on
wheat
Wheat is a group of wild and crop domestication, domesticated Poaceae, grasses of the genus ''Triticum'' (). They are Agriculture, cultivated for their cereal grains, which are staple foods around the world. Well-known Taxonomy of wheat, whe ...
and ''
Leptosphaeria maculans
''Leptosphaeria maculans'' ( anamorph ''Phoma lingam'') is a fungal pathogen of the phylum Ascomycota that is the causal agent of blackleg disease on '' Brassica'' crops. Its genome has been sequenced, and ''L. maculans'' is a well-studied model ...
'' causing a stem canker (called blackleg) on cabbage crops (''
Brassica
''Brassica'' () is a genus of plants in the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae). The members of the genus are informally known as cruciferous vegetables, cabbages, mustard plants, or simply brassicas. Crops from this genus are sometim ...
''). Some species of Pleosporales occur on animal dung, and a small number occur as
lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), m ...
The order was proposed in 1955 as Dothideomycetes with perithecioid
ascomata
An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body (sporocarp (fungi), sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded ascus, asci, each of which typically contains four to ...
taxonomy
image:Hierarchical clustering diagram.png, 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy
Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme o ...
that have not been placed in any family.
*''
Amarenomyces
''Amarenomyces'' is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species ''Amarenomyces dactylidis (2017)
A former species ''A. ammophilae'' (1981) is now '' Amarenographium metableticum'' (still in ...
''
*''
Anguillospora
''Anguillospora'' is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Amniculicolaceae. It was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Cecil Terence Ingold in 1942, with ''Anguillospora longissima'' assigned as the type species. It was found as a ro ...
Ascochyta
''Ascochyta'' is a genus of ascomycete fungi, containing several species that are pathogenic to plants, particularly cereal crops. The taxonomy of this genus is still incomplete. The genus was first described in 1830 by Marie-Anne Libert, who ...
Ocala
Ocala ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Marion County, Florida, United States. Located in North Central Florida, the city's population was 63,591 as of the 2020 census, up from 56,315 at the 2010 census and making it the 43rd-most popul ...
Protocucurbitaria
''Protocucurbitaria'' is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (''incertae sedis
or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its ...
Pyrenochaeta
Pyrenochaeta is a genus of fungus.
It includes the species '' Pyrenochaeta romeroi''. Can cause a disease called eumycetoma
Eumycetoma, also known as Madura foot, is a persistent Mycoses, fungal infection of the skin and the tissues subcu ...
Subbaromyces
''Subbaromyces'' was a genus of fungi in the family Ophiostomataceae, Sordariomycetes. It was later moved to class Laboulbeniomycetes (with unknown order or family) incertae cedis.
The genus was named to honour Yellapragada Subbarow
Yell ...
Wettsteinina
''Wettsteinina'' is a genus of fungus, fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The type species ''Wettsteinina gigantospora'' was first described by Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel in 1907. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class ...
''
*'' Wicklowia''
Although in 2009 when Lentitheciaceae was established it placed various genera such as '' Lentithecium'' and '' Tingoldiago'', plus others.
Evolution
The oldest members of Pleosporales are the fossil genera '' Margaretbarromyces'', which was described from
Eocene
The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes ...
age strata on
Vancouver Island
Vancouver Island is an island in the northeastern Pacific Ocean and part of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The island is in length, in width at its widest point, and in total area, while are of land. The island is the largest ...
, British Columbia, and ''
Cryptodidymosphaerites
''Cryptodidymosphaerites'' is an extinct monotypic genus of pleosporale fungus of uncertain family placement. When described it contained the single species ''Cryptodidymosphaerites princetonensis''. The genus is solely known from the Early Eoc ...
'', described from the
Ypresian
In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age (geology), age or lowest stage (stratigraphy), stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between , is preceded by the Thanetian Age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by th ...
Princeton chert
The Princeton Chert is a fossil locality in British Columbia, Canada, which comprises an anatomically preserved flora of Eocene Epoch age, with rich species abundance and diversity. It is located in exposures of the Allenby Formation on the east ...