Magdalenabradys

''Magdalenabradys'' is an extinct genus of mylodontid ground sloths that lived during the Middle Miocene and Early Pliocene of what is now Colombia and Venezuela. Fossils have been found in the Villavieja Formation of the Honda Group in Colombia, and the Codore and Urumaco Formations of Venezuela.

Discovery

The first remains of ''Magdalenabradys'' were found in the Villavieja Formation of the Honda Group in the strata of the Tatacoa Desert of the Huila Department. The holotype of ''M. confusum'' was found about 9 km east of Villavieja and 2.5 km northeast of Hacienda Argentina, Huila. The holotype consisted of a crushed and distorted skull. The femur is based on eight specimens from six localities, including one femur from a partial skeleton that included a skull and mandible (specimens UCMP 3800, 37999). The cranium and partial mandible of both species were originally assigned to '' Bolivartherium urumaquensis''.

Etymology

The generic name, ''Magdalenabradys'' is derived from the Magdalena River, in which the type specimen was found and ''confusum'' meaning "confused" in reference to the fact that it has originally been confused with '' Pseudoprepotherium''. A second species, ''M. kolossiaia'', was named in 2020. The specific epithet means "colossal".

Taxonomy

''Magdalenabradys confusum'' was originally assigned to the genus ''Pseudoprepotherium'' by Sue Ellen Hirschfeld in 1985. However, it was subsequently found to be a distinct genus 35 years later in 2020. ''Magdalenabradys'' is considered to be a derived mylodontid, closely related to ''Lestodon'', ''Pseudoprepotherium'', and '' Thinobadistes''.

Below is a phylogenetic tree of the Mylodontidae, based on the work of Rincón and McDonald 2020, showing the position of ''Magdalenabradys''.

Paleoecology

The most extensive fossil material to date belongs to the Urumaco sequence, a complex depositional unit that is predominantly exposed in the approximately 36,000 km² large Falcón Basin in the Venezuelan state of Falcón. It is composed of the lithostratigraphic units of the Urumaco and Codore Formations, with remains of ''Magdalenabradys'' being limited to the former formation. The Urumaco sequence covers the Middle Miocene to the Early Pliocene. The main components are different layers of sand, clay and/silt and limestone in which individual coal seams are embedded, at least in the Urumaco Formation. The rock strata were formed in what was originally a coastal area under the influence of a river delta.Luis I. Quiroz und Carlos A. Jaramillo: ''Stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of Miocene shallow to marginal marine deposits in the Urumaco trough, Falcón Basin, Western Venezuela.'' In: Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra, Orangel A. Aguilera und Alfredo A. Carlini (Hrsg.): ''Urumaco and Venezuelan palaeontology, the fossil record of the northern Neotropics.'' Indiana University Press 2010, S. 153–172 From the entire Urumaco sequence, a large number of sites are documented, the exploration of which began as early as the 1950s. They are distributed over a good 60 different stratigraphic levels. The find material consists mainly of fish, especially sharks and rays. In addition, there are also reptiles such as turtles, crocodilians and isolated snakes, as well as mammals appearing with rodents, South American ungulates, manatees, and minor jointed animals among others. The secondary articulated animals show a high diversity, which almost reaches that of the contemporary fauna of southern South America in the Pampas region or in Mesopotamia. Armadillos such as the Pampatheriidae and Glyptodontinae as well as sloths have been found. Mainly in the late 20th and early 21st century, numerous new forms were described, such as '' Urumacocnus'' and ''Pattersonocnus'' from the family Megalonychidae, '' Urumaquia'' and ''Proeremotherium'' as representatives of the large family Megatheriidae and '' Bolivartherium'', '' Pseudoprepotherium'', '' Eionaletherium'' and '' Urumacotherium'' from the family Mylodontidae and their immediate relatives. As a special circumstance of taphonomy , the frequent tradition of limb elements in sloths is to be evaluated, however, from ''Magdalenabradys'', skull remains are also documented.

The Honda Group in Colombia is known for its diverse abundance of fauna, such as xenarthrans, ungulates, primates, rodents, metatherians, crocodilians, turtles, snakes, birds, and fish. There are 2 subunits of the Honda Group; the Villavieja Formation and the La Victoria Formation. ''Magdalenabradys'' fossils are only known from the former formation of the Honda Group.

Mammals from the Honda Group included the fellow mylodontid sloths '' Brievabradys'' and '' Glossotheriopsis'',Villarroel, Carlos. A new Mylodontinae (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) in the Miocene sale fauna of Colombia : the current status of the family Orophodontidae], url=http://www.accefyn.org.co/revista/Vol_24/90/117-127.pdf , date=20131029192656. ''Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales'' (Bogotá) Vol. 24, No. 090, Mar. 2000 p. 117–127. as well as the Scelidotheriidae, scelidotheriid '' Neonematherium'', the basal megatherioid ''Hapalops'' and the nothrotheriid '' Huilabradys'', cingulates such as the dasypodids '' Anadasypus'' and ''Nanoastegotherium'', the pachyarmathere ''Neoglyptatelus'', the pampathere '' Scirrotherium'', and the glyptodont ''Boreostemma''. In addition, the anteater ''Neotamandua'' was also present. Ungulates from the Honda Group included the astrapotheres '' Granastrapotherium'', ''Hilarcotherium'', and '' Xenastrapotherium'', the litopterns ''Megadolodus'',Malcolm C. McKenna. Survival of primitive notoungulates and condylarths into the Miocene of Colombia. ''American Journal of Science'', Vol. 254, December 1956, P.736-743 '' Mesolicaphrium'', ''Neodolodus'', '' Theosodon'', and '' Villarroelia'', and the notoungulates ''Huilatherium'', ''Pericotoxodon'', and ''Miocochilius''. Metatherians from the Honda group included the sparassodonts ''Anachlysictis'', ''Dukecynus'', '' Hondadelphys'', and '' Lycopsis'', the microbiotherians ''Micoureus'' '' Pachybiotherium'', the didelphid '' Thylamys'', the paucituberculates '' Hondathentes'' and '' Pitheculites''. Rodents of the Honda Group included various genera of caviomorphs, such as '' Acarechimys'', '' Eodolichotis'', '' Microscleromys'', '' Microsteiromys'', '' Neoreomys'', '' Olenopsis'' '' Prodolichotis'', '' Rhodanodolichotis'', '' Ricardomys'', '' Scleromys'', and '' Steiromys''. Birds of the Honda Group included the species '' Aramus paludigrus'', ''Galbula hylochoreutes'', and '' Hoazinoides magdalenae''. Reptiles of the Honda Group included crocodylomorphs, snakes, and turtles, such as the sebecid ''Langstonia'', the alligatorids ''Balanerodus'', '' Eocaiman'', ''Mourasuchus'' and ''Purussaurus'' the gavialid ''Gryposuchus'', and the crocodile '' Charactosuchus'', the turtles ''Chelus colombiana'', ''Podocnemis medemi'', and ''Geochelone hesterna'', and the snakes '' Colombophis'' and ''Eunectes stirtoni''.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q113947190

Prehistoric sloths
Pliocene xenarthrans
Miocene xenarthrans
Pliocene mammals of South America
Miocene mammals of South America
Neogene Colombia
Neogene Venezuela
Fossils of Colombia
Fossils of Venezuela
Montehermosan
Huayquerian
Chasicoan
Mayoan
Laventan
Fossil taxa described in 2020
Honda Group, Colombia