
*
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphoma
:: 3–4% of lymphomas in adults
:: Small resting lymphocytes mixed with variable numbers of large activated cells, lymph nodes diffusely
effaced
:: CD5, surface
immunoglobulin
An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y-shaped protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize antigens such as pathogenic bacteria, bacteria and viruses, includin ...
:: 5-year survival rate 50%.
:: Occurs in older adults, usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen, most patients have peripheral blood involvement, indolent
*
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, referred to as B-PLL, is a rare blood cancer. It is a more aggressive, but still treatable, form of leukemia.
Specifically, B-PLL is a prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) that affects prolymphocytes – immature forms ...
*
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (such as
Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Waldenström macroglobulinemia ( , ) is a type of cancer affecting two types of white blood cells: lymphoplasmacytoid cells and plasma cells (both B cells). It is characterized by having high levels of a circulating antibody, immunoglobulin M (I ...
)
*
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
*
Hairy cell leukemia
Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematological malignancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes. The incidence of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is 0.28-0.30 cases per 100,000 people in Europe and the United States and the pre ...
*
Plasma cell
Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or effector B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B cells and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substances ca ...
neoplasms:
**
Plasma cell myeloma (also known as multiple myeloma)
**
Plasmacytoma
Plasmacytoma is a plasma cell dyscrasia in which a plasma cell tumour grows within soft tissue or within the axial skeleton.
The International Myeloma Working Group lists three types: Plasma cell dyscrasia#Solitary plasmacytoma, solitary plasma ...
** Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases
**
Heavy chain diseases
*
Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, also called
MALT lymphoma
MALT lymphoma (also called MALToma) is a form of lymphoma involving the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), frequently of the stomach, but virtually any mucosal site can be affected. It is a cancer originating from B cells in the marginal zon ...
:: About 5% of lymphomas in adults
:: Variable cell size and differentiation, 40% show
plasma cell
Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or effector B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B cells and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substances ca ...
differentiation,
homing of B cells to epithelium creates lymphoepithelial lesions.
:: CD5,
CD10
Neprilysin (; also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), neutral endopeptidase (NEP), cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MME'' ge ...
, surface Ig
:: Frequently occurs outside lymph nodes, very indolent, may be cured by local excision
*
Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma
Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (NMZL) is an uncommon form of marginal-zone lymphoma that can produce colonization of the follicles in the lymph node
A lymph node, or lymph gland, is a kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system and the ad ...
*
Follicular lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a cancer that involves certain types of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. This cancer is a form of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and it originates from the uncontrolled division of specific types of B-cells ( centrocytes ...
:: About 40% of lymphomas in adults
:: Small "cleaved"
left
Left may refer to:
Music
* ''Left'' (Hope of the States album), 2006
* ''Left'' (Monkey House album), 2016
* ''Left'' (Helmet album), 2023
* "Left", a song by Nickelback from the album ''Curb'', 1996
Direction
* Left (direction), the relativ ...
cells (
centrocytes) mixed with large activated cells (
centroblasts), usually nodular ("follicular") growth pattern
::
CD10
Neprilysin (; also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), neutral endopeptidase (NEP), cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MME'' ge ...
, surface
Ig
:: About 72–77%
:: Occurs in older adults, usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen, associated with t(14;18)
translocation overexpressing
Bcl-2
Bcl-2, encoded in humans by the ''BCL2'' gene, is the founding member of the Bcl-2 family of regulator proteins. BCL2 blocks programmed cell death (apoptosis) while other BCL2 family members can either inhibit or induce it. It was the first a ...
, indolent
*
Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
*
Mantle cell lymphoma
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a type of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, comprising about 6% of cases. It is named for the mantle zone of the lymph nodes where it develops. The term 'mantle cell lymphoma' was first adopted by Raffe ...
:: About 3–4% of lymphomas in adults
:: Lymphocytes of small to intermediate size growing in diffuse pattern
::
CD5
:: About 50
[ to 70%][
:::: 50% for limited stage:
:::: 70% for advanced stage: ]
:: Occurs mainly in adult males, usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen and GI tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The tract is the largest of the body's systems, after the cardiovascular system. T ...
, associated with t(11;14) translocation overexpressing cyclin D1, moderately aggressive
* Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a cancer of B cells, a type of lymphocyte that is responsible for producing antibodies. It is the most common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma among adults, with an annual incidence of 7–8 cases per 100,000 ...
, not otherwise specified
:: About 40–50% of lymphomas in adults
:: Variable, most resemble B cells of large germinal centers, diffuse growth pattern
:: Variable expression of CD10
Neprilysin (; also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), neutral endopeptidase (NEP), cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MME'' ge ...
and surface Ig
:: Five-year survival rate
The five-year survival rate is a type of survival rate for estimating the prognosis of a particular disease, normally calculated from the point of diagnosis. Lead time bias from earlier diagnosis can affect interpretation of the five-year surv ...
60%
:: Occurs in all ages, but most commonly in older adults, may occur outside lymph nodes, aggressive
* Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation
* Epstein–Barr virus positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified
* Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
* Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma
Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, abbreviated PMBL or PMBCL, is a rare type of lymphoma that forms in the mediastinum (the space in between the lungs) and predominantly affects young adults.
While it had previously been considered a subtype of ...
* Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
Intravascular lymphomas (IVL) are rare cancers in which malignant lymphocytes proliferate and accumulate within blood vessels. Almost all other types of lymphoma involve the proliferation and accumulation of malignant lymphocytes in lymph nodes, o ...
* ALK+ large B-cell lymphoma
* Plasmablastic lymphoma
* Primary effusion lymphoma
*
* Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia
:: < 1% of lymphomas in the United States
:: Round lymphoid cells of intermediate size with several nucleoli, starry-sky appearance by diffuse spread with interspersed apoptosis
Apoptosis (from ) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast. Biochemistry, Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (Morphology (biol ...
:: CD10, surface Ig
:: Five-year survival rate 50%
:: Endemic in Africa, sporadic elsewhere, more common in immunocompromised and children, often visceral involvement, highly aggressive
* T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
* T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia
* Aggressive NK cell leukemia
* Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
* Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
* Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma
* Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma
* Blastic NK cell lymphoma
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematologic disease#Hematological malignancies, hematologic malignancy. It was initially regarded as a form of lymphocyte-derived cutaneous lymphoma and alternatively named CD4+CD56+ h ...
* Mycosis fungoides/ Sézary syndrome
:: Most common cutaneous lymphoid malignancy
:: Usually small lymphoid cells with convoluted nuclei that often infiltrate the epidermis, creating Pautrier microabscesseses
:: CD4
In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 is found on the surface of immune cells such as helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic c ...
:: 5-year survival
The five-year survival rate is a type of survival rate for estimating the prognosis of a particular disease, normally calculated from the point of diagnosis. Lead time bias from earlier diagnosis can affect interpretation of the five-year surviva ...
75%
:: Localized or more generalized skin symptoms, generally indolent, in a more aggressive variant, Sézary's disease, skin erythema
Erythema (, ) is redness of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by hyperemia (increased blood flow) in superficial capillaries. It occurs with any skin injury, infection, or inflammation. Examples of erythema not associated with pathology inc ...
and peripheral blood involvement
* Primary cutaneous CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders
** Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma
** Lymphomatoid papulosis
* Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified
:: Most common T cell lymphoma
:: Variable, usually a mix small to large lymphoid cells with irregular nuclear contours
:: CD3
:: Probably consists of several rare tumor types, often disseminated and generally aggressive
* Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
* Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) refers to a group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in which aberrant T cells proliferate uncontrollably. Considered as a single entity, ALCL is the most common type of peripheral lymphoma and represents ~10% of all per ...
: ALK-positive and ALK-negative types
* Breast plant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma
* B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma not otherwise specified
* B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with recurrent genetic abnormalities
* T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
:: 15% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the Lymphocyte, lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of lymphoblast, immature lymphocytes. Symptoms may include feeling tired, pale skin color, fever, ...
and 90% of lymphoblastic lymphoma.
:: Lymphoblast
__NOTOC__
A lymphoblast is a modified naive lymphocyte with altered cell morphology. It occurs when the lymphocyte is activated by an antigen and increased in volume by nucleus and cytoplasm growth as well as new mRNA and protein synthesis. The ly ...
s with irregular nuclear contours, condensed chromatin, small nucleoli and scant cytoplasm without granules
:: TdT, CD2, CD7
:: It often presents as a mediastinal mass because of involvement of the thymus
The thymus (: thymuses or thymi) is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, T cells mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts to specific foreign invaders. The thymus ...
. It is highly associated with '' NOTCH1'' mutations, and is most common in adolescent
Adolescence () is a transitional stage of human physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood (typically corresponding to the age of majority). Adolescence is usually associated w ...
males.
* Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of lymphoma in which cancer originates from a specific type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, where multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells (RS cells) are present in the lymph nodes. The condition was named a ...
s:
** Nodular sclerosis form of Hodgkin lymphoma
:: Most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma
:: Reed–Sternberg cell variants and inflammation, usually broad sclerotic bands that consist of collagen
:: CD15, CD30
CD30, also known as TNFRSF8 ( TNF receptor superfamily member 8), is a cell membrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and a tumor marker for anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
Function
This receptor is expressed by activate ...
:: Most common in young adults, often arises in the mediastinum
The mediastinum (from ;: mediastina) is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. Surrounded by loose connective tissue, it is a region that contains vital organs and structures within the thorax, mainly the heart and its vessels, the eso ...
or cervical lymph nodes
** Mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma
:: Second-most common form of Hodgkin lymphoma
:: Many classic Reed–Sternberg cells and inflammation
:: CD15, CD30
:: Most common in men, more likely to be diagnosed at advanced stages than the nodular sclerosis form Epstein–Barr virus
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of the nine known Herpesviridae#Human herpesvirus types, human herpesvirus types in the Herpesviridae, herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in ...
involved in 70% of cases
** Lymphocyte-rich
** Lymphocyte depleted or not depleted
* Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a slow-growing CD20 positive form of Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer of the immune system's B cells.
NLPHL is an uncommon sub-type of Hodgkin lymphoma, making up 5-10% of Hodgkin lymphomas. It ...
* Associated with a primary immune disorder
* Associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV
The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of '' Lentivirus'' (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the im ...
)
* Post-transplant
* Associated with methotrexate
Methotrexate, formerly known as amethopterin, is a chemotherapy agent and immunosuppressive drug, immune-system suppressant. It is used to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, and ectopic pregnancy, ectopic pregnancies. Types of cancers it is u ...
therapy
* Primary central nervous system lymphoma occurs most often in immunocompromised patients, in particular those with AIDS, but it can occur in the immunocompetent, as well. It has a poor prognosis, particularly in those with AIDS. Treatment can consist of corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones. Two main classes of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are invol ...
, radiotherapy
Radiation therapy or radiotherapy (RT, RTx, or XRT) is a treatment using ionizing radiation, generally provided as part of cancer therapy to either kill or control the growth of malignant cells. It is normally delivered by a linear particle ...
, and chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated chemo, sometimes CTX and CTx) is the type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (list of chemotherapeutic agents, chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) in a standard chemotherapy re ...
, often with methotrexate.