LGBTQ Representation In Adult Animation

In the United States, before the enforcement of the Hays Code, some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience members rather than children. Following the introduction of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, independent animation producers attempted to establish an alternative to mainstream animation. Initially, few animation studios in the United States attempted to produce animation for adult audiences, but later examples of animation produced for adults would gain mainstream attention and success. Some of the most prominent animations with these mature/adult themes include ''Aqua Teen Hunger Force'', ''BoJack Horseman'', ''South Park'', ''Family Guy'', '' Mission Hill'', and ''Archer'', along with other adult animated television series, feature films, and animation in other forms which helped the genre expand over the years, beyond animated sitcoms.

Pre-Code animation

The earliest cartoon series were based upon popular comic strips, and were directed at family audiences. Most animation produced during the silent film era was not intended to be shown to any specific age group, but occasionally contained humor that was directed at adult audience members. Writer Michael Tisserand argued that all animations were "adult swims in the early days of American animation," with shapes which were hand-drawn, frolicking and not behaving "correctly" before audience members who "reacted with shock". Some scholars, like Jason Mittel, stated that the assumed audience of these early cartoons, particularly ''Looney Tunes'', has alternated from their initial unspecific audience, to children, and back to general audiences. The earliest known instance of censorship in animation occurred when the censorship board of Pennsylvania requested that references to bootlegging be removed from Walt Disney's 1925 short '' Alice Solves a Puzzle''. One of the earliest animated pornographic films was ''Eveready Harton in Buried Treasure'', produced circa 1928, possibly produced for a private party in honor of Winsor McCay. According to Karl F. Cohen's 1998 book, ''Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America'', rumor held that the film was developed in Cuba years after it was completed, because no lab in New York City would process the film.

The Motion Picture Association of America, then known as the Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors Association, was established in 1922 as the result of public objection to adult content in films, and a series of guidelines were established. Until the Hays Code was enforced, many animated shorts featured suggestive content, including sexual innuendo, references to alcohol and drug use, and mild profanity. In the 1920s and 1930s, X-rated cartoons were produced and shown, building upon the "small non-theatrical industry" which had developed "around pornographic films before WWI."

The latter cartoons came at time when the U.S. military began to commission animated films to train recruits. Also see page
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/ref> This morphed into the U.S. Army's First Motion Picture Unit, which existed from 1942 to 1945, located at Hal Roach Studios in Culver City, California. The unit included filmmakers like Frank Capra, ''Looney Tunes'' creator Rudolf Ising, animator Frank Thomas, and cartoonist Dr. Seuss