The Kuznetsov Design Bureau (, also known as OKB-276) was a Russian design bureau for

aircraft engine An aircraft engine, often referred to as an aero engine, is the power component of an aircraft propulsion system. Aircraft using power components are referred to as powered flight. Most aircraft engines are either piston engines or gas turbin ...

s, administrated in Soviet times by Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov. It was also known as (G)NPO Trud (or NPO Kuznetsov) and Kuybyshev Engine Design Bureau (KKBM). NPO Trud was replaced in 1994 by a Joint Stock Company (JSC), Kuznetsov R & E C.Shahab-5/IRSL-X-3, KOSAR/IRIS
/ref> By the early 2000s the lack of funding caused by the poor economic situation in Russia had brought Kuznetsov to the verge of bankruptcy. In 2009 the Russian government decided to consolidate a number of engine-making companies in the Samara region under a new legal entity. This was named

JSC Kuznetsov JSC Kuznetsov () is one of the leading Russian producers of aircraft engines, liquid-propellant rocket engines as well as aeroderivative gas turbines and modular stations. The current joint-stock company was established through the consolidation ...

, after the design bureau.

Products

Aircraft engines

The Kuznetsov Bureau first became notable for producing the monstrous Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprop engine that powered the

Tupolev Tu-95 The Tupolev Tu-95 (; NATO reporting name: "Bear") is a large, four-engine turboprop-powered strategic bomber and missile platform. Maiden flight, First flown in 1952, the Tu-95 entered service with the Soviet Long Range Aviation, Long-Range Avia ...

bomber A bomber is a military combat aircraft that utilizes air-to-ground weaponry to drop bombs, launch aerial torpedo, torpedoes, or deploy air-launched cruise missiles. There are two major classifications of bomber: strategic and tactical. Strateg ...

beginning in 1952 as a development of the Junkers 0022 engine. The new engine eventually generated about 15,000

horsepower Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement of power, or the rate at which work is done, usually in reference to the output of engines or motors. There are many different standards and types of horsepower. Two common definitions used today are t ...

(11.2

megawatt The watt (symbol: W) is the unit of Power (physics), power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−3. It is used to quantification (science), quantify the rate of Work ...

s) and it was also used in the large Antonov An-22

Soviet Air Force The Soviet Air Forces (, VVS SSSR; literally "Military Air Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"; initialism VVS, sometimes referred to as the "Red Air Force") were one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Sovie ...

transport. Kuznetsov also produced the Kuznetsov NK-8 turbofan engine in the class that powered the

Ilyushin Il-62 The Ilyushin Il-62 (; NATO reporting name: Classic) is a Soviet Union, Soviet long-range Narrow-body aircraft, narrow-body jetliner conceived in 1960 by Ilyushin. As a successor to the popular turboprop Ilyushin Il-18, Il-18 and with capacit ...

and

Tupolev Tu-154 The Tupolev Tu-154 (; NATO reporting name: "Careless") is a three-engined, medium-range, narrow-body airliner designed in the mid-1960s and manufactured by Tupolev. A workhorse of Soviet and (subsequently) Russian airlines for several decades, ...

airliner An airliner is a type of airplane for transporting passengers and air cargo. Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines. The modern and most common variant of the airliner is a long, tube shaped, and jet powered aircraft. The largest ...

s. This engine was next upgraded to become the about Kuznetsov NK-86 engine that powered the

Ilyushin Il-86 The Ilyushin Il-86 (; NATO reporting name: Camber) is a retired short- to medium- range wide-body jet airliner that served as the USSR's first wide-bodied aircraft. Designed and tested by the Ilyushin design bureau in the 1970s, it was certifi ...

aircraft. This Bureau also produced the Kuznetsov NK-144

afterburning An afterburner (or reheat in British English) is an additional combustion component used on some jet engines, mostly those on military aircraft, military supersonic aircraft. Its purpose is to increase thrust, usually for supersonic flight, ta ...

turbofan engine. This engine powered the early models of the

Tupolev Tu-144 The Tupolev Tu-144 (; NATO reporting name: Charger) is a Soviet supersonic airliner, supersonic passenger airliner designed by Tupolev in operation from 1968 to 1999. The Tu-144 was the world's first commercial supersonic transport aircraft wit ...

SST. The Kuznetsov Design Bureau also produced the Kuznetsov NK-87 turbofan engine that was used on the

Lun-class ekranoplan The ''Lun''-class ekranoplan (List of ships of Russia by project number, Soviet classification: Project 903) is the only ground effect vehicle (GEV) to ever be Initial operating capability, operationally deployed as a Surface combatant, warshi ...

. (Only one such aircraft has ever been produced.) Kuznetsov's most powerful aviation engine is the Kuznetsov NK-321 that propels the

Tupolev Tu-160 The Tupolev Tu-160 (; NATO reporting name: Blackjack) is a supersonic, variable-sweep wing nuclear-capable heavy strategic bomber and airborne missile platform designed by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the Soviet Union in the 1970s. The aircra ...

bomber and was formerly used in the later models of the Tu-144

supersonic transport The ogive.html" ;"title="Concorde supersonic transport had an ogive">ogival delta wing, a slender fuselage and four underslung Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 engines. file:Tu-144.jpg, The Tupolev Tu-144 was the first SST to enter service and th ...

(an SST that is now obsolete and no longer flown). The NK-321 produced a maximum of about of thrust. Kuznetsov aircraft engines include: * RD-12 turbojet. * RD-14 turbojet. * RD-20 turboprop.

BMW 003 The BMW 003 (full RLM designation 109-003) is an early axial turbojet engine produced by BMW AG in Germany during World War II. The 003 and the Junkers Jumo 004 were the only German turbojet engines to reach production during World War II. W ...

; powered the

MiG-9 The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 (, USAF/DoD reporting names, USAF/DoD designation: Type 1, NATO reporting name: Fargo) was the first turbojet fighter aircraft, fighter developed by Mikoyan, Mikoyan-Gurevich in the years immediately after World War I ...

. * TV-022 turboprop. Reproduction of the Junkers Jumo 022. * TV-2 turboprop. Improved version of TV-022. * NK-4

turboprop A turboprop is a Gas turbine, gas turbine engine that drives an aircraft Propeller (aeronautics), propeller. A turboprop consists of an intake, reduction drive, reduction gearbox, gas compressor, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propellin ...

. Powered the early

Antonov An-10 The Antonov An-10 Ukraina (; NATO reporting name: Cat) is a four-engined turboprop passenger transport aircraft designed in the Soviet Union. Design and development Development of a four-engined airliner intended for use on routes from began ...

and

Ilyushin Il-18 The Ilyushin Il-18 (; NATO reporting name: Coot) is a large turboprop airliner that first flew in 1957 and became one of the best known Soviet aircraft of its era. The Il-18 was one of the world's principal airliners for several decades and wa ...

. * NK-6

turbofan A turbofan or fanjet is a type of airbreathing jet engine that is widely used in aircraft engine, aircraft propulsion. The word "turbofan" is a combination of references to the preceding generation engine technology of the turbojet and the add ...

. Tested on the Tupolev Tu-95LL and was considered for the

Tupolev Tu-22 The Tupolev Tu-22 ( Air Standardization Coordinating Committee name: Blinder) was the first supersonic bomber to enter production in the Soviet Union. Manufactured by Tupolev, the Tu-22 entered service with Long-Range Aviation and Soviet Nav ...

and Tupolev Tu-123, but this never happened. * NK-8

. Powers the original

, A-90 Orlyonok

ekranoplan A ground-effect vehicle (GEV), also called a wing-in-ground-effect (WIGE or WIG), ground-effect craft/machine (GEM), wingship, flarecraft, surface effect vehicle or ekranoplan (), is a vehicle that is able to move over the surface by gaining su ...

and the

A and B models. * NK-12 contra rotating

. Powers all the versions of the

, Tupolev Tu-114, Tupolev Tu-126, Antonov An-22 and the A-90 Orlyonok ekranoplan. Initially designated as TV-12, but renamed to NK-12 in honor of company founder Nikolai Kuznetsov. * NK-14

nuclear-powered Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced b ...

engine. Powered the inboard engine of the prototype Tupolev Tu-119 nuclear-powered aircraft; a modified version of the Tupolev Tu-95. * NK-16

. Was to power the Tupolev Tu-96. * NK-22

. Powered the

Tupolev Tu-22M The Tupolev Tu-22M (; NATO reporting name: Backfire) is a supersonic, variable-sweep wing, long-range strategic and maritime strike bomber developed by the Tupolev, Tupolev Design Bureau in the 1960s. The bomber was reported as being designated ...

0, M1 and M2. * NK-25

. Powers the

3. * NK-26

. Intended for ekranoplans. * NK-32

. Powers the

and the later models of the

. : NK-321 (136 kN cruise 245 kN, NK321M 280 to 300/350 kN, max 386) : NK-32-02 for An-124 Tu-160 and PAK DA ** Kuznetsov PD-30, a geared high-bypass turbofan variant for the An-124 transport or airliners, derived from the NK-32 300 kN (max 328/350) * NK-34 projectural

turbojet The turbojet is an airbreathing jet engine which is typically used in aircraft. It consists of a gas turbine with a propelling nozzle. The gas turbine has an air inlet which includes inlet guide vanes, a compressor, a combustion chamber, and ...

. Intended for seaplanes. * NK-44

. 400 kN (max up to 450 kN) * NK-46

. Cryogenic design intended to power the Tupolev Tu-306 (a 450-seat derivative of the Tu-304). * NK-56

. Was to power the

Ilyushin Il-96 The Ilyushin Il-96 () is a Russian Four-engined jet aircraft, four-engined jet long-haul Wide-body aircraft, wide-body airliner designed by Ilyushin in the former Soviet Union and manufactured by the Voronezh Aircraft Production Association in R ...

, but was cancelled in favor of the Aviadvigatel PS-90. * NK-62

propfan A propfan, also called an open rotor engine, open fan engine is an aircraft engine combining features of turbofans and turboprops. It uses advanced, curved propeller blades without a ducted fan, duct. Propfans aim to combine the speed capabili ...

. Sporting contra-rotating propellers (four blades per propeller) of in diameter, the engine had a thrust of and a

thrust-specific fuel consumption Thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) is the fuel efficiency of an engine design with respect to thrust output. TSFC may also be thought of as fuel consumption (grams/second) per unit of thrust (newtons, or N), hence ''thrust-specific''. This fig ...

(TSFC) of at

takeoff Takeoff is the phase of flight in which an aerospace vehicle leaves the ground and becomes airborne. For aircraft traveling vertically, this is known as liftoff. For aircraft that take off horizontally, this usually involves starting with a tr ...

. The NK-62 was the most powerful turboprop or

ever built, though it never entered service. Tested from 1982 to 1990, the engine was designed for a cruise speed of Mach 0.75 at an altitude of . Cruise thrust was , and cruise TSFC was . The NK-62 was briefly considered for early designs of the Antonov An-70 and for a re-engine of the

Antonov An-124 The Antonov An-124 Ruslan (; ; NATO reporting name: Condor) is a large, strategic airlift, four-engined aircraft that was designed in the 1980s by the Antonov design bureau in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union (USSR). The An-124 is the ...

. * NK-62M

. Developed in 1985–1987, this was an uprated thrust version of the NK-62, with of emergency thrust available. Its TSFC was during takeoff and during cruise. The engine was proposed for use on the

Myasishchev V. M. Myasishchev Experimental Design Bureau (Экспериментальный Машиностроительный Завод им. В. М. Мясищева) or OKB-23, founded in 1951 by MGB UdSSR Vladimir Mikhailovich Mya ...

M-90 giant detachable aircraft. * NK-63

. Ducted propfan based on the NK-32. * NK-64

. 350 kN intended for Tu-204 * NK-65

. Intended for PAK DA * NK-74 270 kN engine for a modified Tu-160 for extended range * NK-86

. Upgraded version of the NK-8, powers the

. * NK-87

. Based on the NK-86, powers the

. * NK-88 experimental

. Powers the

Tupolev Tu-155 The Tupolev Tu-155 is a modified Tupolev Tu-154 (СССР-85035) which was used as an alternative fuel testbed, and was the world's first experimental aircraft operating on hydrogen and later liquid natural gas. The similar Tu-156 was never bui ...

hydrogen and

LNG Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane, C2H6) that has been cooled to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume o ...

powered aircraft. * NK-89 experimental

. Was to power the unbuilt Tupolev Tu-156. * NK-92

(modified to NK-93 further on). 220 to < 350 kN * NK-93

. Ducted, geared propfan intended for the

Tupolev Tu-204 The Tupolev Tu-204 () is a twin-engined medium- range narrow-body jet airliner capable of carrying 210 passengers, designed by Tupolev and produced by Aviastar-SP and Kazan Aircraft Production Association. First introduced in 1995, it was in ...

and Tupolev Tu-330. * NK-94

Cryogenic In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington, DC in 1971) endorsed a univers ...

liquefied natural gas Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane, C2H6) that has been cooled to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume o ...

(LNG) version of the NK-93. Proposed for the 160-seat Tupolev Tu-156M2, Tu-214, and Tu-338. * NK-104 * NK-105A * NK-108

. Like the NK-110, except in tractor instead of pusher configuration. * NK-110

. Like the NK-62, this engine had four-bladed contra-rotating propellers of in diameter, and it supported a cruise speed of Mach 0.75 at altitude. The NK-110 had a takeoff thrust of and TSFC of . In cruise it provided thrust with a TSFC of . The engine was tested in December 1988 but was never certified because of funding problems. Intended for the Tupolev Tu-404. * NK-112

. Cryogenic design intended to power the twin-engine Tupolev Tu-336 (a 120-seat stretched derivative of the Tu-334). * NK-114

. Derived from the NK-93. * NK-144

. Powered the early models of the

supersonic transport. * NK-256 projectual engine with take-off thrust up to 200-220 kN * NK-301

Industrial gas turbines

Kuznetsov industrial gas turbines include: * NK-12ST. Derivative of the NK-12 turboprop. Serial production started in 1974. The engine is designed for gas pipelines. * NK-14ST. (8 MW) 32 percent efficiency, pressure ratio of 9.5, turbine inlet temperature of , exhaust gas flow rate of , fuel gas consumption of , and weight of . * NK-16ST. Derivative of the NK-8 turbofan. Serial production started in 1982. Used in gas compressor stations. * NK-17ST/ NK-18ST. Uprated versions of the NK-16ST gas turbine. * NK-36ST. (25 MW) Derivative of the NK-32 turbofan. Development tests conducted in 1990. * NK-37. (25 MW) Modification of the NK-36ST gas turbine. Designed for electric powerplants with a steam-gas plant. 36.4 percent efficiency, pressure ratio of 23.12, turbine inlet temperature of , exhaust gas flow rate of , fuel gas consumption of , and weight of . * NK-38ST. (16 MW) Derivative of the NK-93 propfan. Development tests conducted in 1995. Serial production started in 1998. * NK-39. (16 MW) Modification of the NK-38ST gas turbine. Designed for electric powerplants with a steam-gas plant. 38 percent efficiency, pressure ratio of 25.9, turbine inlet temperature of , exhaust gas flow rate of , fuel gas consumption of , and weight of .

Rocket engines

In 1959,

Sergey Korolev Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (14 January 1966) was the lead Soviet Aerospace engineering, rocket engineer and spacecraft designer during the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s. He invented the R-7 Sem ...

ordered a new design of

rocket engine A rocket engine is a reaction engine, producing thrust in accordance with Newton's third law by ejecting reaction mass rearward, usually a high-speed Jet (fluid), jet of high-temperature gas produced by the combustion of rocket propellants stor ...

from the Kuznetsov Bureau for the Global Rocket 1 (GR-1)

Fractional Orbital Bombardment System A Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) is a warhead delivery system that uses a low Earth orbit towards its target destination. Just before reaching the target, it deorbits through a retrograde engine burn. The Soviet Union first develop ...

(FOBS)

intercontinental ballistic missile An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a range (aeronautics), range greater than , primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more Thermonuclear weapon, thermonuclear warheads). Conven ...

(ICBM), which was developed but never deployed. The result was the NK-9, one of the first staged-combustion cycle rocket engines. Kuznetsov developed the design into the

NK-15 The NK-15 (GRAU index: 11D51) was a rocket engine designed and built in the late 1960s by the Kuznetsov Design Bureau. The NK designation was derived from the initials of chief designer Nikolay Kuznetsov. The NK-15 was among the most powerful ...

and

NK-33 The NK-33 ( GRAU index: 14D15) and its vacuum-optimized variant, the NK-43, were rocket engines developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the Kuznetsov Design Bureau for the Soviet space program's ill-fated N1 Moon rocket. The NK-33 is am ...

engines in the 1960s, and claimed them to be the highest-performance rocket engines ever built. The engines were to propel the N1 lunar rocket, which in the end was never successfully launched.Lindroos, Marcus
THE SOVIET MANNED LUNAR PROGRAM
''

MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of modern technology and sc ...

''. Accessed: 4 October 2011. As of 2011, the aging NK-33 remains the most efficient (in terms of thrust-to-mass ratio) LOX/Kerosene rocket engine ever created. The

Orbital Sciences Orbital Sciences Corporation (commonly referred to as Orbital) was an American company specializing in the design, manufacture, and launch of small- and medium- class space and launch vehicle systems for commercial, military and other governmen ...

Antares Antares is the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpius. It has the Bayer designation α Scorpii, which is Latinisation of names, Latinised to Alpha Scorpii. Often referred to as "the heart of the scorpion", Antares is flanked by ...

light-to-medium-lift launcher has two modified NK-33 in its first stage, a

solid Solid is a state of matter where molecules are closely packed and can not slide past each other. Solids resist compression, expansion, or external forces that would alter its shape, with the degree to which they are resisted dependent upon the ...

second stage and a

hypergolic A hypergolic propellant is a rocket propellant combination used in a rocket engine, whose components spontaneously ignite when they come into contact with each other. The two propellant components usually consist of a fuel and an oxidizer. The ...

orbit stage. The NK-33s are first imported from Russia to the United States and then modified into Aerojet AJ26s, which involves removing some harnessing, adding U.S. electronics, qualifying it for U.S. propellants, and modifying the steering system. The Antares rocket was successfully launched from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on April 21, 2013. This marked the first successful launch of the NK-33 heritage engines built in early 1970s. Kuznetsov rocket engines include: *Kuznetsov oxygen-rich stage-combustion RP1/LOX rocket engine family. Including NK-9, NK-15, NK-19, NK-21,

, NK-39, NK-43. The original version was designed to power an ICBM. In the 1970s some improved versions were built for the ill-fated Soviet Lunar mission. More than 150 NK-33 engines were produced and stored in a warehouse ever since, with 36 engines having been sold to

Aerojet Aerojet was an American rocket and missile propulsion manufacturer based primarily in Rancho Cordova, California, with divisions in Redmond, Washington, Orange and Gainesville in Virginia, and Camden, Arkansas. Aerojet was owned by GenCorp, ...

general in the 1990s. Two NK-33 derived engines (Aerojet AJ-26) are used in the first stage of the

rocket developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation. The Antares rocket was successfully launched from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on April 21, 2013. This marked the first successful launch of the NK-33 heritage engines built in the early 1970s. TsSKB-Progress also uses the stockpile NK-33 as the first-stage engine of the lightweight version of the Soyuz rocket family, the Soyuz-2-1v. *

RD-107A The RD-107 () and its sibling, the RD-108, are a type of rocket engine used on the R-7 rocket family. RD-107 engines are used in each booster and the RD-108 is used in the central core. The engines have four main combustion chambers (each with ...

rocket engine. Powers the boosters of the R-7 family including the

Soyuz-FG The Soyuz-FG was an improved variant of the Soyuz-U launch vehicle from the R-7 (rocket family), R-7 rocket family, developed by the Progress Rocket Space Centre in Samara, Russia. It featured upgraded first and second stage engines, RD-107A and ...

and

Soyuz-2 Soyuz2 (; GRAU index: 14A14) is a Russian expendable medium-lift launch vehicle and the seventh major iteration of the Soyuz rocket family. Compared to its predecessors, Soyuz-2 features significant upgrades, including improved engines and ...

. *

RD-108A The RD-107 () and its sibling, the RD-108, are a type of rocket engine used on the R-7 rocket family. RD-107 engines are used in each booster and the RD-108 is used in the central core. The engines have four main combustion chambers (each with ...

rocket engine. Powers the core stage of the R-7 family including the

and

References

External links

* * * * * * {{Kuznetsov aeroengines Aircraft engine manufacturers of Russia Aircraft engine manufacturers of the Soviet Union Gas turbine manufacturers Marine engine manufacturers Space industry companies of Russia Rocket engine manufacturers of Russia Companies based in Samara, Russia Engine manufacturers of Russia Design bureaus

Products

Aircraft engines

Industrial gas turbines

Rocket engines

See also

References

External links