Killer Application

A killer application (often shortened to killer app) is any software that is so necessary or desirable that it proves the core value of some larger technology, such as its host computer hardware, video game console, software platform, or operating system. Consumers would buy the host platform just to access that application, possibly substantially increasing sales of its host platform.

Usage

The earliest recorded use of the term "killer app" in print is in the May 24, 1988 issue of '' PC Week'': "Everybody has only one killer application. The secretary has a word processor. The manager has a spreadsheet."

The definition of "killer app" came up during the deposition of Bill Gates in the '' United States v. Microsoft Corp.'' antitrust case. He had written an email in which he described Internet Explorer as a killer app. In the questioning, he said that the term meant "a popular application," and did not connote an application that would fuel sales of a larger product or one that would supplant its competition, as the Microsoft Computer Dictionary defined it.

Introducing the iPhone in 2007, Steve Jobs said that "the killer app is making calls". Reviewing the iPhone's first decade, David Pierce for ''Wired'' wrote that although Jobs prioritized a good experience making calls in the phone's development, other features of the phone soon became more important, such as its data connectivity and the later ability to install third-party software.

The World Wide Web (through the web browsers Mosaic and Netscape Navigator) is the killer app that popularized the Internet, as is the music sharing program Napster.

Examples

Although the term was coined in the late 1980s one of the first retroactively recognized examples of a killer application is the VisiCalc spreadsheet, released in 1979 for the Apple II. Because it was not released for other computers for 12 months, people spent for the software first, then $2,000 to $10,000 (equivalent to $ to $) on the requisite Apple II. ''Byte (magazine), BYTE'' wrote in 1980, "VisiCalc is the first program available on a microcomputer that has been responsible for sales of entire systems", and ''Creative Computing''s VisiCalc review is subtitled "reason enough for owning a computer". Others also chose to develop software, such as EasyWriter, for the Apple II first because of its higher sales, helping Apple defeat rivals Commodore International and Tandy Corporation.

The co-creator of WordStar, Seymour Rubinstein, argued that the honor of the first killer app should go to that popular word processor, given that it came out a year before VisiCalc and that it gave a reason for people to buy a computer. However, whereas WordStar could be considered an incremental improvement (albeit a large one) over smart typewriters like the IBM Electronic Selectric Composer, VisiCalc, with its ability to instantly recalculate rows and columns, introduced an entirely new paradigm and capability unavailable on larger computers.

Lotus 1-2-3 similarly benefited sales of the IBM PC. Noting that computer purchasers did not want PC compatibility as much as compatibility with certain PC software, ''InfoWorld'' suggested "let's tell it like it is. Let's not say 'PC compatible', or even 'MS-DOS compatible'. Instead, let's say '1-2-3 compatible'."

The UNIX Operating System became a killer application for the DEC PDP-11 and VAX-11 minicomputers during roughly 1975–1985. Many of the PDP-11 and VAX-11 processors never ran DEC's operating systems (RSTS or VAX/VMS), but instead, they ran UNIX, which was first licensed in 1975. To get a virtual-memory UNIX ( BSD 3.0), requires a VAX-11 computer. Many universities wanted a general-purpose timesharing system that would meet the needs of students and researchers. Early versions of UNIX included free compilers for C, Fortran, and Pascal, at a time when offering even one free compiler was unprecedented. From its inception, UNIX drives high-quality typesetting equipment and later PostScript printers using the nroff/troff typesetting language, and this was also unprecedented. UNIX is the first operating system offered in source-license form (a university license cost only $10,000, less than a PDP-11), allowing it to run on an unlimited number of machines, and allowing the machines to interface to any type of hardware because the UNIX I/O system is extensible. Unix's lack of a killer app, however, prevented its widespread adoption by companies, industry analyst Jean Yates said: "I hope nix creatorAT&T will go down on its knees to Lotus".

Applications and operating systems

* 1979: Apple II: VisiCalc (first spreadsheet program and killer app)
* 1979: CP/M systems: WordStar 1982: ported to CP/M-86 and IBM PC compatible/MS-DOS
* 1983: IBM PC compatible/MS-DOS: Lotus 1-2-3 (spreadsheet)
* 1985: Macintosh: Aldus (now Adobe) PageMaker (first desktop publishing program)
* 1985: AmigaOS: Deluxe Paint, Video Toaster, Prevue Guide
* 1993: Acorn Archimedes: Sibelius
* 1995: Windows 95

Video games

The term applies to video games that persuade consumers to buy a particular video game console or accessory, by virtue of platform exclusivity. Such a game is also called a "system seller".

* ''Space Invaders'', originally released for arcades in 1978, became a killer app when it was ported to the Atari VCS console in 1980, quadrupling sales of the three-year-old console.
* ''Star Raiders'', released in 1980, was the first killer app computer game. ''BYTE'' named it the single most important reason for sales of Atari 400 and 800 computers. Another was '' Eastern Front (1941)'', released in 1981.
* In 1996, ''Computer Gaming World'' wrote that '' Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord'' (1981) "sent '' AD&D'' fans scrambling to buy Apple IIs".
* The Famicom home port of ''Xevious'' is considered the console's first killer app, which caused system sales to jump by nearly 2 million units.
* ''Computer Gaming World'' stated that ''The Legend of Zelda (video game), The Legend of Zelda'' on the Nintendo Entertainment System, '' Phantasy Star II'' on the Sega Genesis, and '' Far East of Eden'' for the NEC TurboGrafx-16 were killer apps for their consoles.
* The ''Super Mario'', ''Final Fantasy'', and ''Dragon Quest'' series were killer apps for Nintendo's Famicom and Super Famicom consoles in Japan.
* '' John Madden Football''s popularity in 1990 helped the Genesis gain market share against the Super NES in North America.
** ''Sonic the Hedgehog'', released in 1991, was hailed as a killer app as it revived sales of the three-year-old Genesis.
** ''Mortal Kombat'' helped pushed the sales of the Genesis due to being uncensored unlike the Nintendo version.
** '' Streets of Rage'' became a system seller for the Mega Drive/Genesis in the UK.
* ''Street Fighter II'', originally released for arcades in 1991, became a system-seller for the Super NES when it was ported to the platform in 1992.
** '' Donkey Kong Country'' for the SNES helped Nintendo's comeback against Sega.
* ''Myst'' and '' The 7th Guest'', both released in 1993, drove adoption of CD-ROM drives for personal computers.
*'' Virtua Fighter 2'', '' Nights into Dreams'', and ''Sakura Wars'' are the killer apps for the Sega Saturn.
** ''Euro 96'' and '' Sega Rally Championship'' are major system-sellers for the Sega Saturn in the United Kingdom, with the latter becoming the fastest selling CD game.
**'' Die Hard Arcade'' and '' Fighters Megamix'' boosted the Sega Saturn's sales in the United States.
*''Ridge Racer'', ''Tekken'', '' Wipeout'', ''Tomb Raider'', and '' Crash Bandicoot'' are the killer apps for the PlayStation. ''Tomb Raider'' was released for the Sega Saturn first and for MS-DOS at the same time, but the games contributed substantially to the original PlayStation's early success.
**'' Final Fantasy VII'' is another killer app for the PlayStation. ''Computing Japan'' magazine said that it was largely responsible for the PlayStation's global installed base increasing 60% from units sold by November 1996 to units sold by May 1997.
*'' Super Mario 64'' and '' GoldenEye 007'' are the killer apps for the Nintendo 64.
*'' Virtua Fighter 3'', ''Sonic Adventure'', and '' The House of the Dead 2'' are the killer apps for the Dreamcast.
**'' NFL 2K'' is a killer app for the Dreamcast in the United States.
*'' Gran Turismo 3'' and the ''Grand Theft Auto'' games are the killer apps for the PlayStation 2.
*'' Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader'', '' Super Smash Bros. Melee'', and ''Super Mario Sunshine'' are the killer apps for the GameCube.
* '' Halo: Combat Evolved'' and ''Halo 2'' are the killer apps for the Xbox, and the subsequent series entries became killer apps for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One.
** Many video game and technology critics call Xbox Live a more general killer app for the Xbox.
** '' Blue Dragon'' is a killer app for the Xbox 360 in Japan.
* '' Wii Sports'' is the killer app for the Wii.
* '' Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots'' boosted PlayStation 3 sales.
* '' Mario Kart 8'' is a killer app for the Wii U in the UK.
* '' The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild'' is a killer app for the Nintendo Switch.
* '' Half-Life: Alyx'' is a killer app for virtual reality headsets, as the first true AAA virtual reality game. Sales of VR headsets such as the Valve Index increased dramatically after its announcement, suggesting users bought the product specifically for the game.
* ''Microsoft Flight Simulator'' was called a killer app for Xbox Game Studios's Xbox Game Pass subscription, and the Xbox Series X/S.
* ''Pokémon'' games are killer apps for Nintendo handhelds, often topping the best-selling charts for whatever system they appear on.

See also

* Disruptive innovation
* Unique selling point
* Vendor lock-in
* Use case

References

{{reflist, refs=

{{cite book , last1=Stevens , first1=Chris , title=Designing for the iPad: Building Applications that Sell , date=January 4, 2011 , publisher=John Wiley & Sons , isbn=978-0-470-97693-7 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUUfc9Z06D4C&pg=PA100 , language=en

{{cite journal , title=The Origins of Word Processing Software for Personal Computers: 1976-1985 , author1=Bergin, Thomas J. , journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing , date=Oct–Dec 2006 , volume=28 , issue=4 , pages=32–47 , doi=10.1109/MAHC.2006.76 , s2cid=18895790

{{cite magazine , title=The lack of a killer app , magazine=Computing Japan , date=1997 , volume=36-41 , page=44 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdqZAAAAIAAJ , publisher=LINC Japan , quote=Noguchi points out that every time sales of a particular game console have taken off, it has been because it had a new "killer software". Nintendo had '' Super Mario Bros.'', ''Dragon Quest'', and ''Final Fantasy''. And Sony PlayStation now has '' Final Fantasy VII'', which has been selling like hotcakes since it was released at the end of January. Total shipments of PlayStation, which numbered 10 million worldwide as of November 1996, had jumped to 12 million by February 14 and 16 million by the end of May.

{{cite news , last= Vaughan-Nichols , first=Steven , date=May 14, 2013 , title=Goodbye, Lotus 1-2-3 , url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/goodbye-lotus-1-2-3/ , access-date=January 24, 2022

Computer jargon
Video game marketing
Innovation