Katun (commune)

The katun (; ; ; ) is a rural self-governing community in the Balkans, traditional of the living style of Albanians, Vlachs (in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia), as well as some Slavic communities of hill people. Traditionally, a katun is based on strong kinship ties and the practice of a closed farming economy based on stockbreeding, constantly moving to find pasture. The community based its organizational, political and economic activities on the decisions of a council of elders or a senior member appointed as its leader. The Albanian communities strictly followed the Kanun, their traditional customary law that has directed all the aspects of their kinship-based society.

This form of association of people resulted from the absence of strong central government. Particularly autonomous katuns are observed in documents from the second half of the 14th and 15th centuries. Usually it is described as "mountainous landscape with pastures where people lived temporarily with cattle and where they lived only during the summer in huts". However, this description is more in line with today's distinct form of nomadic pastoralism called transhumance, whereas in the medieval times it had socio-political dimension, and significance in social and state affairs.

Terminology

The katun has changed its physiognomy over time, so it is difficult to pinpoint one definition that would explain exact meaning throughout the history. Over time, ''katun'' became a synonym for a particular settlement. Medieval ''katun'' is neither a temporary nor permanent summer in Romanian, or (), in a modern sense of these words. In the area of the medieval Bosnian state, the socio-political life of the Vlach population was organized in a specific way, which bear certain similarities with the organization among Vlachs across the neighboring Balkans areas and states. Various authors have suggested that katun is a word of Illyrian, Thracian, Uralo-Altaic, Proto-Bulgarian or some other origin.Milenko Filipović, "Katun u našoj istoriografiji", Simpozijum o srednjovjekovnom katunu, Naučno društvo SR Bosne i Hercegovine, Posebna izdanja, knjiga II, Odjeljenje Istorijsko-filoloških nauka I, urednik Milenko Filipović, Sarajevo 1963, pp.9-14Zef Mirdita, Vlasi starobalkanski narod, Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb 2009, p.350

Development and earliest records

A katun consisted of a community of several families or households gathered around one leader who directed the organizational, political and economic goals of his group. The main occupation in the katun was always cattle breeding, almost exclusively sheep and to some extent goats, so the community used to be quite mobile. Earlier, nomadic pastoralism was characterized with the construction of temporary camps under tents. Erection of tents in the 14th and 15th centuries could be interpreted as the gradual expansion of the katun into new territories, or the first step towards building more permanent settlements, most often villages. The shape and scope of the katuns varied, and their warrior companies were important. These companies used to serve under local Slavic noblemen, who often bore the title of voivode. They sometimes served under foreign militaries, such as the Venetians and the Ottomans. In the end, some katuns managed to expand into larger territories, where there was a lack of influence from the regional or central government and social relations. In the second half of the 14th and 15th centuries, some of these katuns built permanent villages, outside or in the župas themselves. They inhabited Church estates and city districts and townships, which were already subordinated to a city municipality or to local lords. By settling themselves, those katuns brought some elements of self-governance and gathered more scattered villages around them. Other, usually smaller, ''katuns'' joined them, the resulting groups being called "municipalities". Such groups (municipalities and katuns) could encompass a large number of villages and hamlets, and numerous population of different ethnic and/or cultural background.

Earliest katuns in records

The earliest news about Vlach ''katuns'' can be found in the sources of Byzantine provenance, in the letters of Patriarch Nicholas to Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, at the very beginning of the 12th century. The first mentions of katuns in medieval Bosnia dates back from the 14th century and are related to the Burmazi (1300), Banjani (1319), Drobnjaci (1354), Predojevići (1356), Mirilovići (1366), Zlokruha (1367), Žurovići (1367), Ugarci (1368), Vlahovići (1368), Tomići (1369), Vragovići (1376), Plijeske (1377), Prijeraci (1377), Kresojevići (1379), Perutinići (1386), Hrabreni (1388), Kutlovići (1393) and Maleševci (1397).Desanka Kovačević-Kojić, "Srednjovjekovni katuni po dubrovačkim izvorima", Simpozijum o srednjovjekovnom katunu, Naučno društvo SR Bosne i Hercegovine, Posebna izdanja, knjiga II, Odjeljenje Istorijsko-filoloških nauka I, urednik Milenko Filipović, Sarajevo 1963, p.124
Stefan Uroš II mentions Albanian katuns in the region of Drenica between 1246-1255. Albanian and Vlach katuns are mentioned as being gifted to the Visoki Dečani monastery in 1330, and in Stefan Dušan's chrystobull of 1348 a total of 9 Albanian katuns are mentioned around the vicinity Prizren.Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A short history. Macmillan. p. 54.  "From the details of the monastic estates given in the chrysobulls, further information can be gleaned about these Vlachs and Albanians. The earliest reference is in one of Nemanja's charters giving property to Hilandar, the Serbian monastery on Mount Athos: 170 Vlachs are mentioned, probably located in villages round Prizren. When Dečanski founded his monastery of Decani in 1330, he referred to 'villages and katuns of Vlachs and Albanians' in the area of the white Drin: a katun (alb.:katund) was a shepherding settlement. And Dusan's chrysobull of 1348 for the Monastery of the Holy Archangels in Prizren mentions a total of nine Albanian katuns."

Chieftains

The elder was chosen from a family that stood out for his wealth and war reputation, and oftentimes, but not always, he would be able to pass the seniority to his descendants. He would govern the community during a movement or war, and would maintain close relation with other elders and representatives of other families. As the ''katun'' grew and organizationally developed, warrior petty nobility multiplied, and in feudal organisation would take a title of '' knez'', who would often rule over 40 or 50 individual villages. Family ties among the prominent individuals were important. The commander of the “warrior company” of the ''katun'' was usually the ''katun'' chieftain, the leader who would bear a specific title called ''katunar''. His son or one of his close relatives (fraternity) would take his place when needed.

See also

* Morlachs

References

Bibliography

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 Further reading

* {{Cite book, last=Grupa autora, url=http://www.istorijskabiblioteka.com/art:istorija-crne-gore-knjiga, title=Historija Crne Gore — II knjiga (II tom), publisher=Editorial Board for the History of Montenegro, others=Sima Cirkovic, Ivan Bozic, Dimitrije Bogdanovic, Vojislav Korać, Jovanka Maksimović, Pavle Mijović, and Vojislav Đurić, year=1970, location=Podgorica

Medieval history of Montenegro
History of the Aromanians
Hill people
Medieval communes
Types of populated places
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