Jigawa (; 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤮𞤤 𞤶𞤭𞤺𞤢𞤱𞤢) is a

state State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...

Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...

, located in the northern region of the country. Jigawa was created on 27 August 1991, under the General

Ibrahim Babangida Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (born 17 August 1941) is a Nigerian statesman and military dictator who ruled as military president of Nigeria from 1985 when he orchestrated a coup d'état against his military and political arch-rival Muhammadu ...

military administration. Jigawa State was formerly part of Kano State and was located in the northeastern-most region of

Kano State Kano (Hausa language, Hausa: ) is one of the 36 States of Nigeria, states of Nigeria, located in the Northern Region, Nigeria, northern region of the country. According to the national census done in 2006, Kano State is the List of Nigerian st ...

. It forms part of Nigeria's national border with the Republic of Niger. The state capital and largest city is Dutse. Jigawa state has 27 local governments. The eighth largest state by population, residents of Jigawa State are predominantly of Hausa or Fulani background. The vast majority of the residents of Jigawa State are

Muslim Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...

, and it is one of the twelve states in the country to be governed by Sharia law. Jigawa State is famous for the ''Dutsen Habude'' cave paintings in the town of Birnin Kudu, which have been dated back to the

Neolithic The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Ancient Greek, Greek 'new' and 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Mesopotamia, Asia, Europe and Africa (c. 10,000 BCE to c. 2,000 BCE). It saw the Neolithic Revo ...

period. The town of Hadejia (formerly ''Biram'') is notable as being one of the traditional "seven true Hausa states". The Jigawa State economy remains largely dependent on

agriculture Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created ...

. Due to state's semi-arid climate, outward migration by workers to neighboring states such as Kano State in search of off-season work is common. Scarcity of

arable land Arable land (from the , "able to be ploughed") is any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.''Oxford English Dictionary'', "arable, ''adj''. and ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2013. Alternatively, for the purposes of a ...

within the state has become increasingly problematic in recent years, with arable farmland increasingly vulnerable to national disasters like

flooding A flood is an overflow of water ( or rarely other fluids) that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are of significant concern in agriculture, civi ...

, which will become more prevalent due to climate change. As a result, tensions between

farmer A farmer is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising field crops, orchards, vineyards, poultry, or other livestock. A farmer ...

s and

nomadic Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas. Such groups include hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), tinkers and trader nomads. In the twentieth century, the population of nomadic pa ...

Fulani herdsmen over arable land have turned violent in recent years.

Geography

Location

Jigawa State is one of thirty-six states that constitute the

Federal Republic of Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...

. It is situated in the northwestern part of the country between latitudes 11.00°N to 13.00°N and longitudes 8.00°E to 10.15°E. Jigawa State borders

for 355 km (221 miles) and

Katsina State Katsina State ( ; 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤳𞤢𞥁𞤭𞤲𞤢) is a state in the northwestern geopolitical zone of Nigeria. It is bordered to the west by Zamfara State, to the east by Kano and Jigawa states, and to the south by Kaduna St ...

for 164 km (102 miles) to the west,

Bauchi State Bauchi (Fula: ''Leydi Bauchi'' 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤦𞤢𞤵𞤷𞥅𞤭) is a States of Nigeria, state in the North East (Nigeria), North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria. It is bordered by Jigawa State, Jigawa to the north, Yobe State, Y ...

to the east and

Yobe State Yobe is a States of Nigeria, state located in northeastern Nigeria. A mainly agricultural state, it was created on 27 August 1991. Yobe State was carved out of Borno State. The capital of Yobe State is Damaturu, and its largest city by populati ...

for 193 km (120 miles) to the northeast. To the north, Jigawa shares an international border with

Zinder Region Zinder Region is one of the seven regions of Niger; the capital of the region is Zinder. The region covers 145,430 km². It is the most populous province of Niger. History Numerous Palaeolithic and Neolithic remains, as well as cave paintin ...

in The Republic of

Niger Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is a unitary state Geography of Niger#Political geography, bordered by Libya to the Libya–Niger border, north-east, Chad to the Chad–Niger border, east ...

for 70 km, which is a unique opportunity for cross-border trading activities. The Nigerian government readily took advantage of this by initiating and establishing a free trade zone at the town of Maigatari on the border with

Climate

Jigawa has a yearly average temperature of 31.23 °C (88.21 °F) and it is 1.77% higher than Nigeria's averages.

Topography

The state has a total land area of approximately 22,410 square kilometres. Its topography is characterized by undulating land, with sand dunes of various sizes spanning several kilometres in parts of the State. The southern part of Jigawa comprises the basement complex while the northeast is made up of sedimentary rocks of the

Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...

Formation. The main rivers are Hadejia, Kafin Hausa and Iggi Rivers with a number of tributaries feeding extensive marshlands in north-eastern part of the State. Hadejia – Kafin Hausa River traverses the state from west to east through the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands and empties into the Lake Chad Basin.

Vegetation

Most parts of Jigawa lie within the Sudan Savannah with elements of Guinea Savannah in the southern part.Total

forest cover Forest cover is the amount of trees that covers a particular area of land. It may be measured as relative (in percent) or absolute (in square kilometres/ square miles). Nearly a third of the world's land surface is covered with forest, with clos ...

in the state is below national average of 14.8%. Due to both natural and human factors, forest cover is being depleted, making the northern part of the state highly vulnerable to desert encroachment. The state enjoys vast fertile arable land to which almost all tropical crops could adapt, thus constituting one of its highly prized natural resources. The Sudan savannah vegetation zone is also made up of vast grazing lands suitable for

livestock Livestock are the Domestication, domesticated animals that are raised in an Agriculture, agricultural setting to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, Egg as food, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The t ...

production.

Flood

Jigawa state is prone to perennial floods which have constantly ravaged the state, causing extensive damage and destruction, wreaking havoc on farm lands.

Population

The socio-cultural situation in Jigawa State could be described as homogeneous: it is mostly populated by Hausa/ Fulani, who can be found in all parts of the state. Kanuri are largely found in Hadejia Emirate, with some traces of Badawa mainly in its Northeastern parts. Even though each of the three dominant tribes have continued to maintain their ethnic identity, Islam and a long history of inter-marriages have continued to bind them together. About 3.6 million people inhabit Jigawa State.

Life expectancy Human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age. The most commonly used measure is ''life expectancy at birth'' (LEB, or in demographic notation ''e''0, where '' ...

as at 2001 was about 52 years with a total fertility rate of about 6.2 children per woman of childbearing age (a little above the national average). Although population of the state is predominantly rural (90%), the distribution in terms of sex is almost equal between male (50.8%) and female (49.2%). This pattern of population distribution is same across various constituencies and between urban and rural areas. The 2002 CWIQ Survey indicated that 45.2% of the population was made up of young people below the age of 15; 49.0% between the ages of 15 and 59 while 5.8% were people aged 60 and above. This survey reveals a

dependency ratio The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force (the ''dependent'' part ages 0 to 14 and 65+) and those typically in the labor force (the ''productive'' part ages 15 to 64). It is used to measure the press ...

of almost 1; meaning that there is almost one dependent to every economically active person in the population. Average household size was about 6.7 almost all of which were headed by males. About 60% of household heads were self-employed with agriculture as their main occupation, and nearly 67% of these households were monogamous families. The overall literacy rate was about 37% in 2002 (22 percent for women and 51 percent for men). School enrolment ratio is fairly high with very good improvements in the last few years, even though there is still clear disparity between boys and girls. Basic indicators for water supply sector show that access to

potable water Drinking water or potable water is water that is safe for ingestion, either when drunk directly in liquid form or consumed indirectly through food preparation. It is often (but not always) supplied through taps, in which case it is also calle ...

is over 90%, which is among the highest in the country. The 2002 CWIQ Survey however, indicated that access to high quality safe drinking water (pipe born, hand pump boreholes and protected wells) is low at about 63%, while nearly 67% of households have good means of sanitation. In terms of health services, about 40% of the population have access to medical services which is, however, higher in urban areas where access was found to be about 55%. The CWIQ Survey found that an average of 70% of those who consulted a health facility expressed satisfaction with the services provided.

Deforestation

Jigawa State is struggling with desertification, and timber cutting equipment is contributing to the destruction of trees. Low timber output rates lead to socioeconomic problems and endanger the survival of priceless and beneficial trees.

Languages

The

Bade language Bade (also spelled Bede, Bedde, or Bode) is a West Chadic language spoken by the Bade people in Yobe State and Jigawa State, Nigeria. Their traditional ruler is the Emir of Bade. Similar to many other Western African languages, Bade is a vul ...

is spoken in Guri LGA,

Manga are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan. Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century, and the form has a long history in earlier Japanese art. The term is used in Japan to refer to both comics ...

is spoken in Birniwa, Kiri Kasama, parts of Malam Madori, Kaugama and Guri LGAs. The Warji language is spoken in Birnin Kudu LGA, and the Duwai language is spoken in Hadejia LGA. Major languages are Hausa, Kanuri and Fula (spoken by the Fulani).

Politics

The State government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The Capital city of the State is Dutse.

Electoral system

The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.

Religion

There are two major religions in Jigawa state, they are

Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

and

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, which states that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God and Resurrection of Jesus, rose from the dead after his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion, whose ...

but the most common religion is Islam. In Jigawa State about 99 percent of the population practice Islam. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Kano (1991) has 36 parishes, including Jigawa. The Anglican Diocese of Dutse (1996) within the province of Kaduna, is led by Bishop Markus Yohanna Danbinta (2016), also the Evangelical Church Winning All is well established in the state.

Government

Jigawa State—created out of the old

in August 1991—is one of the 36 states in Federal Republic of Nigeria. The agitation for the creation of the state was led by Malam Inuwa-Dutse, a former commissioner in the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources during the governorship of late Audu Bako, the governor of old Kano State (comprising present Kano and Jigawa states). By the 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria, the state comprises 27 local government councils, which are divided into 30 state constituencies, grouped into 11 federal constituencies and 3 senatorial districts. These 27 local government councils were further subdivided into 77 development areas by law No. 5 of 2004 of the State House of Assembly. In line with the democratic setting in the country, the governments at both the state and local government levels are elected, and comprise an executive with a unicameral legislature. The state legislature has 30 elected members each representing one of the state constituencies. To complete the state governance structure, there is an independent state judiciary as the third arm of government. The State Government administrative apparatus is organized into ministries, extra-ministerial departments and parastatals, which are located across the three senatorial districts in the state since 1999. This decentralized approach to governmental administrative structure was seen as a move towards stimulating economic activities socio-economic development and empowerment over a wider area since government is the largest employer, perhaps second only to agriculture. In addition, this was also seen as a way for spreading even development among major urban centers and a shift from "city-state syndrome" that obtained in the old Kano State.

Local Government Areas

Jigawa State consists of twenty-seven (27)

Local Government Areas A local government area (LGA) is an administrative division of a country that a local government is responsible for. The size of an LGA varies by country but it is generally a subdivision of a state, province, division, or territory. The ph ...

, They are: * Auyo * Babura * Biriniwa * Birnin Kudu * Buji * Dutse * Gagarawa * Garki * Gumel * Guri * Gwaram * Gwiwa * Hadejia * Jahun * Kafin Hausa * Kaugama * Kazaure * Kiri Kasama * Kiyawa * Maigatari * Malam Madori * Miga * Ringim * Roni * Sule Tankarkar * Taura * Yankwashi

Economy

The economy of Jigawa State is largely characterized by informal sector activities with agriculture as the major economic activity. Over 80% of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Trade and commerce are undertaken on small and medium scale, especially in agric goods, livestock and other consumer goods. Other informal sector activities include blacksmithing, leather-works, tailoring services, auto repairs, metal works, carpentry, tanning, dyeing, food processing, masonry etc. Even though modern industrial sector is yet to gain a solid footing, the seed for their development was planted through establishment of small-scale industries particularly in areas of food processing and other agro-allied activities such as the Jigawa ethanol programme. These industries have been helped by the Information Communication Technology program initiated by the Saminu Turaki, the states former governor. The Federal Office of Statistics, in 2001, classified Jigawa State among those with relatively high severity and incidence of poverty in the country, with a Gross Per Capita Income of N35, 000 per annum (US$290), which is below the National Average; till date Jigawa State is being rate among the poorest states in Nigeria. However, the 2002 Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) Survey indicated that over two-fifths of the population do not consider themselves poor. The State of infrastructure for economic development such as roads, electricity, telecommunication and information technology have recently witnessed tremendous improvements through massive rehabilitation and expansion works. With massive road rehabilitation projects already undertaken throughout the State during the last five years, coupled with efforts made towards power generation via Independent Power Platforms, and the Internet Broadband Project, investment climate in Jigawa State in terms of economic infrastructure is quite promising.

Schools

Currently the state has a Federal University which is situated in the state capital, Dutse and a state-owned University situated at Kafin Hausa Local Government Area of the state. There is also Federal Polytechnic in Kazaure, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, and a two state owned polytechnics; Binyaminu Usman Polytechnic, Jigawa State Polytechnic situated at Hadejia and Dutse respectively and a number of Monotechnics across the state. Established in 2011.

Tertiary institutions

The following tertiary Institutions are located in Jigawa State * Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State * Jigawa State Polytechnic Dutse * Sule Lamido University, Kafin Hausa, Jigawa State * Jigawa State Institute of Information Technology, Kazaure * Khadija University, Majia, Jigawa State

Transport

Federal Highways: * A2 (part of the African Unity Road or Trans-Sahara Highway or Trans Africa 2: TAH2) north from

at Galoru for 29 km via Kazaure, Sada and Achilafia to

near Korare. * A237 (as part of the Dakar-Ndjamena Trans-Sahelian Highway or TAH 5) east from

at Kafin Gana for 76 km as the Kamo-Kari Rd via Birnin Kudu to

at Zandan. One road to

from Gumel at Maigatari to RN13 to Dungass. Other major roads: * northeast from

at Sabon Gari Ungua Do via Kanya Baba, Jigawa, and Babura to

as the Birnin Mutum-Kanya-Baba-Mitara Rd * the Babura-Gumel Rd east from Babura * the Gumel-Hadejia Rd east from Gumel as the Kano-Gumel Rd via Malummaduri to Hadejia, * the Gumel-Gujungui Rd south via Gagarawa to Gujungu, * the Kano-Nguru Rd northeast from Hadejia as the Nguru-Hadejia to

near Birniwa, * the Kano-Gumel Rd northeast from

at Farin Gidan via Babushe, Garki and Digawa to Gumel, * the Kano-Ringim Rd east from

at Kijawal to Gujungu, * the Gaya-Kirrikasamma Rd east from

at Chaichai via Jahun, Keffin Husa and Kirrikasamma to

at Malamawa Kiri as the Katagum-Zago Mamajo Rd, * the Giya-Shiwari Rd east from Kano State at Dundubis via Shiriwari, Andaza and Kiyawa to Bauchi State as the Azara-Dutse Rd, * southeast from A237 at Zandan Nagogo across the Belwa River via Gwaram to

at Basirika. Railway: The 1067 mm Cape gauge Western Railway Line northeast from Kano via Gagarwa, Kaugama and Malum Maduri terminates at Nguru in

. Airports: Dutse International with flights to

Abuja Abuja (; , ) is the capital city of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, strategically situated at the geographic midpoint of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria), Federal Capital Territory (FCT). As the seat of the Federal G ...

Relation with multilateral agencies

Government of Jigawa State relates very well with multilateral agencies in the country particularly the

World Bank The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and Grant (money), grants to the governments of Least developed countries, low- and Developing country, middle-income countries for the purposes of economic development ...

UNDP The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development. The UNDP emphasizes on developing local capacity towar ...

UNICEF UNICEF ( ), originally the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, officially United Nations Children's Fund since 1953, is an agency of the United Nations responsible for providing Humanitarianism, humanitarian and Development a ...

, DFID and other international donor agencies and NGOs. Multilateral agencies have been a veritable source of development funds and technical assistance to State Government. Presently, the State partners with DFID, UNDP, UNICEF, IBRD, IFAD, ADF and some other International Development Agencies in pursuit of several development projects and programmes, particularly in the sphere of pro-poor growth, poverty reduction, education, and positive reform programmes such as Public Expenditure Management, Health Systems and Justice System Reforms.

Notable people

* Senator Bello Maitama Yusuf Sardaunan Dutse * Abubakar Sani Birnin Kudu Academician, preacher * Sule Lamido Former governor * Mohammed Badaru Abubakar Defence Minister of Nigeria * Hameem Nuhu Sanusi emir of Dutse

Gallery

File:Dutse City.jpg, Emirs palace street Dutse File:Dutse City 1.jpg, Dutse City File:Dutse City 2.jpg, Dutse City File:Dutse City 4.jpg, Dutse City File:Dutse City 5.jpg, Dutse City File:Emir Palace Dutse.jpg, Emir palace Dutse Garu File:Gumel 1.jpg, Emir palace Gumel File:Ringim Emir's Palace.joh 01.jpg, Emir palace Ringim File:Hadejia 13.jpg, Emir palace Hadejia File:Kazaure Palace 2.jpg, Emir palace Kazaure File:Saminu Turaki Tower 1.jpg, Saminu Turaki tower, Dutse File:Shuwarin.jpg, Shuwarin town, 8 kilometres to Dutse City File:Sule Lamido University.jpg, Sule Lamido University, Kafin Hausa File:River Hadejia 02.jpg, Hadejia River File:Biram.jpg, Garun Gabas or Biram, one of the seven true Hausa states (Hausa Bakwai). File:Captain Phillips Grave.jpg, Grave of Captain Phillips (kabarin mai tumbi, Hadejia) File:Dutse Central Juma'at Mosque 01.jpg, Dutse central mosque File:Government House Jigawa State.jpg, Government house Dutse File:Federal University Dutse.jpg, Federal University Dutse File:Makera.jpg, Katanga, Nigeria

References

External links

Jigawa Online

Nigeria News
{{Portal bar, Nigeria States of Nigeria States and territories established in 1991 1991 establishments in Nigeria