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Jaipur () is the
capital Capital and its variations may refer to: Common uses * Capital city, a municipality of primary status ** Capital region, a metropolitan region containing the capital ** List of national capitals * Capital letter, an upper-case letter Econom ...
and the
largest city The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities in all jurisdictions are classified using the same criteria. Cities may be defined as the cities proper, the extent of their urban area, or their metrop ...
of the north-western
Indian state India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, for a total of 36 subnational entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into 800 districts and smaller administrative divisions by the respe ...
of
Rajasthan Rajasthan (; Literal translation, lit. 'Land of Kings') is a States and union territories of India, state in northwestern India. It covers or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the List of states and union territories of ...
. , the city had a population of 3.1 million, making it the tenth most populous city in the country. Located from the national capital
New Delhi New Delhi (; ) is the Capital city, capital of India and a part of the Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the Government of India, hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Parliament ...
, Jaipur is also known as the ''Pink City'' due to the dominant color scheme of its buildings in the old city. Jaipur was founded in 1727 by
Sawai Jai Singh II Sawai Jai Singh II (3 November 1688 – 21 September 1743), was the 30th Kachwaha Rajput ruler of the Kingdom of Amber, who later founded the fortified city of Jaipur and made it his capital. He became the ruler of Amber at the age of 11, after ...
, the Kachhwaha Rajput ruler of
Amer Amer may refer to: Places * Amer (river), a river in the Dutch province of North Brabant * Amer, Girona, a municipality in the province of Girona in Catalonia, Spain * Amber, India (also known as Amer, India), former city of Rajasthan state ** Am ...
, after
Sawai Jai singh II Sawai Jai Singh II (3 November 1688 – 21 September 1743), was the 30th Kachwaha Rajput ruler of the Kingdom of Amber, who later founded the fortified city of Jaipur and made it his capital. He became the ruler of Amber at the age of 11, after ...
the city is named. It is one of the earliest planned cities of modern India, designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. During the
British colonial period The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, mandates, and other Dependent territory, territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It bega ...
, the city served as the capital of
Jaipur State The Kingdom of Amber, later the Kingdom of Jaipur or the Jaipur State, was located in the north-eastern historic Dhundhar region of Rajputana and was ruled by the Kachwaha Rajput dynasty. The kingdom was established by Dulha Rai, possibly t ...
. After Indian independence in 1947, Jaipur became the capital of the newly formed state of Rajasthan in 1949. Jaipur is a popular tourist destination in India, forming a part of the Western
Golden Triangle Golden Triangle may refer to: Places Asia * Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia), named for its opium production * Golden Triangle (Yangtze), China, named for its rapid economic development * Golden Triangle (India), comprising the popular tourist sp ...
tourist circuit along with Delhi and
Agra Agra ( ) is a city on the banks of the Yamuna river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, about south-east of the national capital Delhi and 330 km west of the state capital Lucknow. With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the ...
. The city serves as a gateway to other tourist destinations in Rajasthan like
Jodhpur Jodhpur () is the second-largest city of the north-western Indian state of Rajasthan, after its capital Jaipur. As of 2023, the city has a population of 1.83 million. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Jodhpur district and ...
,
Jaisalmer Jaisalmer , nicknamed ''The Golden city'', is a city in the north-western Indian state of Rajasthan, located west of the state capital Jaipur, in the heart of the Thar Desert. It serves as the administrative headquarters of Jaisalmer district ...
,
Bikaner Bikaner () is a city in the northwest of the States and territories of India, state of Rajasthan, India. It is located northwest of the state capital, Jaipur. It is the administrative headquarters of Bikaner District and Bikaner division. Fo ...
,
Udaipur Udaipur (Hindi: , ) (ISO 15919: ''Udayapura'') is a city in the north-western Indian state of Rajasthan, about south of the state capital Jaipur. It serves as the administrative headquarters of Udaipur district. It is the historic capital of t ...
, Kota,
Mount Abu Mount Abu (), known as Arbudgiri in Jain tradition, is a hill station in the Aravalli Range in the Sirohi district of the state of Rajasthan in western India. Here, the mountain forms a rocky plateau 22 km long by 9 km wide. It is ref ...
and has two
World heritage site World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an treaty, international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural ...
s of
Amer Fort Amer Fort or Amber Fort is a fort located in Amer, Rajasthan, India. Amer is a town with an area of located from Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan. Located high on a hill, it is the principal tourist attraction in Jaipur. Amer Fort is known f ...
,
Hawa Mahal The Hawa Mahal is a palace in the city of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Built from red and pink sandstone, it is on the edge of the City Palace, Jaipur, and extends to the '' Zenana'', or women's chambers. Hawa Mahal is known as the “palace of ...
and
Jantar Mantar A Jantar Mantar ( Hindustani pronunciation: ͡ʒən̪t̪ər mən̪t̪ər is an assembly of stone-built astronomical instruments, designed to be used with the naked eye. There were five Jantar Mantars in India. All were built at the comm ...
. On 6 July 2019, the city was named to the World Heritage Cities list. It is also known as
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
of India. Due to its beauty, C.V. Raman called it "Island of Glory".


Etymology

Jaipur derives its name from
Sawai Jai Singh II Sawai Jai Singh II (3 November 1688 – 21 September 1743), was the 30th Kachwaha Rajput ruler of the Kingdom of Amber, who later founded the fortified city of Jaipur and made it his capital. He became the ruler of Amber at the age of 11, after ...
(1693-1744), the kachhwaha ruler of
Amer Amer may refer to: Places * Amer (river), a river in the Dutch province of North Brabant * Amer, Girona, a municipality in the province of Girona in Catalonia, Spain * Amber, India (also known as Amer, India), former city of Rajasthan state ** Am ...
, founded the city in 1727. In
Sanskrit Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ...
, variations of the word "pur" or "pura" are commonly used to refer to a city or town with "Jaipur" essentially meaning "The City of Jai" (Victory) or "Jai's City," paying homage to Maharaja Jai Singh II, established the city.


History

Jaipur was founded by the Rajput chief of
Kachhwaha The Kachhwaha is a Rajput clan found primarily in India. They claim descent from the Suryavanshi (Solar) dynasty. Etymology According to Cynthia Talbot, the meaning of word ''Kachhwaha'' is tortoise. Origin There are numerous theories on ...
clan, Jai Singh II, on 18 November 1727, who ruled the region from 1699 to 1743. He planned to shift his capital from Amber, to Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water. Jai Singh consulted with several architects while planning the layout of Jaipur and established the city based on the principles of
Vastu Shastra Originating in ancient India, ''Vastu Shastra'' (, ' – literally "science of architecture") is a traditional Hindu system of architecture based on ancient texts that describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, ...
and
Shilpa Shastra ''Shilpa Shastras'' ( ') literally means the Science of Shilpa (arts and crafts).Stella Kramrisch (1958)Traditions of the Indian Craftsman The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, Traditional India: Structure and Change (Jul. - Sep., ...
, under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. The construction of the city began in 1726. During the rule of Sawai Ram Singh II, the city was painted pink to welcome
Albert Edward, Prince of Wales Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until Death and state funeral of Edward VII, his death in 1910. The second child ...
in 1876. Many of the avenues remain painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance and the epithet ''Pink City''. In the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and had a population of 160,000 by 1900. The wide boulevards were paved, and its chief industries included
metalwork Metalworking is the process of shaping and reshaping metals in order to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large scale structures. As a term, it covers a wide and diverse range of processes, skills, and tools for producing objects on e ...
and
marble Marble is a metamorphic rock consisting of carbonate minerals (most commonly calcite (CaCO3) or Dolomite (mineral), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) that have recrystallized under the influence of heat and pressure. It has a crystalline texture, and is ty ...
, fostered by a school of art founded in 1868. In August 1981, large areas of the city including the
airport An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial Aviation, air transport. They usually consist of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surf ...
, were flooded due to heavy rains from a cloudburst, resulting in the deaths of eight people and much damage to the city's
Dravyavati River The Dravyavati River is a major South-flowing river in Rajasthan. It originates on the western slope of the Amber hills and flows through Jaipur, north to south over a length of , making it one of the smallest rivers in India, providing a major ...
. On 6 July 2019, the city was named to the World Heritage Cities list.


Geography


Topography

Jaipur is located in the northeastern part of Rajasthan and covers a total area of . The city is surrounded by fertile alluvial plains to the east and south, and hill chains and desert areas to the north and west. Jaipur generally slopes downwards from north to south and then to the southeast. The city is surrounded by the Nahargarh hills in the north and Jhalana in the east, which is a part of the
Aravalli range The Aravalli Range (also spelled ''Aravali'') is a mountain range in North India, Northern-Western India, running approximately in a south-west direction, starting near Delhi, passing through southern Haryana and Rajasthan, and ending in Ahme ...
. The
Dravyavati River The Dravyavati River is a major South-flowing river in Rajasthan. It originates on the western slope of the Amber hills and flows through Jaipur, north to south over a length of , making it one of the smallest rivers in India, providing a major ...
is the primary drainage channel, which by 2014 had degenerated into an untreated sewage nallah. To address this issue, a plan for the rejuvenation of the river was developed by
Jaipur Development Authority Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) is the agency of the Government of Rajasthan responsible for preparation and implementation of master plan for the Jaipur city in Rajasthan state in India. It is engaged in infrastructural and basic amenity d ...
(JDA) in 2015. A stretch of Dravyavati riverfront out of was opened after rejuvenation in 2018 and the remaining project was completed in 2022.


Climate

Jaipur has a monsoon-influenced
hot semi-arid climate A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of sem ...
(
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...
''BSh'') with long, extremely hot summers and short mild to warm winters. Annual precipitation is over , falling mostly in July and August due to the southwest monsoon, causing the average temperatures in these two months to be lower compared to drier May and June. During the monsoon, there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The highest temperature ever recorded was , on 23 May 1994. The city's average temperature remains below between December and February. These months are mild, dry, and pleasant, sometimes chilly. The lowest temperature ever recorded was on 31 January 1905, 1 February 1905, and 16 January 1964. Jaipur, like many other major cities of the world, is a significant
urban heat island Urban areas usually experience the urban heat island (UHI) effect; that is, they are significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. The temperature difference is usually larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds ar ...
zone with surrounding rural temperatures occasionally falling below freezing in winters. Jaipur has been ranked 33rd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.


Demographics

As of the official report, Jaipur Municipal Corporation had 5,99,507 households and a population of 3,046,163. 3,87,354 (12.72%) were under the age of 7. Jaipur had a sex ratio of 900 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 83.33% for those 7 years and above. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 392,285 (12.88%) and 115,258 (3.78%) of the population, respectively.


Languages

The official language of Jaipur is
Hindi Modern Standard Hindi (, ), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the Standard language, standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in the Devanagari script. It is an official language of India, official language of the Government ...
and the additional official language is English. The native and main dialect of the city is
Dhundari Dhundhari (ढूंढाड़ी), also known as Jaipuri, is a Indo-Aryan language variety of the Rajasthani languages group. It is spoken in the Dhundhar region of northeastern Rajasthan state, India. Dhundari-speaking people are found in ...
with
Marwari Marwari may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the Marwar region of Rajasthan, India, largely in the Thar Desert ** Marwari people, an Indian ethnic group originating in the Marwar region ** Marwari language, the language of the Marwari ...
and Standard Hindi dialects are also spoken, along with English. According to the 2011 census, 69.69% of the population recorded their language as Hindi, 9.85%
Rajasthani Rajasthani may refer to: * something of, from, or related to Rajasthan, a state of India * Rajasthani languages, a group of Indic languages spoken there * Rajasthani people, the native inhabitants of the state * Rajasthani architecture, Indian ar ...
, 5.86%
Urdu Urdu (; , , ) is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. It is the Languages of Pakistan, national language and ''lingua franca'' of Pakistan. In India, it is an Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of Indi ...
, 4.36% Marwari, 3.93% Dhundari, and 2.54% Sindhi as their first language.


Religion

According to the 2011 census,
Hindu Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...
s form the majority religious group, accounting for 77.9% of the city's population, followed by
Muslim Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...
s (18.6%), Jains (2.4%) and others (1.1%).


Government and politics


Administration

Jaipur Development Authority Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) is the agency of the Government of Rajasthan responsible for preparation and implementation of master plan for the Jaipur city in Rajasthan state in India. It is engaged in infrastructural and basic amenity d ...
is the main planning authority of the city.
Jaipur Municipal Corporation Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC) is municipal corporation of Jaipur city in Rajasthan state in India. Jaipur Municipal Corporation is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure and carrying out associated administrative dutie ...
(JMC) was established in the year 1994. The area of the municipal corporation is and is headed by a
mayor In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a Municipal corporation, municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilitie ...
. In 2020, JMC was bifurcated into two Municipal Corporations, namely Greater Jaipur Municipal Corporation and Jaipur Heritage Municipal Corporation with 150 and 100 wards respectively. The latest
elections An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated ...
were held in October 2020. The current mayor of Greater JMC is Somya Gurjar and the mayor for Heritage JMC is Munesh Gurjar since 10 November 2020. The administration duties are carried out by the municipal commissioner and his group of officials. The estimated municipal budget for the year 2022–23 is . The key revenue sources for the corporation are taxes which include House tax, Urban Development tax and octroi compensation along with various fees and user charges. Law and order is maintained by the Jaipur city police under the jurisdiction of the Rajasthan state department. There is a district and sessions court at Jaipur to handle civil and criminal cases.


Politics

Jaipur consists of two
parliamentary In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...
constituencies
Jaipur Jaipur (; , ) is the List of state and union territory capitals in India, capital and the List of cities and towns in Rajasthan, largest city of the north-western States and union territories of India, Indian state of Rajasthan. , the city had ...
and Jaipur Rural. The Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight legislative assembly segments, all of which fall partly in Jaipur city.


Infrastructure

Jaipur Development Authority is the nodal government agency responsible for the planning and development of Jaipur. The municipal corporation is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure and carrying out associated administrative duties. Electricity is distributed through Jaipur Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (JVVNL) owned by the
Government of Rajasthan The Government of Rajasthan is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Rajasthan and its districts of Rajasthan, 41 districts. It consists of an executive branch, led by the governor of Rajasthan, as well as judiciary and legis ...
. Jaipur municipal corporaiton has a fire department wing with 11 fire stations and 50 fire tenders. Established in 2018, Jaipur Water Supply and Sewerage Board (JWSSB) is responsible for the management of water supply and sewerage services in the city. The agency is responsible for water supply as per the standards stipulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards, the State Pollution Control Board and the
Public Health Engineering Department The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) is a public agency in Pakistan and India that is responsible for rural water supply. During natural disasters the agency has the responsibility to get drinking water to the public as well as collab ...
(PHED). It will also be responsible for financing, designing, constructing, altering, repairing, operating, and maintaining various water supply and sewerage schemes in addition to commercial services such as meter reading, billing, and revenue collection. The city has been divided into four main drainage zones, with the northern and central zones draining into the Dravyavati river, while the western zone drains into the Chandler lake, and the eastern and southern areas combined drain into the Dhundh River. Sewerage systems and STPs have been constructed accordingly, with the installed capacity being 730 km of sewer lines and 442 MLD of sewage treatment. The corporation has a solid waste management system that includes door-to-door collection, transportation of garbage in covered vehicles, proper deployment of dustbins, use of modern equipment. The system ensures private investment as well as public participation with a small amount of monthly user charges. The size of the JMC garbage can be kept at a manageable level. Sanitation work in three zones has been contracted out to private agencies.


Economy

As per the official records released by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Rajasthan), the GDP (nominal) of Jaipur district is estimated at INR 1,22,140 crores ($15.8 billion) in 2020–21, with a per-capita GDP of INR 141,305. In addition to its role as the provincial capital, educational, and administrative center, the economy of Jaipur is fuelled by tourism, gemstone cutting, the manufacture of jewellery and luxury textiles, and information technology. Three major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Jaipur:
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) is a non-governmental trade association and advocacy group based in India. History Established in 1927, on the advice of Mahatma Gandhi by Indian businessman G.D. Birla a ...
, (FICCI) the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) which has its regional offices here. In 2008, Jaipur was ranked 31 among the 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing cities. Jaipur Stock Exchange was one of the regional stock exchanges in India and was founded in 1989 but was closed in March 2015. Jaipur has emerged as a hub of automotive industries with JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer), JCB, Hero MotoCorp and Robert Bosch GmbH having their manufacturing plants in Jaipur. There are chemical manufacturers in the city including Emami and CK Birla Group, National Engineering Industries. The city is among top emerging IT hubs of India. Mahindra World City, Jaipur, Mahindra World City is an integrated business zone in Jaipur with several software and IT companies. The Government of Rajasthan have built Asia's largest incubator in Jaipur – the Bhamashah Techno Hub. Jaipur is a major hub for arts and crafts. It has many traditional shops selling antiques, jewellery, handicrafts, gems, bangles, pottery, carpets, textiles, leather, and metal products. Jaipur is one of India's largest manufacturers of Jaipur Rugs, hand-knotted rugs. Jaipur foot, a rubber-based Artificial limb, prosthetic leg for people with below-knee amputations, was designed and is produced in Jaipur. World Trade Park, Jaipur, World Trade Park Jaipur, is a shopping mall in Jaipur opened in 2012.


Culture and cityscape


Tourism

Jaipur is a major tourist destination in India forming a part of the
Golden Triangle Golden Triangle may refer to: Places Asia * Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia), named for its opium production * Golden Triangle (Yangtze), China, named for its rapid economic development * Golden Triangle (India), comprising the popular tourist sp ...
. In the 2008 Conde Nast Traveller Readers Choice Survey, Jaipur was ranked the seventh best place to visit in Asia. According to TripAdvisor's 2015 Traveller's Choice Awards, Jaipur was ranked first among the Indian destinations for the year. The Presidential Suite at the The Raj Palace, Raj Palace Hotel, billed at per night, was listed in second place on CNN's ''World's 15 most expensive hotel suites'' in 2012. Jaipur was ranked eighth in "The Top 15 Cities in Asia". Jaipur Exhibition & Convention Centre (JECC) is Rajasthan's biggest convention and exhibition center. Visitor attractions include the Albert Hall Museum,
Hawa Mahal The Hawa Mahal is a palace in the city of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Built from red and pink sandstone, it is on the edge of the City Palace, Jaipur, and extends to the '' Zenana'', or women's chambers. Hawa Mahal is known as the “palace of ...
, Jal Mahal, City Palace, Jaipur, City Palace,
Amer Fort Amer Fort or Amber Fort is a fort located in Amer, Rajasthan, India. Amer is a town with an area of located from Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan. Located high on a hill, it is the principal tourist attraction in Jaipur. Amer Fort is known f ...
, Jantar Mantar (Jaipur), Jantar Mantar, Nahargarh Fort, Jaigarh Fort, Birla Mandir, Jaipur, Birla Mandir, Galtaji, Govind Dev Ji Temple, Garh Ganesh Temple, Moti Dungri Ganesh Temple, :hi:गैटोर, Gator Chhatri, Sanghiji Jain temple and the Jaipur Zoo. The Jantar Mantar observatory, a collection of 19 astronomical instruments and Amer Fort are World Heritage Sites. Hawa Mahal is a five-storey pyramidal shaped monument with 953 windows that rises from its high base. Sisodiya Rani Bagh and Kanak Vrindavan are the major parks in Jaipur.


Culture

Jaipur has many cultural sites like Jawahar Kala Kendra established by Charles Correa and Ravindra Manch. The Government Central Museum hosts several art and antiquities. There is a government museum at Hawa Mahal and an art gallery at Viratnagar. There are statues depicting Rajasthani culture around the city. Jaipur has many traditional shops selling antiques and handicrafts, as well as contemporary brands reviving traditional techniques, such as Anokhi. The prior rulers of Jaipur patronised some arts and crafts. They invited skilled artisans, artists, and craftsmen from India and abroad who settled in the city. Some of the crafts include bandhani, block printing, stone carving and sculpture, Inlay, tarkashi, zari, Gota work, gota-patti, kinari and zardozi, silver jewellery, Gemstone, gems, kundan, Vitreous enamel, meenakari and jewellery, Bangle, Lakh ki Chudiya, Rajput painting, miniature paintings, Blue Pottery of Jaipur, blue pottery, ivory carving, shellac work and Leather crafting, leather ware. Jaipur has its own performing arts. The Jaipur Gharana for Kathak is one of the three gharanas of the major north Indian classical dance form of Kathak. The Jaipur Gharana of Kathak is known for its rapid intricate dance forms, vivacious body movements and subtle Abhinaya. The Ghoomar is a popular folk dance style. Tamasha is an art form where Kathputli (Puppet), Kathputli puppet dance is shown in play form. Major festivals celebrated in Jaipur include Elephant Festival, Gangaur, Makar Sankranti, Holi, Diwali, Vijayadashami, Teej, Eid al-Fitr, Eid, Mahavir Jayanti and Christmas. Jaipur is also famous for the Jaipur Literature Festival, the world's largest free literature festival in which authors, writers, and literature lovers from all over the country participate.


Architecture

The city was planned according to the Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727. Three gates are facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called ''Suraj pol'' (sun gate), the western gate is called ''Chand pol'' (moon gate) and the northern gate faces the ancestral capital of Amer Fort, Amer. The architecture of the city was heavily influenced by the 17th century architectural renaissance during Mughal rule in Northern India. The city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates. The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, and the division of the city into six sectors by broad streets 34 m (111  ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five-quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses the
Hawa Mahal The Hawa Mahal is a palace in the city of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Built from red and pink sandstone, it is on the edge of the City Palace, Jaipur, and extends to the '' Zenana'', or women's chambers. Hawa Mahal is known as the “palace of ...
palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city.


Cuisine

Typical dishes include Dal bati churma, Dal Baati Churma, Missi Roti, Gatte ki Sabzi, Lahsun ki chutney, Ker Sangri, Makke ki Ghat, Bajre ki Ghat, Bajre ki Roti and Laal Maans. Jaipur is also known for its sweets which include Ghevar, Feeni, Mawa Kachori, Gajak, Meethi thuli, Chauguni ke laddu, and Moong Thal.


Transport


Air

Jaipur International Airport is located in the southern suburb of Sanganer, which is located 13 km (8.1 mi) from Jaipur.It is the 13th List of the busiest airports in India, busiest airport in India in daily scheduled flight operations. The airport handled 363,899 international and 2,540,451 domestic passengers in 2015–2016. Jaipur Airport also provides air cargo services. During winter, sometimes flights towards Indira Gandhi International Airport are diverted to Jaipur Airport due to heavy fog in Delhi. The airport was granted the status of international airport on 29 December 2005. The airport's Airport ramp, apron can accommodate 14 aircraft, and the new integrated terminal building can handle up to 1,000 passengers at peak hours.


Rail

Jaipur Junction railway station was built in 1875 and is situated at the centre of Rajasthan. Serving almost 35,000 passengers daily, Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan. The cornerstone of the existing Jaipur railway station building was laid on 4 May 1956 by Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur, and construction took three years to complete. The station harnesses solar energy technology to power its operations. Jaipur is the headquarters of Jaipur railway division, Jaipur Railway division and North Western Railway Zone of Indian Railways. Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan with more than 45,000 passengers daily. During Meter Gauge era, The fastest MG Train of India & the world, Pink City Express used to connect Jaipur with Delhi. Covering the distance in 5 hrs 30 mins time, running at a record speed until 1997. In 1997 Pink City Express got replaced by now running 12015/12016 Ajmer Shatabdi Express ;Metro Jaipur Metro commenced commercial operation on 3 June 2015. Construction on the mostly elevated part of the first line, called Phase 1A, comprising 9.63 kilometres (5.98 mi) of route from Mansarovar (Jaipur), Mansarovar to Chandpole Bazaar, started in November 2010, and was completed in 2014. The Jaipur Metro began commercial service between Chandpole metro station, Chandpole and Mansarovar (Jaipur), Mansarovar on 3 June 2015. The Jaipur Metro Rail system is Urban rail transit in India#List of systems, India's sixth metro rail system. The Jaipur Metro is the first metro in India to run on a triple-storey elevated road and metro track. Phase 1-B, from Chandpole to Badi Chaupar, began operation on 23 September 2020. Phase-1A is operational between Mansarovar and Chandpole consisting of nine stations namely Mansarovar, New Aatish Market, Vivek Vihar, Shyam Nagar, Ram Nagar, Civil Line, Railway Station, Sindhi Camp and Chandpole. The Phase-1B was constructed with an estimated cost of 97.32 billion ($1.74 billion). It became operational on 23 September 2020.


Road

Jaipur is located on National Highway 48 (India), National Highway No.48 connecting Delhi and Mumbai. National Highway 52 (India), National Highway 52 links Jaipur with Kota and National Highway 21 (India), National Highway 21 links Jaipur with
Agra Agra ( ) is a city on the banks of the Yamuna river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, about south-east of the national capital Delhi and 330 km west of the state capital Lucknow. With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the ...
. RSRTC operates bus service to major cities in
Rajasthan Rajasthan (; Literal translation, lit. 'Land of Kings') is a States and union territories of India, state in northwestern India. It covers or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the List of states and union territories of ...
and other states of
New Delhi New Delhi (; ) is the Capital city, capital of India and a part of the Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the Government of India, hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Parliament ...
, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, India, Punjab and Gujarat. City buses are operated by Jaipur City Transport Services Limited (JCTSL) of Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation, RSRTC. The service operates more than 400 regular and low-floor buses. Major bus depots are located at Vaishali Nagar (Jaipur), Vaishali Nagar, Vidyadhar Nagar, and Sanganer. Jaipur BRTS was approved by the government in August 2006. Jaipur BRTS is managed by JCSTL, a special-purpose vehicle formed by Jaipur Development Authority and Jaipur Nagar Nigam. In Phase I, two corridors have been proposed: a "North-South Corridor" from Sikar Road to Tonk Road and an "East-West Corridor" from Ajmer Road to Delhi Road. A section of the North-South Corridor from the bypass near Harmada to Pani Pech became operational in 2010. Jaipur Ring Road is a project of
Jaipur Development Authority Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) is the agency of the Government of Rajasthan responsible for preparation and implementation of master plan for the Jaipur city in Rajasthan state in India. It is engaged in infrastructural and basic amenity d ...
to reduce increasing traffic of Jaipur city which connects NH-21 (Agra Road), NH-48 (Ajmer Road), NH-52 (Tonk Road), and NH-52 (Malpura Road) having a length of 150 km. The 57 km out of 150 km long six-lane Jaipur Ring Road has been completed at Rs. 1217 crore. Bhawani Singh Road, which begins from Nehru Sahkar Bhawan and ends at the intersection where Birla Mandir is situated and hosts notable places like Rambagh Palace, the Golf Club, and
Jaipur Development Authority Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) is the agency of the Government of Rajasthan responsible for preparation and implementation of master plan for the Jaipur city in Rajasthan state in India. It is engaged in infrastructural and basic amenity d ...
Office falling on its path.


Education

The city had three colleges, including a
Sanskrit Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ...
college (1865) and a girls' school (1867) opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II. Public and private schools in Jaipur are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education or Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan, International Board of education and follow a "10+2" plan. This plan entails eight years of primary education and four years of secondary education. The secondary school includes two years of upper secondary education, which is more specific and diverse than the two years of lower secondary education before it. Languages of instruction include English and
Hindi Modern Standard Hindi (, ), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the Standard language, standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in the Devanagari script. It is an official language of India, official language of the Government ...
. Notable institutions in the city are: University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, ARCH Academy of Design, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University, Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Rajasthan Sanskrit University, Rajasthan Sanskrit University, Haridev Joshi University of Journalism and Mass Communication, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, LNM Institute of Information Technology, National Institute of Ayurveda, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Subodh College and Vedic Kanya College. Admission to Engineering colleges in Jaipur, many of which are affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University (Kota), is through the Rajasthan Engineering Admission Process. Some of the colleges that are affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University are Maharishi Arvind Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Engineering & Technology, Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, Poornima College of Engineering, Arya Group of Colleges.


Communication

Major telecommunication providers include Bharti Airtel, Airtel, Jio, Vodafone Idea Ltd, VI (Vodafone-Idea), and Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, BSNL which are providing mobile telephony and there are also various internet service providers in the city. The government of Rajasthan has started free WiFi at various public places like Central Park, Jantar Mantar, among others. Rajasthan's first ISP, Data Ingenious Global Limited still providing a large number of broadband customers and email services in the entire Jaipur.


Media

Major daily newspapers in Jaipur include ''Amar Ujala'', ''Rajasthan Patrika'', ''Dainik Bhaskar'', ''Indian Express'', ''Dainik Navajyoti'' and ''The Times of India''. The state-owned All India Radio is broadcast both on the medium wave and FM band in the city. Private FM stations include Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Radio City (Indian radio station), Radio City (91.1 MHz), 94.3 FM, My FM (94.3 MHz), 95 FM, FM Tadka 95 FM (95.0 MHz), Mirchi Love (104.0 MHz), Red FM 93.5 (93.5 MHz) and Gyan Vani (105.6 MHz). The city has a community FM channel in FM Radio 7 (90.4 MHz) by India International School Institutional Network. The public broadcaster Doordarshan (Prasar Bharati) provides a regional channel in addition to the private broadcasters.


Sports

The main cricket stadium in the city, Sawai Mansingh Stadium, has a seating capacity of 30,000 and has hosted national and international cricket matches. It is also the home ground of Indian Premier League, IPL team Rajasthan Royals. Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium, Chaugan Stadium and Railway Cricket Ground are the other sporting arenas in the city. A new stadium has been proposed for Chonp Village with a seating capacity 75,000. It would be the third-largest cricket stadium in the world after the Narendra Modi Stadium and the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The city is represented in the Indian Premier League, IPL by Rajasthan Royals (2008–2016; 2018–present) and in Pro Kabaddi League by Jaipur Pink Panthers.


In popular culture

Paul McCartney wrote and recorded the Jaipur tribute song "Riding into Jaipur" (4:08) whose minimalist lyrics say: « riding to Jaipur, riding through the night, riding with my baby, oh what a delight, oh what a delight, it is. » The song was released on his 2001 studio album ''Driving Rain''. Jaipur is the setting for the film ''The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel'' and its sequel, ''The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel'', which follow the adventures of a group of senior European immigrants who retire to Jaipur and in the process discover their true selves. The opening song of The Mountain Goats, The Mountain Goats' 2000 album ''The Coroner's Gambit,'' "Jaipur," describes the narrator's arrival at "the gates of the fabled pink city."


Notable people


See also

* History of Jaipur * List of districts of Rajasthan * Outline of Rajasthan * Largest Indian cities by GDP


References


Further reading

* Bhatt, Kavi Shiromani; Shastry, Mathuranath (1948). ''Jaipur Vaibhawam'' (History of Jaipur written in Sanskrit). Re-published in 2002 by Kalanath Shastry, Manjunath Smriti Sansthan, Jaipur. * Khangarot, R.S., Nathawat, P.S. (1990) ''Jaigarh- The Invincible Fort of Amer''. RBSA Publishers, Jaipur. * Sachdev, Vibhuti; Giles Tillotson, Tillotson, Giles Henry Rupert (2002).
Building Jaipur: The Making of an Indian City
'' Reaktion Books, London. . * Sarkar, Jadunath (1984).
A History of Jaipur
'. Orient Longman Limited, New Delhi. . * Volwahsen, Andreas (2001). ''Cosmic Architecture in India: The Astronomical Monuments of Maharaja Jai Singh II'', Prestel Mapin, Munich.


External links

* {{Authority control Jaipur, Jaipur Metropolitan cities in India Cities and towns in Jaipur district Indian capital cities Smart cities in India Populated places established in 1727 1727 establishments in India Former capital cities in India World Heritage Sites in India Planned communities in India