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Jain literature () refers to the literature of the Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the canonical ''Jain Agamas'', which are written in Ardhamagadhi, a Prakrit ( Middle-Indo Aryan) language. Various commentaries were written on these canonical texts by later Jain monks. Later works were also written in other languages, like Sanskrit and Maharashtri Prakrit.
Jain literature is primarily divided between the canons of the ''
Initially, the canonical scriptures were transmitted through an
In 453 or 466 CE, the Śvētāmbara order held another council at Vallabhi. The Śvētāmbaras recompiled the Agamas and recorded them as written manuscripts under the leadership of Acharya Shraman Devardhigani along with other 500 Jain scholars. The existing Śvētāmbara canons are based on the Vallabhi council texts.
From the 15th century onwards, various Śvetāmbara subsects began to disagree on the composition of the canon. Mūrtipūjaks ("idol-worshippers") accept 45 texts, while the Sthānakavāsins and Terāpanthins only accept 32.
According to the Digambara tradition, the original scriptures had been lost by about the 2nd century CE. Āchārya Bhutabali is considered the last ascetic who had some partial knowledge of the original canon. Digambara tradition holds that Āchārya Dharasena (1st century CE), guided Āchārya Pushpadanta and Āchārya Bhutabali to write what remained of the lost teachings down into palm-leaf scriptures. These two Āchāryas wrote the '' Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama'' (Six Part Scripture), which is held to be one of the oldest Digambara texts. They are dated to between the 2nd to 3rd century CE. Around the same time, Āchārya Gunadhar wrote '' Kaşāyapāhuda'' (Treatise on the Passions).Sagarmal Jain, Shreeprakash Pandey (1998) ''Jainism in a Global Perspective'' p. 239. Collection of Jain papers of 1993 Parliament of World Religions, Chicago. Parshwanath Vidyapith Pubs. These two texts are the two main Digambara Agamas.
The Digambara canon of scriptures includes these two main texts, three commentaries on the main texts, and four (later) ''Anuyogas'' (expositions), consisting of more than 20 texts.
The great commentator Virasena wrote two commentary texts on the ''Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama'', the ''Dhaval‑tika'' on the first five volumes and ''Maha‑dhaval‑tika'' on the sixth volume of the ''Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama'', around 780 CE. Virasena and his disciple, Jinasena, also wrote a commentary on the '' Kaşāyapāhuda,'' known as ''Jaya‑dhavala‑tika''.
There is no agreement on the canonical Anuyogas ("Expositions"). The Anuyogas were written between the 2nd and the 11th centuries CE, either in Jaina Śaurasenī Prakrit or in Sanskrit.
The expositions (''Anuyogas'') are divided into four literary categories:
* The 'first' (''Prathamānuyoga'') category contains various works such as Jain versions of the ''Rāmāyaṇa'' (like the 7th-century ''Padma-purāṇa'' by Raviṣeṇa) and ''Mahābhārata'' (like Jinasena's 8th century ''Harivaṃśa-purāṇa''), as well as 'Jain universal histories' (like Jinasena's 8th-century ''Ādi-purāṇa'').
* The 'calculation' (''Karaṇānuyoga'') expositions are mainly works on Jain cosmology (such as ''Tiloya-paṇṇatti'' of Yati Vṛṣabha, dating from the 6th to 7th century) and karma (for example, Nemicandra's '' Gommaṭa-sāra''). The ''Gommatsāra'' of Nemichandra ( fl. 10th century) is one of the most important Digambara works and provides a detailed summary of Digambara doctrine.
* The 'behaviour' (''Caraṇānuyoga'') expositions are texts about proper behaviour, such as Vaṭṭakera's ''Mūlācāra'' (on monastic conduct, 2nd century) and the '' Ratnakaraṇḍaka-Śrāvakācāra'' by Samantabhadra (5th-century) which focuses on the ethics of a layperson. Works in this category also treat the purity of the soul, such as the work of Kundakunda like the '' Samaya-sāra,'' the '' Pancastikayasara,'' and '' Niyamasara.'' These works by Kundakunda (2nd century CE or later) are highly revered and have been historically influential.'
* The 'substance' (''Dravyānuyoga'') exposition includes texts about ontology of the universe and self. Umāsvāmin's comprehensive '' Tattvārtha-sūtra'' is the standard work on ontology and Pūjyapāda's (464–524 CE) '' Sarvārthasiddhi'' is one of the most influential Digambara commentaries on the ''Tattvārtha''. This collection also includes various works on epistemology and reasoning, such as Samantabhadra's '' Āpta-mīmāṃsā'' and the works of Akalaṅka (720–780 CE), such as his commentary on the ''Apta-mīmāṃsā'' and his ''Nyāya-viniścaya.''
Parts of the
#'' Shatkhandagama'' — Acharya Pushpadant, Acharya Bhutabali
#'' Samaysar'' — Acharya Kundkund
#'' Niyamasara'' — Acharya Kundkund
#'' Pravachansara'' — Acharya Kundkund
#''Ashtapahud'' — Acharya Kundkund
#''Panchastikaya'' — Acharya Kundkund
#''Rayansara'' — Acharya Kundkund
#''Dash Bhakti'' — Acharya Kundkund
#''Varsanuvekkha'' — Acharya Kundkund
#'' Tattvartha Sutra'' — Acharya Umaswami
#''Aptamimansa'' — Acharya Samantabhadra
#''Swayambhu Stotra'' — Acharya Samantabhadra
#'' Ratnakaranda Sravakachar'' — Acharya Samantabhadra
#''Stuti Vidya'' — Acharya Samantabhadra
#''Yuktyanushasana'' — Acharya Samantabhadra
#''Tattvasara'' — Acharya Devsena
#''Aradhana Saar'' — Acharya Devsen
#''Aalap Paddhati'' — Acharya Devsen
#''Darshansara'' — Acharya Devsena
#''Bhavasangrah'' — Acharya Devsen
#''Laghu Nayachakra'' — Acharya Devsen
#''Ishtopadesh'' — Acharya Pujyapad (Devanandi)
#''Samadhi Tantra'' — Acharya Pujyapada (Devanandi)
#'' Sarvarthasiddhi'' — Acharya Pujyapad (Devanandi)
#''Vaidyaka Shastra'' — Acharya Pujyapada (Devanandi)
#''Siddhipriya Stotra'' — Acharya Pujyapad (Devanandi)
#''Jainendra Vyakaran'' — Acharya Pujyapada (Devanandi)
#''Paramatma Prakash'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Yogasara'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Naukar Shravakacharya'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Tattvartha Tika'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Amritashiti'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Subhashit Tantra'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Adhyatma Sandoha'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Sanmati Sutra'' — Acharya Siddhasena Divakar
#''Kalyan Mandir'' — Acharya Siddhasen Diwakar
#''Ashtashati'' — Acharya Akalankadeva
#''Laghiyastraya'' — Acharya Akalankadeva
#''Nyayavinischaya Savrtti'' — Acharya Akalankadeva
#''Siddhivinischaya Savrtti'' — Acharya Akalankadeva
#''Praman Sangrah Savritti '' — Acharya Akalankdev
#''Tattvartha Rajavartika'' — Acharya Akalankadeva
#''Harivansh Purana'' — Acharya Jinsen (first)
#'' Adi Purana'' — Acharya Jinsen
#'' Uttarpuran'' — Acharya Gunbhadra
#''Aatmanushasan'' — Acharya Gunbhadra
#''Ashtasahastri'' — Acharya Vidyananda
#''Sloka Vartika'' — Acharya Vidyananda
#''Aaptpareeksha'' — Acharya Vidyananda
#''Pramanpareeksha '' — Acharya Vidyananda
#''Patra Pareeksha'' — Acharya Vidyanand
#''Kshatriyachudamani'' — Acharya Vadibhasingh Suri
#''Gadyachintamani'' — Acharya Vadibhasingh Suri
#''Kartikeya Anupreksha'' — Acharya Kartikeya Swami
#''Tattvarthasara'' — Acharya Amritchand
#''PurusharthasiddhiUpaya'' — Acharya Amritchandra
#''Atmakhyati Tika'' — Acharya Amritchandra
#''Laghutatvasphot'' — Acharya Amritchandra
#''Tattvapradipika Tika'' — Acharya Amritchandra
#''Varang Charitra'' — Shri Jata Singh Nandi
#''Chandraprabha Charitra'' — Acharya Veeranandi
#''Kashay Pahud'' — Acharya Gundhar
#''Gommatasara'' — Acharya Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravarti
#''Pashanahchariu'' — Sage Padmakirti
#''Triloksara'' — Acharya Nemichandran Siddhant Chakraborty
#''Labdhisar'' — Acharya Nemichandran Siddhant Chakraborty
#''Kshapanasar'' — Acharya Nemichandran Siddhant Chakraborty
#'' Tiloyapannatti'' — Acharya Yativrishabha
#''Jambudvipa Pannatti'' — Acharya Yativrishabha
#''Dhawala Tika'' — Acharya Veersen
#''Yashstilak Champu'' — Acharya Somdev
#''Nitivakyamrit'' — Acharya Somdev
#''Adhyatmatarangini'' — Acharya Somdev
#''Siddhivinischaya Tika'' — Brihad Anantavirya
#''Pramanasamgrahabhashya'' — Brihad Anantavirya
#''Shaktayana Shabdanushasana'' — Acharya Shaktayana
#''Kevali Bhukti'' — Acharya Shaktayana
#''Laghu Dravya Sangrah'' — Acharya Nemichand
#''Vihad Dravya Sangrah'' — Acharya Nemichandra
#''Prameya-Kamal-Martand'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Nyay Kumudchandra'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Tattvartha-vrittipada-vivaranam'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Shaktayan-Nyas'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Shabdambhoj Bhaskar'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Gadyakathakosh'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Pradyumnacharitra'' — Acharya Mahasena
#'' Bhaktamar Strotra'' — Acharya Mantung
#''Padmanandi Panchavinshatika'' — Acharya Padmanandi (II)
#'' Mulachara'' — Swami of Acharya Vattaker
#''Gyanarnav'' — Shubhachandracharya ji
#''Bhagavati Aradhana'' — Acharya Shivarya (Shivkoti)
#''Amitgati Sravakacharya'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Dharma Pariksha'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Subhashit Ratna Sandoh'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Tattva Bhavana'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Panch Sangrah'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Bhavana Dvatrinshatika'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Niyamasara Tika'' — Acharya Padmaprabhamaladharideva
#''Parsvnath Stotra'' — Acharya Padmaprabhamaladharideva
#''Dharmaamrita'' — Acharya Nayasena
#''Samayasaratatparyavrttitika'' — Acharya Jayasena (II)
#''Niyamasaratatparyavrttitika'' — Acharya Jayasena (II)
#''Panchastikayatatparyavrttitika'' — Acharya Jayasena (II)
#''Tattvanushasana'' — Acharya Ramsen
#''Prameyaratnamala'' — Acharya Laghu Anantavirya
#''Siddhantsaar'' — Acharya Narendrasen
#''Parīkşāmukha'' — Acharya Māņikyanandi
#''Nyayadipika'' — Acharya Dharmabhushan Yeti
#''Dravya Prakash Nayachakra'' — Acharya Mayil Dhawal
#''Padma Purana'' — Acharya Ravishena
#'' Mulachara'' — Swami Acharya Vattaker
#''Ganitasar Sangrah'' — Acharya Mahavir
#''Shripal Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#'' Shantinath Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#'' Vardhaman Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#'' Mallinath Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Yashodhar Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Dhanyakumar Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Sukmal Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Sudarshan Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#'' Jambuswamy Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Mulachar Pradeep'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#'' Parsvnath Purana'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Siddhantasar Deepak'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Tattvarthasara Deepak'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Agamasara'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Meru Mandir Purana'' — Sri Vamana Muni Ji
#''Praman Granth'' — Acharya Vajranandi
#''Chaubisi Purana'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Shrenik Charitra'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Sri Pandava Purana'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Sri Shrenik Charitra'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#'' Chandraprabha Charitra'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Karakandu Charitra'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Chandana Charitra'' — Acharya Shubhchandra
#''Jivandhar Charitr'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Adhyatmatarangini'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Prakrit Lakshan'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Ganitasar Sangrah'' — Acharya Sridhar
#''Trilokasaratika'' — Acharya Madhavachand
#''Yogasara Praabhrit'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Brihatkathakosha'' — Acharya Harisena
#''Aradhanasar'' — Acharya Ravibhadra
#''Acharsar'' — Acharya Veeranandi
#''Vardhaman Charitra'' — Acharya Asag
#''Sudansana Chariu'' — Acharya Nayanandi
#''Ekibhav Stotra'' — Acharya Vadiraj
#''Puransar collection'' — Acharya Srichand
#''Vasunandi Sravakacharya'' — Acharya Vasunandi
#''Bhavana Paddhati'' — Acharya Padmanandi
#''Angar Dharmaamrita'' — Pandit Ashadhar
#''Sagar Dharmamrit'' — Pandit Ashadhar
#''Bharatesh Vaibhav'' — Mahakavi Ratnakar ji
#''Samaysar Natak'' — Pandit Banarsidas
#''Brahma Vilas'' — Bhaiya Bhagwatidas
#''Chhadhala'' — Pandit Dyantarai
#''Kriya Kosh'' — Pandit Daulatram (first)
#''Bhav Deepika'' — Pandit Deepchand
#''Chid Vilas'' — Pandit Deepchand
#''Parshva Purana'' — Pandit Bhudhardas
#''Jin Shatak'' — Pandit Bhudhardas
#''Mokshamarg Prakashak'' — Pandit Todermal
#''Gommatasara Tika'' — Pandit Todarmal
#''Labdhisar Tika'' — Pandit Todermal
#''Kshapanasar Tika'' — Pandit Todermal
#''Triloksar Tika'' — Pandit Todermal
#?
#''Purusharthsiddhiupayetika'' — Pandit Todermal
#''Jain Siddhanta Praveshika'' — Pandit Gopaldasji Baraiya
#''Chhadhala'' — Pt. Daulatramji (II)
#''Ratnakaranda Vachanika'' — Pt. Sadasukhdas
#''Samaysar Vachanika'' — Pt. Jaichand Chavda
#''Chhadhala'' — Pandit Budhajan
#''Mahavirashtak Stotra'' — Pandit Bhagchand
#''Jainendra Siddhanta Kosha'' — Kshullaka Jinendra Varn
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Digambara
''Digambara'' (; "sky-clad") is one of the two major Jain schools and branches, schools of Jainism, the other being ''Śvetāmbara'' (white-clad). The Sanskrit word ''Digambara'' means "sky-clad", referring to their traditional monastic pract ...
'' and '' Śvētāmbara'' orders. These two main sects of Jainism do not always agree on which texts should be considered authoritative.
More recent Jain literature has also been written in other languages, like Marathi, Tamil, Rajasthani, Dhundari, Marwari, Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada
Kannada () is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly in the state of Karnataka in southwestern India, and spoken by a minority of the population in all neighbouring states. It has 44 million native speakers, and is additionally a ...
, Malayalam
Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian languages, Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of ...
and more recently in English.
Beliefs
Jains believe their religion is eternal, and the teachings of the first tīrthaṅkara, Ṛṣabhanātha, existed millions of years ago. It states that the tīrthaṅkaras taught in divine preaching halls called samavasarana and were heard by gods, ascetics, and laypersons. These divine discourses were called ''śrutajñāna'' or empirical knowledge. They comprised eleven angas and fourteen purvas, The discourses are remembered and transmitted by the ganadharas or chief disciples, and is composed of twelve ''anga''s (parts, limbs). It is symbolically represented by a tree with twelve branches. The spoken scriptural language is believed to be Magadhi Prakrit by Śvetāmbara Jains, and a form of divine sound or sonic resonance byDigambara
''Digambara'' (; "sky-clad") is one of the two major Jain schools and branches, schools of Jainism, the other being ''Śvetāmbara'' (white-clad). The Sanskrit word ''Digambara'' means "sky-clad", referring to their traditional monastic pract ...
s.
According to the Jain tradition, the divine ''śrutajñāna'' or empirical knowledge of a tīrthaṅkara is then converted into a sutta or scripture by disciples, and from such suttas emerge the formal canons. The suttas are grouped into "twelve-limbed baskets," which are transmitted orally by the disciples. In every universal cycle of Jain cosmology, twenty-four tīrthaṅkaras appear, and so do the Jain scriptures for that cycle.
Twelve agamas (angas)
Initially, the canonical scriptures were transmitted through an oral tradition
Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication in which knowledge, art, ideas and culture are received, preserved, and transmitted orally from one generation to another.Jan Vansina, Vansina, Jan: ''Oral Tradition as History'' (19 ...
and consisted of teachings of historical Jain leaders like Mahavira codified into various collections. Gautama and other Gandhars (the chief disciples of Mahavira) are said to have compiled the original sacred scriptures which were divided into twelve Angas or parts. They are referred to as the eleven ''Angas'' and the fourteen ''Pūrvas'', since the twelfth Anga comprises fourteen ''Pūrvas''. These scriptures are said to have contained the most comprehensive and accurate description of every branch of Jain learning. The Jain Agamas and their commentaries were composed mainly in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit as well as in Maharashtri Prakrit.
While some authors date the composition of the Jain Agamas starting from the 6th century BCE, some western scholars, such as Ian Whicher and David Carpenter, argue that the earliest portions of Jain canonical works were composed around the 4th or 3rd century BCE. According to Johannes Bronkhorst it is extremely difficult to determine the age of the Jain Agamas, however:Mainly on linguistic grounds, it has been argued that the Ācārāṅga Sūtra, the Sūtrakṛtāṅga Sūtra, and the Uttarādhyayana Sūtra are among the oldest texts in the canon.Elsewhere, Bronkhorst states that the Sūtrakṛtāṅga "dates from the 2nd century BCE at the very earliest," based on how it references the Buddhist theory of momentariness, which is a later scholastic development. During the reign of Chandragupta Maurya (c. 324 or 321 – c. 297 BCE), Āchārya Bhadrabahu (), said to have been the last knower of the complete Jain ''agamas'', was the head of Jain community. At this time, a long famine caused a crisis in the community, who found it difficult to keep the entire Jain canon committed to memory. The famine decimated the Jain community, leading to the loss of many canonical texts. According to Śvētāmbara ("white-clad") tradition, the āgamas were collected on the basis of the collective memory of the ascetics in the first council of Pataliputra under the leadership of Sthulabhadra in around to 463–367 BCE. During the council, scriptures called Angas were compiled, but the twelfth aṅga Dṛṣṭivāda was completely forgotten by the monks who attended the council. Bhadrabāhu, the only knower of 12th aṅga and who was practicing Mahāprāṇa at Nepal, agreed to the request of saṃgha to teach Dṛṣṭivāda. Sthulabhadra was the only monk among the five hundred who completed learning the canonical text leading to compilation of twelve aṅgas. Another council was later organised in 2nd-century BCE in Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, Kalinga (now in Odisha) during the reign of Kharavela. The Śvētāmbara order considers these Jain Agamas as canonical works and sees them as being based on an authentic oral tradition. They consider their collection to represent a continuous tradition, though they accept that their collection is also incomplete because of a lost Anga text and four lost Purva texts. However, these texts were rejected by the
Digambara
''Digambara'' (; "sky-clad") is one of the two major Jain schools and branches, schools of Jainism, the other being ''Śvetāmbara'' (white-clad). The Sanskrit word ''Digambara'' means "sky-clad", referring to their traditional monastic pract ...
(lit. "sky-clad", i.e. naked) order, which hold that Āchārya Bhutabali (1st century CE) was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original canon. According to Digambaras, the ''Purvas'' and the original ''Agamas'' of Gautama were lost during the Mauryan period crisis and famine. This Digambara stance on the loss of the Agamas is one of the disagreements that led to the main schism in Jainism. Digambara masters proceeded to create new scriptures which contained the knowledge of the doctrine that had survived in their community. As such, Digambaras have a different set of canonical scriptures. According to von Glasenapp, the Digambara texts partially agree with the enumerations and works of older Śvētāmbara texts, but in many cases there are also major differences between the texts of the two major Jain traditions.
The Śvētāmbara Siddhāntha
In 453 or 466 CE, the Śvētāmbara order held another council at Vallabhi. The Śvētāmbaras recompiled the Agamas and recorded them as written manuscripts under the leadership of Acharya Shraman Devardhigani along with other 500 Jain scholars. The existing Śvētāmbara canons are based on the Vallabhi council texts.
From the 15th century onwards, various Śvetāmbara subsects began to disagree on the composition of the canon. Mūrtipūjaks ("idol-worshippers") accept 45 texts, while the Sthānakavāsins and Terāpanthins only accept 32.
List of works
The canons (''Siddhāntha'') of the Śvētāmbaras are generally composed of the following texts: * Twelve ''Angās (limbs)'' ** '' Āyāraṃga'' ( Jain Prakrit; Sanskrit: ''Ācāranga'', meaning: 'On monastic conduct') ** '' Sūyagaḍa'' (''Sūtrakṛtāṅga'', 'On heretical systems and views') ** '' Ṭhāṇaṃga'' (''Sthānāṅga'', 'On different points f the teaching) ** '' Samavāyaṃga'' (''Samavāyāṅga'', 'On "rising numerical groups"') ** '' Viyāha-pannatti / Bhagavaī'' (''Vyākhyā-prajñapti'' or ''Bhagavatī'', 'Exposition of explanations' or 'the holy one') ** '' Nāyā-dhamma-kahāo'' (''Jñāta-dharmakathānga'', 'Parables and religious stories') ** '' Uvāsaga-dasāo'' (''Upāsaka-daśāḥ'','Ten chapters on the Jain lay follower') ** '' Aṇuttarovavāiya-dasāo'' (''Antakṛd-daśāḥ'', 'Ten chapters on those who put an end to rebirth in this very life') ** '' Anuttaraupapātikadaśāh'' (''Anuttaropapātika-daśāḥ'', 'Ten chapters on those who were reborn in the uppermost heavens') ** '' Paṇha-vāgaraṇa'' (''Praśna-vyākaraṇa'', 'Questions and explanations') ** '' Vivāga-suya'' (''Vipākaśruta'','Bad or good results of deeds performed') ** Diṭhīvāya (''Dṛṣṭivāda'') - this text was lost after 1000 years of Mahavira. *Twelve ''Upāṅgas (auxiliary limbs)'' **''Uvavāiya-sutta'' (Sanskrit: ''Aupapātika-sūtra'','Places of rebirth') **''Rāya-paseṇaijja'' or ''Rāyapaseṇiya'' (''Rāja-praśnīya'', 'Questions of the king') **''Jīvājīvābhigama'' (''Jīvājīvābhigama'', 'Classification of animate and inanimate entities') **''Pannavaṇā'' (''Prajñāpanā'', 'Enunciation on topics of philosophy and ethics') **''Sūriya-pannatti'' (''Sūrya-prajñapti'', 'Exposition on the sun') **''Jambūdvīpa-pannatti'' (''Jambūdvīpa-prajñapti'', 'Exposition on the Jambū continent and the Jain universe') **''Canda-pannatti'' (''Candra-prajñapti'', 'Exposition on the moon and the Jain universe') **''Nirayāvaliyāo or Kappiya'' (''Narakāvalikā'', 'Series of stories on characters reborn in hells') **''Kappāvaḍaṃsiāo'' (''Kalpāvataṃsikāḥ'', 'Series of stories on characters reborn in the kalpa heavens') **''Pupphiāo'' (''Puṣpikāḥ'', 'Flowers' refers to one of the stories') **''Puppha-cūliāo'' (''Puṣpa-cūlikāḥ'', 'The nun Puṣpacūlā') **''Vaṇhi-dasāo'' (''Vṛṣṇi-daśāh'', 'Stories on characters from the legendary dynasty known as Andhaka-Vṛṣṇi') * Six ''Chedasūtras'' (Texts relating to the conduct and behaviour of monks and nuns) ** ''Āyāra-dasāo'' (Sanskrit: ''Ācāradaśāh'', 'Ten haptersabout monastic conduct', chapter 8 is the famed Kalpa-sūtra.) ** ''Bihā Kappa'' (''Bṛhat Kalpa'', ' reatReligious code') ** '' Vavahāra'' (Vyavahāra, 'Procedure') ** '' Nisīha'' (Niśītha, 'Interdictions') ** ''Jīya-kappa'' (''Jīta-kalpa'', Customary rules), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjaks ** ''Mahā-nisīha'' (''Mahā-niśītha'', Large Niśītha), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjaks * Four ''Mūlasūtras'' ('Fundamental texts' which are foundational works studied by new monastics) ** ''Dasaveyāliya-sutta'' (Sanskrit: ''Daśavaikālika-sūtra''), this is memorized by all new Jain mendicants ** '' Uttarajjhayaṇa-sutta'' (''Uttarādhyayana-sūtra'') ** ''Āvassaya-sutta'' ('' Āvaśyaka-sūtra'') ** ''Piṇḍa-nijjutti'' and ''Ogha-nijjutti'' (''Piṇḍa-niryukti'' and ''Ogha-niryukti''), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjaks * Two ''Cūlikasūtras'' ("appendixes") ** ''Nandī-sūtra'' – discusses the five types of knowledge ** ''Anuyogadvāra-sūtra'' – a technical treatise on analytical methods, discusses AnekantavadaMiscellaneous collections
To reach the number 45, Mūrtipūjak Śvētāmbara canons contain a "Miscellaneous" collection of supplementary texts, called the ''Paiṇṇaya suttas'' (Sanskrit: ''Prakīrnaka sūtras'', "Miscellaneous"). This section varies in number depending on the individual sub-sect (from 10 texts to over 20). They also often included extra works (often of disputed authorship) named "supernumerary Prakīrṇakas". The Paiṇṇaya texts are generally not considered to have the same kind of authority as the other works in the canon. Most of these works are in Jaina Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit, unlike the other Śvetāmbara scriptures which tend to be in Ardhamāgadhī. They are therefore most likely later works than the Aṅgas and Upāṅgas. Mūrtipūjak Jain canons will generally accept 10 Paiṇṇayas as canonical, but there is widespread disagreement on which 10 scriptures are given canonical status. The most widely accepted list of ten scriptures are the following: *''Cau-saraṇa'' (Sanskrit: ''Catuḥśaraṇa'', The 'four refuges') *''Āura-paccakkhāṇa'' (''Ātura-pratyākhyāna'', 'Sick man's renunciation') *''Bhatta-parinnā'' (''Bhakta-parijñā'', 'Renunciation of food') *''Saṃthāraga'' (''Saṃstāraka'', 'Straw bed') *''Tandula-veyāliya'' (''Taṇḍula-vaicārika'', 'Reflection on rice grains') *''Canda-vejjhaya'' (''Candravedhyaka'', 'Hitting the mark') *''Devinda-tthaya'' (''Devendra-stava'', 'Praise of the kings of gods') *''Gaṇi-vijjā'' (''Gaṇi-vidyā'', 'A Gaṇi's knowledge') *''Mahā-paccakkhāṇa'' (''Mahā-pratyākhyāna'', 'Great renunciation') *''Vīra-tthava'' (''Vīra-stava'', 'Great renunciation')The Digambara Siddhāntha
According to the Digambara tradition, the original scriptures had been lost by about the 2nd century CE. Āchārya Bhutabali is considered the last ascetic who had some partial knowledge of the original canon. Digambara tradition holds that Āchārya Dharasena (1st century CE), guided Āchārya Pushpadanta and Āchārya Bhutabali to write what remained of the lost teachings down into palm-leaf scriptures. These two Āchāryas wrote the '' Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama'' (Six Part Scripture), which is held to be one of the oldest Digambara texts. They are dated to between the 2nd to 3rd century CE. Around the same time, Āchārya Gunadhar wrote '' Kaşāyapāhuda'' (Treatise on the Passions).Sagarmal Jain, Shreeprakash Pandey (1998) ''Jainism in a Global Perspective'' p. 239. Collection of Jain papers of 1993 Parliament of World Religions, Chicago. Parshwanath Vidyapith Pubs. These two texts are the two main Digambara Agamas.
The Digambara canon of scriptures includes these two main texts, three commentaries on the main texts, and four (later) ''Anuyogas'' (expositions), consisting of more than 20 texts.
The great commentator Virasena wrote two commentary texts on the ''Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama'', the ''Dhaval‑tika'' on the first five volumes and ''Maha‑dhaval‑tika'' on the sixth volume of the ''Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama'', around 780 CE. Virasena and his disciple, Jinasena, also wrote a commentary on the '' Kaşāyapāhuda,'' known as ''Jaya‑dhavala‑tika''.
There is no agreement on the canonical Anuyogas ("Expositions"). The Anuyogas were written between the 2nd and the 11th centuries CE, either in Jaina Śaurasenī Prakrit or in Sanskrit.
The expositions (''Anuyogas'') are divided into four literary categories:
* The 'first' (''Prathamānuyoga'') category contains various works such as Jain versions of the ''Rāmāyaṇa'' (like the 7th-century ''Padma-purāṇa'' by Raviṣeṇa) and ''Mahābhārata'' (like Jinasena's 8th century ''Harivaṃśa-purāṇa''), as well as 'Jain universal histories' (like Jinasena's 8th-century ''Ādi-purāṇa'').
* The 'calculation' (''Karaṇānuyoga'') expositions are mainly works on Jain cosmology (such as ''Tiloya-paṇṇatti'' of Yati Vṛṣabha, dating from the 6th to 7th century) and karma (for example, Nemicandra's '' Gommaṭa-sāra''). The ''Gommatsāra'' of Nemichandra ( fl. 10th century) is one of the most important Digambara works and provides a detailed summary of Digambara doctrine.
* The 'behaviour' (''Caraṇānuyoga'') expositions are texts about proper behaviour, such as Vaṭṭakera's ''Mūlācāra'' (on monastic conduct, 2nd century) and the '' Ratnakaraṇḍaka-Śrāvakācāra'' by Samantabhadra (5th-century) which focuses on the ethics of a layperson. Works in this category also treat the purity of the soul, such as the work of Kundakunda like the '' Samaya-sāra,'' the '' Pancastikayasara,'' and '' Niyamasara.'' These works by Kundakunda (2nd century CE or later) are highly revered and have been historically influential.'
* The 'substance' (''Dravyānuyoga'') exposition includes texts about ontology of the universe and self. Umāsvāmin's comprehensive '' Tattvārtha-sūtra'' is the standard work on ontology and Pūjyapāda's (464–524 CE) '' Sarvārthasiddhi'' is one of the most influential Digambara commentaries on the ''Tattvārtha''. This collection also includes various works on epistemology and reasoning, such as Samantabhadra's '' Āpta-mīmāṃsā'' and the works of Akalaṅka (720–780 CE), such as his commentary on the ''Apta-mīmāṃsā'' and his ''Nyāya-viniścaya.''
Post-Canonical literature
Doctrinal and philosophical works
There are various later Jain works that are considered post-canonical, that is to say, they were written after the closure of the Jain canons, though the different canons were closed at different historical eras, and so this category is ambiguous. Thus, Umasvāti's (c. between 2nd-century and 5th-century CE) '' Tattvarthasūtra'' ("On the Nature of Reality") is included in the Digambara canon, but not in the Śvētāmbara canons (though they do consider the work authoritative). Indeed, the '' Tattvarthasūtra'' is considered ''the'' authoritative Jain philosophy text by all traditions of Jainism. It has the same importance in Jainism as '' Vedanta Sūtras'' and '' Yogasūtras'' have in Hinduism. Other non-canonical works include various texts attributed to Bhadrabahu () which are called the ''Niryuktis'' and ''Samhitas''. According to Winternitz, after the 8th century or so, Svetambara Jain writers, who had previously worked in Prakrit, began to use Sanskrit. The Digambaras also adopted Sanskrit somewhat earlier. The earliest Jain works in Sanskrit include the writings of Siddhasēna Divākara (), who wrote the ''Sanmatitarka'' ('The Logic of the True Doctrine') is the first major Jain work on logic written in Sanskrit. Other later works and writers include: * Jinabhadra (6th–7th century) – author of '' Avasyaksutra'' (Jain tenets) ''Visesanavati'' and ''Visesavasyakabhasya'' (Commentary on Jain essentials). * Mallavadin (8th century) – author of ''Nayacakra'' and ''Dvadasaranayacakra'' (Encyclopedia of Philosophy) which discusses the schools of Indian philosophy. * Haribhadra-s ūri (c 8th century) is an important Svetambara scholar who wrote commentaries on the Agamas. He also wrote the '' Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya'', a key Jain text on Yoga which compares the Yoga systems of Buddhists, Hindus and Jains. Gunaratna () wrote a commentary on Haribhadra's work. * Prabhacandra (8th–9th century) – Jain philosopher, composed a 106-Sutra Tattvarthasutra and exhaustive commentaries on two key works on Jain Nyaya, ''Prameyakamalamartanda'', based on Manikyanandi's ''Parikshamukham'' and ''Nyayakumudacandra'' on Akalanka's ''Laghiyastraya''. * Abhayadeva (1057–1135 CE) – author of ''Vadamahrnava'' (Ocean of Discussions) which is a 2,500 verse ''tika'' (Commentary) of ''Sanmartika'' and a great treatise on logic. * Hemachandra () wrote the '' Yogaśāstra'', a textbook on yoga and ''Adhyatma Upanishad''. His minor work ''Anyayogavyvaccheda'' gives outlines of the Jaina doctrine in form of hymns. This was later detailed by Mallisena () in his work ''Syadavadamanjari''. * Vadideva (11th century) – He was a senior contemporary of Hemacandra and is said to have authored ''Paramananayatattavalokalankara'' and its voluminous commentary ''syadvadaratnakara'' that establishes the supremacy of doctrine of Syādvāda. * There are also other important commentators on the Agamas, including Abhayadeva-sūri () and Malayagiri (c. the 12th century). * Vidyanandi (11th century) – Jain philosopher, composed the brilliant commentary on Acarya Umasvami's Tattvarthasutra, known as ''Tattvarthashlokavartika''. * Devendrasuri wrote the ''Karmagrantha'' which is an exposition of the Jain theory of Karma. * Yaśovijaya (1624–1688) was a Jain scholar of '' Navya-Nyāya'' and wrote Vrttis (commentaries) on most of the earlier ''Jain Nyāya'' works by Samantabhadra, Akalanka, Manikyanandi, Vidyānandi, Prabhācandra and others in the then-prevalent ''Navya-Nyāya'' style. Yaśovijaya has to his credit a prolific literary output – more than 100 books in Sanskrit, Prakrit, Gujarati and Rajasthani. He is also famous for ''Jnanasara'' (essence of knowledge) and ''Adhayatmasara'' (essence of spirituality). * The ''Lokaprakasa'' of Vinayavijaya was written in the 17th century CE. * Srivarddhaeva (aka Tumbuluracarya) wrote a Kannada commentary on ''Tattvarthadigama-sutra''. * Atmasiddhi Shastra is a spiritual treatise in verse, composed in Gujarati by the nineteenth century Jain saint, philosopher poet Shrimad Rajchandraji (1867–1901) which comprises 142 verses explaining the fundamental philosophical truths about the soul and its liberation. It propounds six fundamental truth on soul which are also known as ''Satapada'' (six steps). *The Saman Suttam is a compilation of ancient texts and doctrines recognised by all Jain sects, assembled primarily by Jinendra Varni and then examined and approved by monks of different sects and other scholars in 1974.Grammar
''Jainendra Vyākaraṇa'' of Acharya Pujyapada and ''Śākaṭāyana-vyākaraṇa'' of ''Śākaṭāyana'' (also called Pālyakīrti) are both works on grammar written in . ''Pañcagranthi ''by Ācārya Buddhisāgarasūri (10th century) in poetic form'','' complemented with auto-commentary. ''Siddha-Hema-Śabdānuśāsana'' by Acharya Hemachandra () is considered by F. Kielhorn as the best grammar work of the Indian middle ages. Hemacandra's book Kumarapalacaritra is also noteworthy. Malayagiri, a contemporary to Hemachandra, also authored a Śabdānuśāsana, accompanied with an auto-commentary.Narrative literature and poetry
Jaina narrative literature mainly contains stories about sixty-three prominent figures known as '' Salakapurusa'', and people who were related to them. Some of the important works are ''Harivamshapurana'' of Jinasena (), Vikramarjuna-Vijaya (also known as Pampa-Bharata) of Kannada poet named Adi Pampa (), ''Pandavapurana'' of Shubhachandra ().Mathematics
Jain literature covered multiple topics of mathematics around 150 CE including the theory of numbers, arithmetical operations, geometry, operations with fractions, simple equations, cubic equations, bi-quadric equations, permutations, combinations and logarithms.Languages
Jains literature exists mainly in Jain Prakrit, Sanskrit, Marathi, Tamil, Rajasthani, Dhundari, Marwari, Hindi, Gujarati,Kannada
Kannada () is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly in the state of Karnataka in southwestern India, and spoken by a minority of the population in all neighbouring states. It has 44 million native speakers, and is additionally a ...
, Malayalam
Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian languages, Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of ...
, Telugu and more recently in English.
Jains have contributed to India's classical and popular literature. For example, almost all early Kannada literature and many Tamil works were written by Jains. Some of the oldest known books in Hindi and Gujarati were written by Jain scholars.
The first autobiography in the ancestor of Hindi, Braj Bhasha, is called Ardhakathānaka and was written by a Jain, Banarasidasa, an ardent follower of Acarya Kundakunda who lived in Agra. Many Tamil classics
Classics, also classical studies or Ancient Greek and Roman studies, is the study of classical antiquity. In the Western world, ''classics'' traditionally refers to the study of Ancient Greek literature, Ancient Greek and Roman literature and ...
are written by Jains or with Jain beliefs and values as the core subject. Practically all the known texts in the Apabhramsha language are Jain works.
The oldest Jain literature is in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit and the Jain Prakrit (the Jain Agamas
Jain literature () refers to the literature of the Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the canonical ''Jain Agamas'', which are wri ...
, Agama-Tulya, the Siddhanta texts, etc.). Many classical texts are in Sanskrit (Tattvartha Sutra, Puranas, Kosh, Sravakacara, mathematics, Nighantus etc.). "Abhidhana Rajendra Kosha" written by Acharya Rajendrasuri, is only one available Jain encyclodaedic dictionary to understand the technical Jain terms in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit and other languages, with specific reference to Jain literature.
Jain literature was written in Apabhraṃśa (Kahas, rasas, and grammars), Standard Hindi (Chhahadhala, Moksh Marg Prakashak, and others), Tamil ( Nālaṭiyār, Civaka Cintamani, Valayapathi, and others), and Kannada
Kannada () is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly in the state of Karnataka in southwestern India, and spoken by a minority of the population in all neighbouring states. It has 44 million native speakers, and is additionally a ...
( Vaddaradhane and various other texts). Jain versions of the Ramayana and Mahabharata are found in Sanskrit, the Prakrits, Apabhraṃśa and Kannada.
Jain Prakrit is a term loosely used for the language of the ''Jain Agamas'' (canonical texts). The books of Jainism
Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religions, Indian religion whose three main pillars are nonviolence (), asceticism (), and a rejection of all simplistic and one-sided views of truth and reality (). Jainism traces its s ...
were written in the popular vernacular dialects (as opposed to Sanskrit), and therefore encompass a number of related dialects. Chief among these is Ardha Magadhi, which due to its extensive use has also come to be identified as the definitive form of Prakrit. Other dialects include versions of Maharashtri and Sauraseni.
Grammatical literature
Tamil grammar is extensively described in the oldest available grammar book for Tamil, the '' Tolkāppiyam'' (dated between 300 BCE and 300 CE) whose author was a Jain. S. Vaiyapuri Pillai suggests that Tolkappiyar was a Jain scholar well-versed in the Aintiram grammatical system and posits a later date, placing him in southern Kerala around the 5th century CE. Notably, Tolkappiyam incorporates several Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords, reflecting its historical and linguistic context. Another grammatical text Naṉṉūl (Tamil: நன்னூல்) is a work on Tamil grammar written by a Jain ascetic Pavananthi Munivar around 13th century CE. It is the most significant work on Tamil grammar after Tolkāppiyam. Jain acharya Hemchandra also contributed to grammar. He wrote ''Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana'', which includes six languages: Sanskrit, the "standard" Prakrit (virtually Mahārāṣṭrī Prākrit), Śaurasenī, Māgadhī, Paiśācī, the otherwise-unattested Cūlikāpaiśācī and Apabhraṃśa (virtually Gurjar Apabhraṃśa, prevalent in the area of Gujarat andRajasthan
Rajasthan (; Literal translation, lit. 'Land of Kings') is a States and union territories of India, state in northwestern India. It covers or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the List of states and union territories of ...
at that time and the precursor of Gujarati language). He gave a detailed grammar of Apabhraṃśa and also illustrated it with the folk literature of the time for better understanding. It is the only known Apabhraṃśa grammar. He wrote the grammar in the form of rules, with eight adhyayas (chapters) and its auto-commentaries, namely "Tattvaprakāśikā Bṛhadvṛtti" with "Śabdamahārṇava Nyāsa" in one year. Jayasimha Siddharaja had installed the grammar work in Patan's (historically Aṇahilavāḍa) state library. Many copies were made of it, and many schemes were announced for the study of the grammar. Scholars like Kākala Kāyastha were invited to teach it. Moreover, an annual public examination was organized on the day of Jñāna-pañcamī. Kielhorn regards this as best grammar of Indian middle ages.
The German scholar Georg Buhler wrote, "In grammar, in astronomy as well as in all branches of belles letters the achievements of the Jains have been so great that even their opponents have taken notice of them and that some of their work are of importance for European science even today. In the south where they have worked among the Dravidian peoples, they have also promoted the development of these languages. The Kanarese, Tamil, Telugu literary languages rest on the foundations erected by the Jain monks."
Influence on Indian literature
Parts of the Sangam literature
The Sangam literature (Tamil language, Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், ''caṅka ilakkiyam''), historically known as 'the poetry of the noble ones' (Tamil language, Tamil: சான்றோர் செய்யுள், ''Cā ...
in Tamil are attributed to Jains. Tamil Jain texts such as the '' Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi'' and '' Nālaṭiyār'' are credited to Digambara Jain authors. These texts have seen interpolations and revisions. For example, it is generally accepted now that the Jain nun Kanti inserted a 445-verse poem into ''Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi'' in the 12th century. The Tamil Jain literature, according to Dundas, has been "lovingly studied and commented upon for centuries by Hindus as well as Jains". The themes of two of the Tamil epics, including the ''Silapadikkaram'', have an embedded influence of Jainism.
Some scholars believe that the author of the oldest extant work of literature in Tamil (3rd century BCE), Tolkāppiyam, was a Jain.
S. Vaiyapuri Pillai suggests that Tolkappiyar was a Jain scholar well-versed in the Aintiram grammatical system and posits a later date, placing him in southern Kerala around the 5th century CE. Notably, Tolkappiyam incorporates several Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords, reflecting its historical and linguistic context.
A number of Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Tamil Nadu that date from the 3rd century BCE. They are regarded to be associated with Jain monks and lay devotees.
Some scholars consider the Tirukkural by Valluvar to be the work by a Jain. It emphatically supports moral vegetarianism (Chapter 26) and states that giving up animal sacrifice is worth more than a thousand offerings in fire (verse 259).
Silappatikaram, a major work in Tamil literature, was written by a Samaṇa(jain), Ilango Adigal. It describes the historical events of its time and also of the then-prevailing religions, Jainism, and Shaivism. The main characters of this work, Kannagi and Kovalan, who have a divine status among Tamils, were Jains.
According to George L. Hart, the legend of the Tamil Sangams or "literary assemblies" was based on the Jain ''sangham'' at Madurai:
There was a permanent Jaina assembly called a Sangha established about 604 CE in Maturai. It seems likely that this assembly was the model upon which tradition fabricated the cangkam legend."Jainism began to decline around the 8th century, with many Tamil kings embracing Hindu religions, especially Shaivism. Still, the Chalukya, Pallava and Pandya dynasties embraced Jainism. Jain scholars also contributed to Kannada literature. The Digambara Jain texts in Karnataka are unusual in having been written under the patronage of kings and regional aristocrats. They describe warrior violence and martial valor as equivalent to a "fully committed Jain ascetic", setting aside Jainism's absolute non-violence. Jain manuscript libraries called ''bhandaras'' inside Jain temples are the oldest surviving in India. Jain libraries, including the Śvētāmbara collections at Patan, Gujarat and Jaiselmer, Rajasthan, and the Digambara collections in Karnataka temples, have a large number of well-preserved manuscripts. These include Jain literature and Hindu and Buddhist texts. Almost all have been dated to about, or after, the 11th century CE. The largest and most valuable libraries are found in the Thar Desert, hidden in the underground vaults of Jain temples. These collections have witnessed insect damage, and only a small portion have been published and studied by scholars.
List of Jain texts
Digambara texts
#'' Shatkhandagama'' — Acharya Pushpadant, Acharya Bhutabali
#'' Samaysar'' — Acharya Kundkund
#'' Niyamasara'' — Acharya Kundkund
#'' Pravachansara'' — Acharya Kundkund
#''Ashtapahud'' — Acharya Kundkund
#''Panchastikaya'' — Acharya Kundkund
#''Rayansara'' — Acharya Kundkund
#''Dash Bhakti'' — Acharya Kundkund
#''Varsanuvekkha'' — Acharya Kundkund
#'' Tattvartha Sutra'' — Acharya Umaswami
#''Aptamimansa'' — Acharya Samantabhadra
#''Swayambhu Stotra'' — Acharya Samantabhadra
#'' Ratnakaranda Sravakachar'' — Acharya Samantabhadra
#''Stuti Vidya'' — Acharya Samantabhadra
#''Yuktyanushasana'' — Acharya Samantabhadra
#''Tattvasara'' — Acharya Devsena
#''Aradhana Saar'' — Acharya Devsen
#''Aalap Paddhati'' — Acharya Devsen
#''Darshansara'' — Acharya Devsena
#''Bhavasangrah'' — Acharya Devsen
#''Laghu Nayachakra'' — Acharya Devsen
#''Ishtopadesh'' — Acharya Pujyapad (Devanandi)
#''Samadhi Tantra'' — Acharya Pujyapada (Devanandi)
#'' Sarvarthasiddhi'' — Acharya Pujyapad (Devanandi)
#''Vaidyaka Shastra'' — Acharya Pujyapada (Devanandi)
#''Siddhipriya Stotra'' — Acharya Pujyapad (Devanandi)
#''Jainendra Vyakaran'' — Acharya Pujyapada (Devanandi)
#''Paramatma Prakash'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Yogasara'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Naukar Shravakacharya'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Tattvartha Tika'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Amritashiti'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Subhashit Tantra'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Adhyatma Sandoha'' — Acharya Yogindu Dev
#''Sanmati Sutra'' — Acharya Siddhasena Divakar
#''Kalyan Mandir'' — Acharya Siddhasen Diwakar
#''Ashtashati'' — Acharya Akalankadeva
#''Laghiyastraya'' — Acharya Akalankadeva
#''Nyayavinischaya Savrtti'' — Acharya Akalankadeva
#''Siddhivinischaya Savrtti'' — Acharya Akalankadeva
#''Praman Sangrah Savritti '' — Acharya Akalankdev
#''Tattvartha Rajavartika'' — Acharya Akalankadeva
#''Harivansh Purana'' — Acharya Jinsen (first)
#'' Adi Purana'' — Acharya Jinsen
#'' Uttarpuran'' — Acharya Gunbhadra
#''Aatmanushasan'' — Acharya Gunbhadra
#''Ashtasahastri'' — Acharya Vidyananda
#''Sloka Vartika'' — Acharya Vidyananda
#''Aaptpareeksha'' — Acharya Vidyananda
#''Pramanpareeksha '' — Acharya Vidyananda
#''Patra Pareeksha'' — Acharya Vidyanand
#''Kshatriyachudamani'' — Acharya Vadibhasingh Suri
#''Gadyachintamani'' — Acharya Vadibhasingh Suri
#''Kartikeya Anupreksha'' — Acharya Kartikeya Swami
#''Tattvarthasara'' — Acharya Amritchand
#''PurusharthasiddhiUpaya'' — Acharya Amritchandra
#''Atmakhyati Tika'' — Acharya Amritchandra
#''Laghutatvasphot'' — Acharya Amritchandra
#''Tattvapradipika Tika'' — Acharya Amritchandra
#''Varang Charitra'' — Shri Jata Singh Nandi
#''Chandraprabha Charitra'' — Acharya Veeranandi
#''Kashay Pahud'' — Acharya Gundhar
#''Gommatasara'' — Acharya Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravarti
#''Pashanahchariu'' — Sage Padmakirti
#''Triloksara'' — Acharya Nemichandran Siddhant Chakraborty
#''Labdhisar'' — Acharya Nemichandran Siddhant Chakraborty
#''Kshapanasar'' — Acharya Nemichandran Siddhant Chakraborty
#'' Tiloyapannatti'' — Acharya Yativrishabha
#''Jambudvipa Pannatti'' — Acharya Yativrishabha
#''Dhawala Tika'' — Acharya Veersen
#''Yashstilak Champu'' — Acharya Somdev
#''Nitivakyamrit'' — Acharya Somdev
#''Adhyatmatarangini'' — Acharya Somdev
#''Siddhivinischaya Tika'' — Brihad Anantavirya
#''Pramanasamgrahabhashya'' — Brihad Anantavirya
#''Shaktayana Shabdanushasana'' — Acharya Shaktayana
#''Kevali Bhukti'' — Acharya Shaktayana
#''Laghu Dravya Sangrah'' — Acharya Nemichand
#''Vihad Dravya Sangrah'' — Acharya Nemichandra
#''Prameya-Kamal-Martand'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Nyay Kumudchandra'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Tattvartha-vrittipada-vivaranam'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Shaktayan-Nyas'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Shabdambhoj Bhaskar'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Gadyakathakosh'' — Acharya Prabhachandra
#''Pradyumnacharitra'' — Acharya Mahasena
#'' Bhaktamar Strotra'' — Acharya Mantung
#''Padmanandi Panchavinshatika'' — Acharya Padmanandi (II)
#'' Mulachara'' — Swami of Acharya Vattaker
#''Gyanarnav'' — Shubhachandracharya ji
#''Bhagavati Aradhana'' — Acharya Shivarya (Shivkoti)
#''Amitgati Sravakacharya'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Dharma Pariksha'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Subhashit Ratna Sandoh'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Tattva Bhavana'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Panch Sangrah'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Bhavana Dvatrinshatika'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Niyamasara Tika'' — Acharya Padmaprabhamaladharideva
#''Parsvnath Stotra'' — Acharya Padmaprabhamaladharideva
#''Dharmaamrita'' — Acharya Nayasena
#''Samayasaratatparyavrttitika'' — Acharya Jayasena (II)
#''Niyamasaratatparyavrttitika'' — Acharya Jayasena (II)
#''Panchastikayatatparyavrttitika'' — Acharya Jayasena (II)
#''Tattvanushasana'' — Acharya Ramsen
#''Prameyaratnamala'' — Acharya Laghu Anantavirya
#''Siddhantsaar'' — Acharya Narendrasen
#''Parīkşāmukha'' — Acharya Māņikyanandi
#''Nyayadipika'' — Acharya Dharmabhushan Yeti
#''Dravya Prakash Nayachakra'' — Acharya Mayil Dhawal
#''Padma Purana'' — Acharya Ravishena
#'' Mulachara'' — Swami Acharya Vattaker
#''Ganitasar Sangrah'' — Acharya Mahavir
#''Shripal Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#'' Shantinath Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#'' Vardhaman Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#'' Mallinath Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Yashodhar Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Dhanyakumar Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Sukmal Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Sudarshan Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#'' Jambuswamy Charitra'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Mulachar Pradeep'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#'' Parsvnath Purana'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Siddhantasar Deepak'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Tattvarthasara Deepak'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Agamasara'' — Acharya Sakalkirti
#''Meru Mandir Purana'' — Sri Vamana Muni Ji
#''Praman Granth'' — Acharya Vajranandi
#''Chaubisi Purana'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Shrenik Charitra'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Sri Pandava Purana'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Sri Shrenik Charitra'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#'' Chandraprabha Charitra'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Karakandu Charitra'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Chandana Charitra'' — Acharya Shubhchandra
#''Jivandhar Charitr'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Adhyatmatarangini'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Prakrit Lakshan'' — Acharya Shubhachandra
#''Ganitasar Sangrah'' — Acharya Sridhar
#''Trilokasaratika'' — Acharya Madhavachand
#''Yogasara Praabhrit'' — Acharya Amitgati
#''Brihatkathakosha'' — Acharya Harisena
#''Aradhanasar'' — Acharya Ravibhadra
#''Acharsar'' — Acharya Veeranandi
#''Vardhaman Charitra'' — Acharya Asag
#''Sudansana Chariu'' — Acharya Nayanandi
#''Ekibhav Stotra'' — Acharya Vadiraj
#''Puransar collection'' — Acharya Srichand
#''Vasunandi Sravakacharya'' — Acharya Vasunandi
#''Bhavana Paddhati'' — Acharya Padmanandi
#''Angar Dharmaamrita'' — Pandit Ashadhar
#''Sagar Dharmamrit'' — Pandit Ashadhar
#''Bharatesh Vaibhav'' — Mahakavi Ratnakar ji
#''Samaysar Natak'' — Pandit Banarsidas
#''Brahma Vilas'' — Bhaiya Bhagwatidas
#''Chhadhala'' — Pandit Dyantarai
#''Kriya Kosh'' — Pandit Daulatram (first)
#''Bhav Deepika'' — Pandit Deepchand
#''Chid Vilas'' — Pandit Deepchand
#''Parshva Purana'' — Pandit Bhudhardas
#''Jin Shatak'' — Pandit Bhudhardas
#''Mokshamarg Prakashak'' — Pandit Todermal
#''Gommatasara Tika'' — Pandit Todarmal
#''Labdhisar Tika'' — Pandit Todermal
#''Kshapanasar Tika'' — Pandit Todermal
#''Triloksar Tika'' — Pandit Todermal
#?
#''Purusharthsiddhiupayetika'' — Pandit Todermal
#''Jain Siddhanta Praveshika'' — Pandit Gopaldasji Baraiya
#''Chhadhala'' — Pt. Daulatramji (II)
#''Ratnakaranda Vachanika'' — Pt. Sadasukhdas
#''Samaysar Vachanika'' — Pt. Jaichand Chavda
#''Chhadhala'' — Pandit Budhajan
#''Mahavirashtak Stotra'' — Pandit Bhagchand
#''Jainendra Siddhanta Kosha'' — Kshullaka Jinendra Varn
Shvetambara texts
Agamas are the main scriptures followed by Jains as preached by Tirthankars. Both Shwetambar and Digambar sects believe in 12 Agamas. Both also believe that the 12th Agama ''Drishtivaad'' ('' Dṛṣṭivāda'') was lost over a period of time and realised the need to turn the oral tradition to written. While Digambaras believed that all the 12 Agamas were lost, Shwetambars believed that the first 11 Agamas were not lost. They compiled them in written format in the 6th century CE in Vallabhi, Gujarat. The list is as follows.Agamas
There are 45 Agamas (11 Angā Agamas and 34 Angā Bahya Agamas).=11 Angā Agamas
= #''Āyāraṃga'' (Sanskrit: Ācāranga, meaning: 'On monastic conduct') #''Sūyagaḍa'' (Sūtrakṛtānga, 'On heretical systems and views') #''Ṭhāṇaṃga'' (Sthānānga, 'On different points f the teaching) #''Samavāyaṃga'' (Samavāyānga, 'On rising numerical groups') #''Viyāha-pannatti'' / ''Bhagavaī'' (Vyākhyā-prajñapti or Bhagavatī, 'Exposition of explanations' or 'the holy one') #''Nāyā-dhamma-kahāo'' (Jñāta-dharmakathānga, 'Parables and religious stories') #''Uvāsaga-dasāo'' (Upāsaka-daśāḥ, 'Ten chapters on the Jain lay follower') #''Aṇuttarovavāiya-dasāo'' (Antakṛd-daśāḥ, 'Ten chapters on those who put an end to rebirth in this very life') #''Anuttaraupapātikadaśāh'' (Anuttaropapātika-daśāḥ, 'Ten chapters on those who were reborn in the uppermost heavens') #''Paṇha-vāgaraṇa'' (Praśna-vyākaraṇa, 'Questions and explanations') #''Vivāga-suya'' (Vipākaśruta, 'Bad or good results of deeds performed')=34 Anga Bahya Agamas
= The 34 Anga Bahya Agamas consist of 12 Upānga Agamas, 6 Cheda sūtras, 6 Mūla sūtras, and 10 Paiṇṇaya sutras. Upānga Agamas #''Uvavāiya-sutta'' (Sanskrit: Aupapātika-sūtra, 'Places of rebirth') #''Rāya-paseṇaijja or Rāyapaseṇiya'' (Rāja-praśnīya, 'Questions of the king') #''Jīvājīvābhigama'' (Jīvājīvābhigama, 'Classification of animate and inanimate entities') #''Pannavaṇā'' (Prajñāpanā, 'Enunciation on topics of philosophy and ethics') #''Sūriya-pannatti'' (Sūrya-prajñapti, 'Exposition on the sun') #''Jambūdvīpa-pannatti'' (Jambūdvīpa-prajñapti, 'Exposition on the Jambū continent and the Jain universe') #''Canda-pannatti'' (Candra-prajñapti, 'Exposition on the moon and the Jain universe') #''Nirayāvaliyāo or Kappiya'' (Narakāvalikā, 'Series of stories on characters reborn in hells') #''Kappāvaḍaṃsiāo'' (Kalpāvataṃsikāḥ, 'Series of stories on characters reborn in the kalpa heavens') #''Pupphiāo'' (Puṣpikāḥ, 'Flowers' refers to one of the stories') #''Puppha-cūliāo'' (Puṣpa-cūlikāḥ, 'The nun Puṣpacūlā') #''Vaṇhi-dasāo'' (Vṛṣṇi-daśāh, 'Stories on characters from the legendary dynasty known as Andhaka-Vṛṣṇi') Cheda sūtras (texts relating to the conduct and behaviour of monks and nuns) #''Āyāra-dasāo'' (Sanskrit: Ācāradaśāh, 'Ten haptersabout monastic conduct', chapter 8 is the famed Kalpa-sūtra) #''Bihā Kappa'' (Bṛhat Kalpa, ' reatReligious code') #''Vavahāra'' (Vyavahāra, 'Procedure') #''Nisīha'' (Niśītha, 'Interdictions') #''Jīya-kappa'' (Jīta-kalpa, Customary rules) #''Mahā-nisīha'' (Mahā-niśītha, Large Niśītha) Mūla sūtras ('Fundamental texts' which are foundational works studied by new monastics) #''Dasaveyāliya-sutta'' (Sanskrit: Daśavaikālika-sūtra), this is memorized by all new Jain mendicants #''Uttarajjhayaṇa-sutta'' (Uttarādhyayana-sūtra) #''Āvassaya-sutta'' ( Āvaśyaka-sūtra) #''Piṇḍa-nijjutti and Ogha-nijjutti'' (Piṇḍa-niryukti and Ogha-niryukti), Cūlikasūtras'' ("appendixes") #''Nandī-sūtra'' – discusses the five types of knowledge #''Anuyogadvāra-sūtra'' – a technical treatise on analytical methods, discusses Anekantavada Paiṇṇaya sutras (Sanskrit: Prakīrnaka sūtras, "Miscellaneous") #''Cau-saraṇa'' (Sanskrit: Catuḥśaraṇa, The 'four refuges') #''Āura-paccakkhāṇa'' (Ātura-pratyākhyāna, 'Sick man's renunciation') #''Bhatta-parinnā'' (Bhakta-parijñā,'Renunciation of food') #''Saṃthāraga'' (Saṃstāraka, 'Straw bed') #''Tandula-veyāliya'' (Taṇḍula-vaicārika,'Reflection on rice grains') #''Canda-vejjhaya'' (Candravedhyaka, 'Hitting the mark') #''Devinda-tthaya'' (Devendra-stava, 'Praise of the kings of gods') #''Gaṇi-vijjā'' (Gaṇi-vidyā,'A Gaṇi's knowledge') #''Mahā-paccakkhāṇa'' (Mahā-pratyākhyāna,'Great renunciation') #''Vīra-tthava'' (Vīra-stava,'Great renunciation')Major scriptures by acharyas
Major scriptures by Acharya Umaswati (1st–2nd Century CE) #''Tattvartha Sutra'' (On the Nature rthaof Reality attva #''Prasamarati'' (guide for the aspirant on the path of peace and liberation from karmic bondage) Major scriptures by Acharya Vimalsuri (3rd Century CE) #''Paumchariya'' (Jain Ramayan) Major scriptures by Acharya Haribhadrasuri (8th Century CE) #''Anekāntajayapatākā'' he Victory Banner of Anekantavada (Relativism)– which puts forward arguments about Anekantavada #''Anekāntavādapraveśa'', discusses Jain Philosophy #''Anekāntasiddhi'' – establishes the concept of non-absolutism (anekānta) #''Ātmasiddhi'' (Realization of Self), a work about the Soul #''Upadeśapada'', collection of stories which depicts how difficult it is to secure a human birth #''Daṃsaṇasuddhi'', text deals with Samyagdarśana (right faith) and its purity #''Darisaṇasattari'', another work on Samyagdarśana #''Dhammasangahaṇi'', work on Dharma #''Lokatattvanirṇaya'', a work of comparative religion where he talks about Hindu Gods #''Saṃsāradāvānalastuti'', a work praising Thirtankaras #''Samarāiccakahā'', a collection of stories #''Sambohapayaraṇa'', a work on philosophy #''Ashtakaprakarana'' (The Eightfold Explanation) #''Dharmabindu'' – which outlines the duties of the laity, outlines rules for mendicants, and describes the bliss of moksha #''Dhūrtākhyāna'' (The Rogue's Stories) #''Pañcāśaka'' – a Prakrit work on rituals and spiritual matters #''Ṣaḍdarśanasamuccaya'' (Compendium of Six Philosophies) – which compares Jainism with other schools of Indian philosophy #''Samarāiccakahā'' (The Story of Samarāicca) – a narrative which outlines the effects of karma in a story about the enmity of its characters which endures over several reincarnations #''Sāstravārtāsamuccaya'' (The Array of Explanatory Teachings #''Yogabindu'' (The Seeds of Yoga) – a work on yoga #''Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya'' (An Array of Views on Yoga) – another work on yoga #''Yogaśataka'' – a third work on yoga. In these three volumes, he compares the yoga of Jainism with the other varieties of yoga prevalent in India at the time. Major scriptures by Kalikalsarvagna Acharya Hemachandra (12th Century CE) #''Triśaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-carita'' ("Deeds of the 63 Illustrious Men") #''Pariśiṣṭaparvan'' (Sthaviravali) #''Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana'' (grammar) #''Abhidhan-Chintamani'' (lexicon) #''Arhanniti'', a work on politics from a Jain perspective #''Kāvyānuśāsana'' (a work on poetics) #''Chandonuśāsana'' (a work on prosody) #''Pramāṇa-mimaṁsa'' (epistemology) #''Vītarāga-Stotra'' #Deśī-Nāmamālā (lexicon of non-Sanskrit origin words) #Nighāṇṭuśeṣa (botanical lexicon) Major scriptures by Acharya Ratnashekharsuri (15th Century CE) #''Siri-Sirivala-Kaha'' #''Śrāddha Vidhi Prakaraṇa'' Major scriptures by Mahopādhyāya Yashovijaya (17th Century CE) #''Ashtasahasri Tatparyavivarana Tika'' #''Adhyatmasara'' #''Adhyatmopanisatprakarana'' #''Dharmapariksa'' #''Jaina Nyayakhandakhadya'' #''Jaina Tarkabhasa'' #''Jnanasara'' #''Commentary on Jnanarnava'' #''Shripal raja no Ras''Others
*'' Yogaśāstra'' *'' Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana'' *'' Trishashthi-Shalaka-Purusha-Charitra'' *''Bhadrabahu Samhita'' *'' Jnanarnava or the Yogapradipadhikara'' *''Pramana-mimansa'' (logic)Texts claimed by both the sects
*'' Tattvartha Sutra'' - first Jain text written in SanskritOther texts
*'' Ajitha purana'' *'' Antakrddaasah'' *'' Aupapātika'' *'' Anuttaraupapātikadaśāh'' *'' Atma Siddhi'' *'' Aupapatika'' *'' Bahuriband'' *'' Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi'' *'' Drstivada'' *'' Jnatrdharmakathah'' *'' Kalpa Sūtra'' *'' Līlāvatīsāra'' *'' Lokavibhaga'' *'' Nālaṭiyār'' *'' Neelakesi'' *'' Nishitha'' *'' Nivvāṇalīlāvaīkahā'' * Palamozhi Naanuru *'' Prasnavyakaranani'' *'' Purvas'' *'' Samavayanga Sutra'' *'' Acaranga Sutra'' *'' Shantinatha Charitra'' *'' Silappatikaram'' * Sirupanchamoolam *'' Sthananga Sutra'' *'' Sutrakritanga'' *'' Upasakadasah'' *'' Vaddaradhane'' *'' Valayapathi'' *'' Varangacharita'' *'' Vikramarjuna Vijaya'' *'' Vipakasruta'' *'' Vyākhyāprajñapti''See also
* Champat Rai Jain * A.N. Upadhye * Bal Patil * Agama (Hinduism) * Āgama (Buddhism)References
Citations
Sources
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Further reading
* * * * * * * * *Jain texts
Bibliography of Sanskrit and Prakrit Jain texts (primary sources), from Dundas (2002): * Haribhadra. ''Anekāntajayapatākā'', ed. H.R. Kapadia, 2 vols, Baroda, 1940 and 1947. *Āśādhara. ''Anagāradharmāmṛta'', ed. K. Shastri, New Delhi, 1975. * Jinasena. '' Ādipurāṇa'', ed. Pannalal Jain, 2 vols, Kashi, 1964 and 1965. *'' Ācārāṅgasūtra'' with Śīlāṅka’s commentary, in Muni Jambūvijaya (ed.). '' Ācārāṅgasūtram'' and '' Sūtrakṛtāṅgasūtram'' (re-edition of Āgamodaya Samiti edition), Delhi, 1978. * Haribhadra. ''Aṣṭakaprakaraṇa'', Ahmedabad, 1918. *''Uvavāiya Suttam'', ed. G. Lalwani with English trans. by K. C. Lalwani, Jaipur, 1988. *Jinadāsa. ''Āvaśyakacūrṇi'', 2 vols, Ratlam, 1928 and 1929. * Bhadrabāhu. ''Āvaśyakaniryukti'' with Haribhadra’s commentary (reprint of Āgamodaya Samiti edition), vol. 1, Bombay, 1981. *''Āvaśyakasūtra'' in ''Dasaveyāliyasuttaṃ, Uttarajjhayaṇāiṃand Āvassayasuttaṃ'', ed. Muni Puṇyavijaya and A. M. Bhojak (Jaina Āgama Series 15), Bombay, 1977. *''Viyāhapaṇṇatti (Bhagavaī)'', in Pupphabhikkhū (ed.), ''Suttāgame'', vol. 1, Gurgaon, 1953. *Śivārya. ''Bhagavatī Ārādhanā'' with Aparājita Sūri’s commentary, ed. K. Siddhantashastri, Sholapur, 1978. *Siddhicandra. ''Bhānucandragaṇicarita'', ed. M. D. Desai, Ahmedabad/Calcutta, 1941. * Hariṣeṇa. ''Bṛhatkathākoṣa'', ed. A. N. Upadhye, Bombay, 1943. *Śīlāṅka. ''Cauppannamahāpurisacariyaṃ'', ed. A. M. Bhojak, Varanasi, 1961. * Haribhadra. '' Dhūrtākhyāna'', ed. A. N. Upadhye, Bombay, 1944. * Udayaprabha Sūri. '' Dharmābhyudayamahākāvya'', ed. Muni Caturavijaya and Muni Puṇyavijaya, Bombay, 1949. *Jayasiṃha Sūri. '' Dharmopadeśamālāvivaraṇa'', ed. P. L. B. Gandhi, Bombay, 1940. *Bhāskaranandi. '' Dhyānastava'', ed. S. Ohira, New Delhi, 1973. * Devasena. '' Darśanasāra'', ed. A. N. Upadhye, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Institute 15 (1935):198–206. * Siddhasena Divākara. '' Dvātriṃśikā'', in A. N. Upadhye (1971). *'' Daśavaikālikasūtra'', ed. E. Leumann and trans. W. Schubring, in Schubring (1977). * Jinadatta Sūri. '' Gaṇadharasārdhaśataka'', ed. Gandhi, Three Apabhraṃśa Works. * Jinabhadra. '' Gaṇadharavāda'', ed. and trans. E. A. Solomon, Ahmedabad, 1966. *Punnāta Jinasena. '' Harivaṃśapurāṇa'', ed. P. Jain, Kashi, 1962. *'' Isibhāsiyāiṃ: A Jaina Text of Early Period'', ed. W. Schubring, Ahmedabad, 1974. *Śubhacandra. '' Jñānārṇava'', ed. H. L. Jain, Kailashchandra Siddhantacharya and A. N. Upadhye, Sholapur, 1977. *'' Jñātādharmakathāḥ'', in Pupphabhikkhū (ed.), ''Suttāgame'', vol. 1, Gurgaon, 1953. * Yaśovijaya. '' Jñānasāra'', ed. G. P. Shah, Bombay, 1986. *'' Jainaśilālekhasaṃgraha'', vol. 1, Bombay, 1928. *Svāmikumāra. '' Kārttikeyānuprekṣā'', ed. A. N. Upadhye, Agas, 1978. *Jinapāla. '' Kharataragacchabṛhadgurvāvalī'', ed. Muni Jinavijaya, Bombay, 1956. *'' Kharataragacchapaṭṭāvalīsaṃgraha'', ed. Muni Jinavijaya, Calcutta, 1932. *'' Kundakunda-Bhāratī'', ed. Pannalal Sahityacarya, Phaltan, 1970. *Jineśvara Sūri. '' Kathākoṣaprakaraṇa'', ed. Muni Jinavijaya, Bombay, 1949. *Guṇadhara. '' Kaṣāyapāhuḍa'' with Vīrasena’s ''Jayadhavalā'' commentary, vol. 1, ed. Phulcandra, Mahendrakumar and Kailashcandra, Mathura, 1974. * Bhadrabāhu. '' Kalpasūtra'', ed. H. Jacobi, Leipzig, 1879. * Haribhadra. '' Lalitavistarā'', ed. Muni Bhānuvijaya, Ahmedabad, 1963. * Vaṭṭakera. '' Mūlācāra'', ed. K. Shastri, J. Shastri and P. Jain, 2 vols, New Delhi, 1984 and 1986. *Pradyumna Sūri. '' Mūlaśuddhiprakaraṇa'' with Devacandra Sūri’s commentary, vol. 1, ed. A. M. Bhojak, Ahmedabad, 1971. *'' Niśīthasūtra with bhāṣya and cūrṇi'', ed. Amaramuni and Muni Kanhaiyalal, 4 vols, Agra, 1957–60. * Kundakunda. '' Niyamasāra'', ed. and trans. U. Sain, Lucknow, 1931. * Prabhācandra. '' Nyāyakumudacandra'', ed. M. K. Jain, Bombay, 1941. *Kakka Sūri. '' Nābhinandanajinoddhāraprabandha'', ed. B. Harakchand, Ahmedabad, 1928. *'' Nandisuttaṃand Aṇuogaddārāiṃ'', ed. 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Muni Jambūvijaya, 3 vols, Bombay, 1977–86.External links
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