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Gommatsāra
''Gommatsāra'' is one of the most important Jain texts authored by ''Acharya'' Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravarti. History ''Gommatsāra'' was written by Nemichandra in 10th century CE in Prakrit. It is based on the major Jain text, Shatkhandagam written by the ''Acharya Bhutabali'' and ''Acharya Pushpadant''. Sermons on ''Gommatasara'' was delivered in 1635 by Rupchand Pande, teacher of Hemraj Pande. Content ''Gommatasara'' provides a detailed summary of ''Digambara'' doctorine. It is also called ''Pancha Sangraha'', a collection of five topics: #That which is bound, i.e., the Soul (''Bandhaka''); #That which is bound to the soul; #That which binds; #The varieties of bondage; #The cause of bondage. The first of these, namely, (''Bandhaka'') i. e., the mundane soul forms the subject-matter of Jiva Kanda (description of the soul). The other four form the subject-matter of ''Karma Kanda''. See also * Karma in Jainism Karma is the basic principle within an overarch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nemichandra
Nemichandra (fl. c. 975), also known by his epithet Siddhanta Chakravarty, was a Jain acharya from present-day India. He wrote several works including '' Dravyasamgraha'', '' Gommatsāra'' (''Jivakanda'' and ''Karmakanda''), ''Trilokasara'', ''Labdhisara'' and ''Kshapanasara''. Life Nemichandra flourished around 975. He was popularly known as " Nemicandra Siddh ''ā''ntacakravartî" (i.e. the Paramount Lord of the Philosophy). He was the spiritual teacher of ''Cāmuṇḍarāya'' and their relation is expressed in the 1530 inscription in the enclosure of Padmavati temple, Nagar Taluka, Shimoga district. Nemichandra supervised the ''abhisheka'' (consecration) of the Gommateshwara statue (on 13 March 980). Works At the request of Chavundaraya, Nemichandra wrote '' Gommatsāra'' in 10th century, taking the essence of all available works of the great '' Acharyas''. ''Gommatasara'' provides a detailed summary of ''Digambara'' doctorine. He wrote ''Trilokasara'' based on the '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jain Text
Jain literature () refers to the literature of the Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the canonical ''Jain Agamas'', which are written in Ardhamagadhi, a Prakrit ( Middle-Indo Aryan) language. Various commentaries were written on these canonical texts by later Jain monks. Later works were also written in other languages, like Sanskrit and Maharashtri Prakrit. Jain literature is primarily divided between the canons of the ''Digambara'' and '' Śvētāmbara'' orders. These two main sects of Jainism do not always agree on which texts should be considered authoritative. More recent Jain literature has also been written in other languages, like Marathi, Tamil, Rajasthani, Dhundari, Marwari, Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam and more recently in English. Beliefs Jains believe their religion is eternal, and the teachings of the first tīrthaṅkara, Ṛṣabhan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jainism
Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religions, Indian religion whose three main pillars are nonviolence (), asceticism (), and a rejection of all simplistic and one-sided views of truth and reality (). Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four , supreme preachers of ''dharma''. The first in the current time cycle is Rishabhadeva, who tradition holds lived millions of years ago; the 23rd is Parshvanatha, traditionally dated to the 9th century Common Era, BCE; and the 24th is Mahāvīra, Mahavira, who lived . Jainism is considered an eternal ''dharma'' with the guiding every time cycle of the Jain cosmology, cosmology. Central to understanding Jain philosophy is the concept of ''bhedavijñāna'', or the clear distinction in the nature of the soul and non-soul entities. This principle underscores the innate purity and potential for liberation within every Jīva (Jainism), soul, distinct from the physical and menta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acharya (Jainism)
An ''Āchārya'' () is the leader of an order of Jain ascetics (Munis), termed a sangh in the Jain tradition. Some of the famous achāryas are Bhadrabahu, Sthulibhadra, Kundakunda, Samantabhadra (Jain monk), Samantabhadra, Umaswati, Acharya Haribhadrasuri, Haribhadra, Hemachandra. In the Namokar Mantra, the five panch-paramsthis include Acharyas, Upadhyayas and the ordinary Munis(Sadhus). The lineage (line of ordination) of Āchāryas goes back to Lord Mahavira Swami. After the Ganadharas (immediate disciples of Lord Mahavira), there was a lineage of Kevalis (ending with Jambuswami), who were succeeded by Shrutakevalin, Shruta-Kevalis. After the last Shruta-Kevali Bhadrabahu, two separate lineages of Acharyas emerged, a Digambar lineage and a Shvetambara lineage. Several lineages of the Acharyas exist in both sects. The lineages became Bhattaraka or Yati lineages when it became impossible for them to travel freely. Reforms during the British period restored the Acharya linea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prakrit
Prakrit ( ) is a group of vernacular classical Middle Indo-Aryan languages that were used in the Indian subcontinent from around the 5th century BCE to the 12th century CE. The term Prakrit is usually applied to the middle period of Middle Indo-Aryan languages, excluding Pali. The oldest stage of Middle Indo-Aryan language is attested in the inscriptions of Ashoka (ca. 260 BCE), as well as in the earliest forms of Pāli, the language of the Theravāda Buddhist canon. The most prominent form of Prakrit is Ardhamāgadhı̄, associated with the ancient kingdom of Magadha, in modern Bihar, and the subsequent Mauryan Empire. Mahāvı̄ra, the last tirthankar of 24 tirthankar of Jainism, was born in Magadha, and the earliest Jain texts were composed in Ardhamāgadhı̄. Etymology There are two major views concerning the way in which Sanskrit and Prakrit are related. One holds that the original matter in question is the speech of the common people, unadorned by grammar, and that p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shatkhandagam
The (Prakrit: "Scripture in Six Parts") is the only canonical piece of literature of Digambara sect of Jainism. According to Digambara tradition, the original teachings of lord Mahavira were passed on orally from Ganadhar, the chief disciple of Mahavira to his disciples and so on as they had the capability of listening and remembering it for always. But as the centuries passed there was downfall in these capabilities and so Ācārya Puṣpadanta and Bhūtabali penned down the teachings of Mahavira in ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama''. Therefore the ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'' is the most revered Digambara text that has been given the status of '' āgama''. The importance of the ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'' to the Digambaras can be judged by the fact that, the day its ''Dhavalā'' commentary was completed, it is commemorated on the ''Śrūta Pañcamī'', a day when all the Jain scriptures are venerated. The ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'', the first ''āgama'', is also called the "Prathama ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemraj Pande
Hemraj Pande (Hemarāja/Hemrāj Pande) (17th century CE) was an Indian author belonging to the Digambara Jain Agrawal merchant caste & Garg Gotra. He was from Agra. He had a daughter named Jainulade(Jaini) who came to be mother of another poet legend Bulakidas making Hemraj Bulakis maternal Grandfather. He had written commentaries on numerous Jain texts. Being a disciple of Rupchand Pande, a thinker who had settled in Agra in 1635 & delivered sermons on '' Gommatasara''. As a ‘ pande’ – a vernacular form of the Sanskrit paṇḍitā – or ‘pandit‘, Hemraj could have been a lay Jain administering the temple, appointed by a '' Bhattaraka''. He wrote a commentary on '' Pravachanasara'' of Kundakunda in 1652 based on the commentary on '' Samayasara'' by Rajmall. He also wrote the differences between Jain sects, ''Digambara'' and ''Śvetāmbara'', in ''Chaurasi Bol'' (Eighty-Four Disputes) in the same year. He wrote these texts on the request of Kanvarpal or Kaurnpa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digambara
''Digambara'' (; "sky-clad") is one of the two major Jain schools and branches, schools of Jainism, the other being ''Śvetāmbara'' (white-clad). The Sanskrit word ''Digambara'' means "sky-clad", referring to their traditional monastic practice of neither possessing nor wearing any clothes. Nakedness was the ideal practice of lord Mahavira and his immediate followers. Mahavira emphasized the importance of nakedness for monks. It symbolizes complete detachment and is an ideal form of conduct. Mahavira believed that renouncing clothes made the body immune to external influences like heat and cold, increasing resilience. Without clothes, a monk would avoid the distractions of acquiring, maintaining, and washing garments, allowing him to focus on spiritual growth and self-discipline. Digambara and Śvetāmbara traditions have had historical differences ranging from their dress code, their temples and iconography, attitude towards female monastics, their legends, and the texts the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karma In Jainism
Karma is the basic principle within an overarching psycho-cosmology in Jainism. Human moral actions form the basis of the transmigration of the soul ('). The soul is constrained to a cycle of rebirth, trapped within the Temporality, temporal world ('), until it finally achieves liberation ('). Liberation is achieved by following a path of purification. Jains believe that karma is a physical substance that is everywhere in the universe. Karma particles are attracted to the soul by the actions of that soul. Karma particles are attracted when we do, think, or say things, when we kill something, when we lie, when we steal and so on. Karma not only encompasses the causality of transmigration, but is also conceived of as an extremely subtle matter, which infiltrates the soul—obscuring its natural, transparent and pure qualities. Karma is thought of as a kind of pollution, that taints the soul with various colours (''Lesya, leśyā''). Based on its karma, a soul undergoes transmigr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Book Publishers
Open Book Publishers (OBP) is an open access academic book publisher based in the United Kingdom. It is a non-profit social enterprise and community interest company (CIC) that promotes open access for academic monographs, edited collections, critical editions and textbooks in the Humanities, Social Sciences, Mathematics and Science. All OBP books are peer-reviewed. All OBP titles are open access, and are available in free editions in PDF, HTML and XML formats on the publisher's website, and a number of platforms including Google Books, Worldreader, OpenEdition, DOAB, The European Library and Europeana. Some editions are hosted on Wikiversity in socially editable format, e.g. ''In the Lands of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography'' by Anthony Cross (Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2015). Readers in developing countries can access OBP titles using e-readers and 2G mobile phones via Worldreader. Open Book Publishers is a partner in the COPIM project, building not-for-pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Popular Prakashan
Popular Prakashan is an Indian independent publisher and bookseller founded in Bombay in 1924. History In 1924, founder Ganesh R. Bhatkal, a former employee of Oxford University Press India, established the Popular Book Depot as an independent bookseller. In 1962, his successors Sadanand and Ramdas G. Bhatkal created Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. as a publishing company. Publications Cookery Popular Prakashan specialises in cookery titles. Sanjeev Kapoor of '' Khana Khazana'' is Popular's best-selling author and Popular has published more than 85 books by him. These are also available in Hindi, Marathi and Gujarati. Rasachandrika: Saraswat Cookery Book is a great compilation of delectable recipes from Maharashtrian and Konkani cuisine. Asha Khatau and Jeroo Mehta have also been published through Popular. Arts, culture and women's studies In 1990, Popular Prakashan set up a Kolkata-based associate firm, Bhatkal and Sen, for specialized publishing in the fields of culture and w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mumbai
Mumbai ( ; ), also known as Bombay ( ; its official name until 1995), is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Mumbai is the financial capital and the most populous city proper of India with an estimated population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore). Mumbai is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the seventh-most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 23 million (2.3 crore). Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires out of any city in Asia. The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of Marathi language-speaking Koli people. For centuries, the seven islands of Bombay were under the control of successive indigenous rulers before being ceded to the Portuguese Empire, and subsequently to the East India Company in 1661, as part of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
