An inverted roller coaster is a type of
steel roller coaster
A steel roller coaster is a type of roller coaster classified by its steel Railway track, track, which consists of long steel tubes that are run in pairs, supported by larger steel columns or beams. Trains running along the track typically rely ...
in which the
train
A train (from Old French , from Latin">-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it wa ... , from Latin , "to pull, to draw") is a series of connected vehicles th ...
runs under the track with the seats directly attached to the wheel carriage. Riders are seated in open cars, letting their feet swing freely. The inverted coaster was pioneered by Swiss roller coaster manufacturer
Bolliger & Mabillard in the early 1990s with the development of
Batman: The Ride, which opened at
Six Flags Great America
Six Flags Great America is a amusement park, theme park located in Gurnee, Illinois, within the northern Chicago metropolitan area. The theme park originally opened as Marriott's Great America on May 29, 1976, as one of two theme parks built ...
on May 9, 1992.
Versions of inverted coasters have since been produced by other major coaster manufacturers such as
Vekoma and
Intamin
Intamin Amusement Rides is a design and manufacturing company in Schaan, Liechtenstein, best-known for designing and constructing Amusement ride, thrill rides and roller coasters at dozens of international theme parks, amusement parks and other e ...
. Intamin has few designs classified as inverted coasters, although they do install inverted coaster trains on some of their launched designs. Vekoma, however, predominantly mass-produced the same design (
Suspended Looping Coaster) with 41 identical coasters installed around the world, though Vekoma now markets a newer style of inverted coaster, the Suspended Thrill Coaster, which utilises lap-bar restraints instead of the traditional over-the-shoulder restraints. Vekoma was also the first manufacturer to install a
family-friendly inverted roller coaster with the opening of
Flying Ace Aerial Chase at
Kings Island in 2001.
Giovanola also has a single inverted coaster operating, which uses the box-track design, also used by
Bolliger & Mabillard.
The inverted coaster differs from the older
suspended coaster, which runs under the track, but features cars that enclose the rider's legs and lower body and are attached to the track above by a pivoting bar, whereas the trains on inverted coasters are directly attached to the track. This direct attachment facilitates
inversions, which aren't possible on suspended coasters. Inversions typically featured on inverted coasters include
vertical loop
The generic roller coaster vertical loop, also known as a Loop-the-loop, or a Loop-de-loop, where a section of track causes the riders to complete a 360 degree turn, is the most basic of roller coaster inversions. At the top of the loop, rid ...
s,
zero-g rolls,
Immelmann loops,
cobra rolls, and
corkscrews, though Vekoma's suspended loopers typically feature
sidewinder and in-line twist elements.
History
The inverted coaster was developed in the early 1990s by engineers Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard of the Swiss roller coaster manufacturer
Bolliger & Mabillard in cooperation with engineer Robert Mampe and Jim Wintrode, at the time the
general manager
A general manager (GM) is an executive who has overall responsibility for managing both the revenue and cost elements of a company's income statement, known as profit & loss (P&L) responsibility. A general manager usually oversees most or all of ...
of
Six Flags Great America
Six Flags Great America is a amusement park, theme park located in Gurnee, Illinois, within the northern Chicago metropolitan area. The theme park originally opened as Marriott's Great America on May 29, 1976, as one of two theme parks built ...
, who first envisioned a suspended coaster capable of inversions.
The result of this partnership,
Batman: The Ride,
soft opened at Six Flags Great America as the first inverted coaster in the world on May 2, 1992, officially opening on May 9, 1992.
With the coaster's success,
Time Warner
Warner Media, LLC ( doing business as WarnerMedia) was an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate owned by AT&T. It was headquartered at the 30 Hudson Yards complex in New York City.
It was established as Time Warne ...
,
Six Flags
Six Flags Entertainment Corporation is an American amusement park company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It was formed on July 2, 2024, following a merger between longtime rivals Cedar Fair and the former Six Flags ...
' parent company at the time, moved to construct a series of duplicates of the ride at various Six Flags parks. In 1993, a second installation of Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure opened as the second inverted coaster in the world.
Six Flags has since gone on to construct five additional duplicates of the ride.
The second unique inverted coaster was
Flight Deck
The flight deck of an aircraft carrier is the surface on which its aircraft take off and land, essentially a miniature airfield at sea. On smaller naval ships which do not have aviation as a primary mission, the landing area for helicopters ...
which opened in 1993 at
California's Great America as Top Gun.
Nemesis Reborn was the first inverted coaster constructed outside the United States when it opened at
Alton Towers
Alton Towers Resort ( ) (often shortened to Alton Towers) is a theme park and resort complex in Staffordshire, England, near the village of Alton, Staffordshire, Alton. The park is operated by Merlin Entertainments, Merlin Entertainments Group a ...
in
Staffordshire, England in 1994.
That same year,
Raptor opened at
Cedar Point
Cedar Point is a amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky, Ohio, United States, owned and operated by Six Flags. It opened in 1870 and is considered the second-oldest operating amusement park in the US behind Lake Compounc ...
. With a 3,790-foot (1,160 m) track layout, Raptor was far larger and featured a less compact layout than its predecessors. It also featured the first cobra roll on an inverted coaster.
Installations
231 inverted roller coasters have been installed at various theme parks, some of which have been relocated. The following list is not exhaustive and only shows the most notable installations.
Gallery
File:Nemesis Inferno (Thorpe Park) 01.JPG, A Bolliger & Mabillard inverted roller coaster, Nemesis Inferno at Thorpe Park
File:Kumali.jpg, A Vekoma built inverted coaster, Kumali at Flamingo Land Resort
File:NemesisAlton.JPG, A Bolliger & Mabillard inverted coaster, Nemesis Reborn at Alton Towers
Alton Towers Resort ( ) (often shortened to Alton Towers) is a theme park and resort complex in Staffordshire, England, near the village of Alton, Staffordshire, Alton. The park is operated by Merlin Entertainments, Merlin Entertainments Group a ...
File:PCW-Top Gun.jpg, A Bolliger & Mabillard inverted coaster, Afterburn at Carowinds
File:Black mamba first drop.jpg, A Bolliger & Mabillard inverted coaster, Black Mamba at Phantasialand
File:Rollercoaster limit heide park germany.jpg, A Vekoma inverted coaster, Limit at Heide Park
File:DuelingDragonsCS.jpg, The only Bolliger & Mabillard dueling inverted coaster, Dragon Challenge at Islands of Adventure
File:Great Bear Helix.jpg, A Bolliger & Mabillard inverted coaster, Great Bear at Hershey Park
File:Traumatizer.jpg, A former Vekoma inverted coaster, Traumatizer at Pleasureland Southport
File:Cedar point raptor1.jpg, A Bolliger & Mabillard inverted coaster, Raptor at Cedar Point
Cedar Point is a amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky, Ohio, United States, owned and operated by Six Flags. It opened in 1870 and is considered the second-oldest operating amusement park in the US behind Lake Compounc ...
File:PKI-Rugrat's Runaway Reptar.jpg, A Vekoma family inverted coaster, Flying Ace Aerial Chase at Kings Island
File:The Flash Vertical Velocity SFGAm Front Tower.jpg, An Intamin
Intamin Amusement Rides is a design and manufacturing company in Schaan, Liechtenstein, best-known for designing and constructing Amusement ride, thrill rides and roller coasters at dozens of international theme parks, amusement parks and other e ...
launched shuttle inverted coaster, The Flash: Vertical Velocity at Six Flags Great America
Six Flags Great America is a amusement park, theme park located in Gurnee, Illinois, within the northern Chicago metropolitan area. The theme park originally opened as Marriott's Great America on May 29, 1976, as one of two theme parks built ...
File:SFA-Two Face.jpg, A former Vekoma shuttle inverted coaster, Two Face: The Flip Side at Six Flags America
File:Thunderhawk06.png, A Vekoma inverted coaster, Thunderhawk while at Geauga Lake
Geauga Lake was an amusement park in Bainbridge Township, Geauga County, Ohio, Bainbridge Township and Aurora, Ohio, Aurora, Ohio. It was established in 1887, in what had been a local recreation area adjacent to Geauga Lake (lake), a lake of th ...
File:Storm the Dragon Legend.jpg, A Gerstlauer infinity inverted coaster, Storm - The Dragon Legend at Tusenfryd
See also
*
Wing Coaster
*
Suspended roller coaster
*
Pipeline roller coaster
References
External links
Bolliger & Mabillard official siteIntamin official siteVekoma official site
{{Rollercoaster tracks
Types of roller coaster
Roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard
Roller coasters manufactured by Vekoma
Roller coasters manufactured by Intamin