''Inocybe godeyi'' is a species of
Inocybaceae
The Inocybaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Members of this family have a widespread distribution in tropical and temperate areas.
Taxonomy
The type genus of the Inocybaceae, ''Inocybe'', had traditionally been placed within ...
fungus found in Europe. The species produces
mushroom
A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. ''Toadstool'' generally denotes one poisonous to humans.
The standard for the name "mushroom" is t ...
s with cone-shaped
caps up to in diameter. The caps are cream, becoming browner, but they bruise red. The
stem
Stem or STEM may refer to:
Plant structures
* Plant stem, a plant's aboveground axis, made of vascular tissue, off which leaves and flowers hang
* Stipe (botany), a stalk to support some other structure
* Stipe (mycology), the stem of a mushro ...
is up to long, and has a "bulb" at the base. The white
flesh has a strong smell and an
acrid taste. The mushrooms can be found on forest floors in autumn months; the species forms an
ectomycorrhizal
An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ', "outside", μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobi ...
relationship to surrounding trees, favouring
beech
Beech (''Fagus'') is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia, and North America. Recent classifications recognize 10 to 13 species in two distinct subgenera, ''Engleriana'' and ''Fagus''. The ''Engle ...
. ''I. godeyi'' is known to be
poisonous, containing
muscarine compounds, and consumption of the mushrooms can lead to
SLUDGE syndrome
A cholinergic crisis is an over-stimulation at a neuromuscular junction due to an excess of acetylcholine (ACh), as a result of the inactivity of the AChE enzyme, which normally breaks down acetylcholine.
Symptoms and diagnosis
As a result of c ...
. The species is sometimes mistaken for the deadly ''
I. erubescens''.
First described by
Claude Casimir Gillet
Claude Casimir Gillet (19 May 1806 in Dormans, department of Marne – 1 September 1896 in Alençon), was a French botanist and mycologist. He initially trained as a medical doctor and veterinarian.
As a veterinarian, he worked for four y ...
, the species retains the name which it was first given, but has a number of
taxonomic synonyms. Its
specific name Specific name may refer to:
* in Database management systems, a system-assigned name that is unique within a particular database
In taxonomy, either of these two meanings, each with its own set of rules:
* Specific name (botany), the two-part (bino ...
honours
Louis-Luc Godey
Louis-Luc Godey (8 September 1813 in Saint-Lô - 17 February 1873) was a French mycologist known for his detailed illustrations of many European species of mushrooms.
He was the first to describe ''Lepiota brebissonii'' (later reclassified as ' ...
. Within the genus ''
Inocybe'', it has been
classified in a number of ways, but appears to form part of a
clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
(that is, a group sharing a common ancestor) with species including ''
I. abietis'', ''
I. corydalina'', ''
I. agglutinata'' and ''
I. pudica''.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
''Inocybe godeyi'' was first
described, and given its current name, by French
botanist
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...
and
mycologist
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungus, fungi, including their genetics, genetic and biochemistry, biochemical properties, their Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and ethnomycology, their use to humans, including as a so ...
Claude Casimir Gillet
Claude Casimir Gillet (19 May 1806 in Dormans, department of Marne – 1 September 1896 in Alençon), was a French botanist and mycologist. He initially trained as a medical doctor and veterinarian.
As a veterinarian, he worked for four y ...
in his 1874 work ''Les Hyménomycètes ou description de tous les champignons (fungi) qui croissent en France''. The
specific name Specific name may refer to:
* in Database management systems, a system-assigned name that is unique within a particular database
In taxonomy, either of these two meanings, each with its own set of rules:
* Specific name (botany), the two-part (bino ...
honours the French mycologist
Louis-Luc Godey
Louis-Luc Godey (8 September 1813 in Saint-Lô - 17 February 1873) was a French mycologist known for his detailed illustrations of many European species of mushrooms.
He was the first to describe ''Lepiota brebissonii'' (later reclassified as ' ...
. British mycologist
Mordecai Cubitt Cooke described a
variety of the species, ''Inocybe godeyi'' var. ''rufescens'', in a 1909 issue of the ''
Transactions of the British Mycological Society''. However, the name is now considered
synonymous
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...
with ''Inocybe godeyi''. A number of other names are recognised as synonymous. Gillet's own ''Inocybe rubescens'', described in an 1883 issue of ''Revue Mycologique'', is no longer seen as a separate
taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...
. The same is true of
Narcisse Théophile Patouillard
Narcisse Théophile Patouillard (2 July 1854 – 30 March 1926) was a French pharmacist and mycologist.
He was born in Macornay, a town in the department of Jura (department), Jura. He studied in Besançon, then furthered his education at the � ...
's 1884 description of ''I. rubescens'' as a variety of "''Agaricus trinii''", ''Agaricus trinii'' var. ''rubescens''. Other synonyms include
Roger Heim's 1931 ''Inocybe rickenii'' and ''Inocybe boltonii''.
Within the genus ''Inocybe'', ''I. godeyi'' has been classified in a number of ways. In 1986, mycologist Thom Kuyper placed the species in the
supersection ''Marginatae'' (
subgenus
In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...
''Inocybe''), along with species including ''
I. abietis'', ''
I. calospora'' and ''
I. praetervisa''.
Rolf Singer
Rolf Singer (June 23, 1906 – January 18, 1994) was a Germany, German-born mycologist and one of the most important Taxonomy (biology), taxonomists of gilled mushrooms (agarics) in the 20th century.
After receiving his Ph.D. at the University ...
considers ''Marginatae'' a
section in subgenus ''Inocybe'', but he placed ''I. godeyi'' in the section ''Geophyllinae'' (in the
subgenus
In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...
''Inocibium'') along with species including ''
I. agglutinata'' and ''
I. pudica''. A 2002
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
study found that Singer's ''Geophyllinae'' is probably
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
(that is, the taxa all come from a common, recent ancestor) and suggested that ''I. godeyi'' forms a
clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
with species including ''I. abietis'', ''
I. corydalina'', ''I. agglutinata'' and ''I. pudica''. All species in the clade were "smooth-spored Inocybes with
metuloid hymenial
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some c ...
cystidia", but there were other species that fit that description, such as ''
I. lacera'', that were shown not to be a part of the clade.
Description
''Inocybe godeyi'' produces
mushroom
A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. ''Toadstool'' generally denotes one poisonous to humans.
The standard for the name "mushroom" is t ...
s each of which features a
cap of across. The cap is initially cone-shaped, but expands outward, and flattens somewhat. In younger mushrooms, it is a cream colour, but as the fruit bodies mature, it changes to an
ochre
Ochre ( ; , ), or ocher in American English, is a natural clay earth pigment, a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand. It ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colours produced ...
to
tan colour; however, the cap can sometimes become entirely red, the colour it turns when bruised. The cap surface of younger specimens is smooth and silky.
The surface of older caps becomes increasingly fibrous, and cracks often develop, beginning at the cap margin and moving towards the centre. There is usually a small
umbo.
The
stem
Stem or STEM may refer to:
Plant structures
* Plant stem, a plant's aboveground axis, made of vascular tissue, off which leaves and flowers hang
* Stipe (botany), a stalk to support some other structure
* Stipe (mycology), the stem of a mushro ...
attaches to the center of the cap, and measures by . Towards the base, the stem surface is covered in fine grains, and at the very base, there is an obviously defined "bulb". In colour, the stem is an off-white, becoming redder as the mushroom ages. The
flesh is white, but gradually turns red when it is exposed. The
gills begin as an off-white, but become gradually the colour of
cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus ''Cinnamomum''. Cinnamon is used mainly as an aromatic condiment and flavouring additive in a wide variety of cuisines, sweet and savoury dishes, breakfa ...
.
They are adnexed, which means that only part of the depth of the gills attaches to the stem, and crowded.
Microscopic features
''Inocybe godeyi'' leaves a
snuff-brown
spore print, while the individual
spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...
s themselves are smooth and
almond
The almond (''Prunus amygdalus'', syn. ''Prunus dulcis'') is a species of tree native to Iran and surrounding countries, including the Levant. The almond is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated seed of this tree. Within the genus ...
-shaped. The spores measure 9 to 11.5 by 5.5 to 7
micrometre
The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Unit ...
s.
Each
basidium
A basidium () is a microscopic sporangium (a spore-producing structure) found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi which are also called tertiary mycelium, developed from secondary mycelium. Tertiary mycelium is highly-c ...
bares four spores.
Both the cheilocystidia (
cystidia found on the edges of the gills) and the pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the faces of the gills) are
spindle
Spindle may refer to:
Textiles and manufacturing
* Spindle (textiles), a straight spike to spin fibers into yarn
* Spindle (tool), a rotating axis of a machine tool
Biology
* Common spindle and other species of shrubs and trees in genus ''Euony ...
- or
bottle
A bottle is a narrow-necked container made of an impermeable material (such as glass, plastic or aluminium) in various shapes and sizes that stores and transports liquids. Its mouth, at the bottling line, can be sealed with an internal stopp ...
-shaped, with some kind of encrustation at the tip. They have thick
cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mech ...
s.
Similar species
It is sometimes mistaken for the deadly ''
Inocybe erubescens
''Inocybe erubescens'', also known as ''I. patouillardii'', commonly known as the deadly fibrecap, brick-red tear mushroom or red-staining Inocybe, is a poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Inocybe'' and one of the few ...
''.
The rarer ''I. erubescens'', like ''I. godeyi'', bruises red, though it is lighter in colour to begin with. The most distinguishing feature is that ''I. erubescens'' lacks a bulbous base.
Edibility
''Inocybe godeyi'' flesh has a strong smell, which has been variously described as "unpleasant",
"earthy or mealy",
and "not distinctive".
The flesh has an acrid taste. The mushrooms are known to be poisonous,
containing toxic compounds of
muscarine.
Consumption of the mushroom could lead to a number of physiological effects, including:
salivation
Saliva (commonly referred to as spit) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is around 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be e ...
,
lacrimation,
urination,
defecation
Defecation (or defaecation) follows digestion, and is a necessary process by which organisms eliminate a solid, semisolid, or liquid waste material known as feces from the digestive tract via the anus. The act has a variety of names ranging f ...
,
gastrointestinal problems and
emesis (vomiting); this array of symptoms is also known by the acronym
SLUDGE.
Other potential effects include a drop in
blood pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure results from the heart pumping blood through the circulatory system. When used without qualification, the term "blood pressure" r ...
,
sweating
Perspiration, also known as sweating, is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.
Two types of sweat glands can be found in humans: eccrine glands and apocrine glands. The eccrine sweat glands are distr ...
and death due to
respiratory failure.
Distribution and habitat
''Inocybe godeyi'' can be found in Europe.
It is found in deciduous woodland on the ground,
particularly on
chalky soil.
The species is
ectomycorrhizal
An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ', "outside", μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobi ...
,
favouring
beech
Beech (''Fagus'') is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia, and North America. Recent classifications recognize 10 to 13 species in two distinct subgenera, ''Engleriana'' and ''Fagus''. The ''Engle ...
.
Mushrooms are encountered in the autumn months of August to November,
solitarily or in "trooping groups". While the mushrooms can be locally common,
the species is typically uncommon.
See also
*
List of ''Inocybe'' species
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3914313
godeyi
Fungi described in 1874
Fungi of Europe
Poisonous fungi
Taxa named by Claude Casimir Gillet
Fungus species