Hasan Izzet Pasha (

Turkish Turkish may refer to: * Something related to Turkey ** Turkish language *** Turkish alphabet ** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation *** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey *** Turkish communities in the former Ottoman Empire * The w ...

: ''Hasan İzzet Paşa'', ''Hasan İzzet Arolat'', 1871; Constantinople (

Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...

) – 3 March 1931, ailemiz. net, information from the Archive of the Personnel Department of

Turkish Army The Turkish Land Forces () is the main branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for Army, land-based military operations. The army was formed on November 8, 1920, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Significant campaigns since the ...

) was a

general of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

Early life

Hasan Izzet Born in a family of

origin1871 to mother Süreyya Hanım, and father Ali Muhsin Pasha in

Aksaray Aksaray () is a city in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Aksaray Province and Aksaray District.

neighborhood of

. He graduated from the

Ottoman Military Academy The Turkish Military Academy () or as it is known historically and popularly Harbiye is a four-year co-educational military academy and part of the National Defence University. It is located in the center of Ankara, Turkey. Its mission is ...

(''Mekteb-i Füsûn-u Harbiyye-i Şâhâne'') in 1890 and the Staff College (''Mekteb-i Erkân-ı Harbiye-i Şâhâne'', present day: Harp Akademisi) on 23 March 1893 as a

Staff Staff may refer to: Pole * Walking staff, an instrument used for balance when walking * Staff, a weapon used in stick-fighting ** Quarterstaff, a European pole weapon * Staff of office, a pole that indicates a position * Staff (railway signalling) ...

Captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader or highest rank officer of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police depa ...

(''Erkân-ı Harp Yüzbaşısı'').

Military career

He was appointed to the fourth department of the General Staff by the order of Sultan

Abdul Hamid II Abdulhamid II or Abdul Hamid II (; ; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. He oversaw a Decline and modernizati ...

on 14 April 1894. On 7 May 1895, he was promoted to the rank of

Senior Captain Senior captain is a rank which is used in some countries' armed forces, navies, merchant marines, civil aviation and in the airline industry. Army In some armies of the world, "senior captain" is a rank between a regular captain and a major. The ...

(''Kolağası'') and on 12 May 1895, he participated in the military staff excursion to Üsküp (present day:

Skopje Skopje ( , ; ; , sq-definite, Shkupi) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia. It lies in the northern part of the country, in the Skopje Basin, Skopje Valley along the Vardar River, and is the political, economic, and cultura ...

). On 29 October 1896, he was assigned to the War Academy.

1897 Greco-Turkish War

On 21 April 1897, he was promoted to the rank of Major (''Binbaşı'') and assigned service in the Alasonya Army (''Alasonya Ordusu''), a

field army A field army (also known as numbered army or simply army) is a military formation in many armed forces, composed of two or more corps. It may be subordinate to an army group. Air army, Air armies are the equivalent formations in air forces, and ...

will attack

Elassona Elassona (; Katharevousa: ) is a town and a municipality in the Larissa regional unit in Greece. During antiquity Elassona was called Oloosson (Ὀλοοσσών) and was a town of the Perrhaebi tribe. It is situated at the foot of Mount Olympus ...

area. During the

1897 Greco-Turkish War The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897 ( or ), also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 (, ''Mauro '97'') or the Unfortunate War (), was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the O ...

, he was assigned to the 2nd Neşet Bey Division (''İkinci Neşet Bey Fırkası'') and took part in the

Battle of Domokos The Battle of Domokos () took place between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece. This battle was a part of the Greco-Turkish War (1897). Background After Greece tried to annex the island Crete the Ottoman porte declared war on Greece. T ...

(''Dömeke Muharebesi''). On 17 July 1897, he was called back to Istanbul and appointed in the commander of the Greek Border.

Interwar period

He was appointed to the inspector of examination of Edirne Military High School (''Edirne Askerî İdadisi'') on 30 November 1897, and appointed to the teacher of tactics (Artillery, Cavalry, Infantry) of the War Academy on 21 March 1898. He had been in

Damascus Damascus ( , ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in the Levant region by population, largest city of Syria. It is the oldest capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. Kno ...

for the inspection and examination of the Damascus Military High School (''Şam Askerî İdadisi''). He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel (''Kaymakam'') on 2 October 1900, to the rank of

colonel Colonel ( ; abbreviated as Col., Col, or COL) is a senior military Officer (armed forces), officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a colon ...

(''Miralay'') on 23 April 1905. He was appointed to the fourth department of the General Staff on 26 March 1906. He went to Romania to observe a military exercise and awarded with a 2nd class order by the Romanian government on 4 August 1907. On 25 June 1908, he was appointed as the member of the

military tribunal Military justice (or military law) is the body of laws and procedures governing members of the armed forces. Many nation-states have separate and distinct bodies of law that govern the conduct of members of their armed forces. Some states us ...

that was established because of some important affairs. Then he was appointed as the commander of the 17th Division stationed in Siroz (Serez, present day:

Serres Serres ( ) is a city in Macedonia, Greece, capital of the Serres regional unit and second largest city in the region of Central Macedonia, after Thessaloniki. Serres is one of the administrative and economic centers of Northern Greece. The c ...

31 March Incident

After the

31 March Incident The 31 March incident () was an uprising in the Ottoman Empire in April 1909, during the Second Constitutional Era. The incident broke out during the night of 30–31 Mart 1325 in Rumi calendar ( GC 12–13 April 1909), thus named after 31 Mar ...

, he was commissioned commander as the commander of the Provisional Division of the

Action Army The Action Army (), also translated as the Army of Action or Operation Army, was a rebellion force formed by elements of the Ottoman Army sympathetic to the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) during the 31 March Incident, sometimes referred to ...

in 1909. On 2 July 1911, he was appointed to the commander of the 1st Division under the command of the I Corps.

Balkan Wars

During the

First Balkan War The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia, Kingdom of Greece, Greece and Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegro) agai ...

, he went to

Babaeski Babaeski (Greek: Αρτεσκός) is a town in Kırklareli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Babaeski District.

and was appointed the commander of the 9th Division by the order of the Eastern Army (''Şark Ordusu''). He took part in battles at Petra (present day: Kayalı village in the central district of

Kırklareli Province Kırklareli Province () is a Provinces of Turkey, province in northwestern Turkey on the west coast of the Black Sea. The province neighbours Bulgaria to the north along a long border. It borders the province of Edirne to the west and the provinc ...

) on 9–10 October 1912 and Taştabya,

Vize Vize (; ; ) is a town in Kırklareli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Vize District.Çatalca Çatalca () is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 1142 km2, making it the largest district in Istanbul Province by area. Its population is 77,468 (2022). It is in Eas ...

. He was promoted to the rank of

Mirliva ''Mirliva'' or ''Mîr-i livâ'' was a military rank of the Ottoman Army and Navy. It corresponds to brigadier general ( modern Turkish: ''Tuğgeneral'') and division general ( modern Turkish: ''Tümgeneral'') in the modern Turkish Army. ''M ...

on 19 December 1912. On 21 January 1913, he was appointed the commander of the I Corps (part of the left wing of the

Çatalca Army Çatalca () is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 1142 km2, making it the largest district in Istanbul Province by area. Its population is 77,468 (2022). It is in East Thrace, on the ridge between the Mar ...

) by proxy. And then he was appointed the commander of the 18th Division on 6 March 1913. During the

Second Balkan War The Second Balkan War was a conflict that broke out when Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia and Kingdom of Greece, Greece, on 1 ...

, he commanded the

II Corps 2nd Corps, Second Corps, or II Corps may refer to: France * 2nd Army Corps (France) * II Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée), a cavalry unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars * II Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French ...

under the Çatalca Army commanded directly by Ahmet Izzet Pasha and took part in the

advance to Adrianople Advance commonly refers to: *Advance, an offensive push in sports, games, thoughts, military combat, or sexual or romantic pursuits *Advance payment for goods or services *Advance against royalties, a payment to be offset against future royalty pay ...

.Edward J. Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail, The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913'', Westport, Praeger, 2003, p. 323. After the armistice, on 24 December 1913, he was appointed as the commander of the

III Corps III or iii may refer to: Companies * Information International, Inc., a computer technology company * Innovative Interfaces, Inc., a library-software company * 3i, formerly Investors in Industry, a British investment company Other uses * I ...

World War

After the 1914 mobilization of World War I, Sultan

Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd (; or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) was the penultimate List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1909 to 1918. Mehmed V reigned as a Constitutional monarchy, constitutional monarch. He had ...

asked him to be the commander of the Third Army. He was the commander during

Bergmann Offensive The Bergmann Offensive (; in Turkish literature , "Battles of Köprüköy and Azap"; in Russian literature —"Köprüköy operation") was the first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign. The first battle after the Russians took Bayazet during W ...

. He feared in the background of the ill and rapid changes in the Army leadership during the preparations for the

Battle of Sarikamish The Battle of Sarikamish was an engagement between the Russian Empire, Russian and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empires during World War I. It took place from December 22, 1914, to January 17, 1915, as part of the Caucasus campaign. The battle resul ...

. He also opposed

Enver Pasha İsmâil Enver (; ; 23 November 1881 – 4 August 1922), better known as Enver Pasha, was an Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish people, Turkish military officer, revolutionary, and Istanbul trials of 1919–1920, convicted war criminal who was a p ...

to attack prematurely during Battle of Sarikamish. He gave his post as commander of the Third Army on 18 December 1914. He later participated in the

Turkish War of Independence , strength1 = May 1919: 35,000November 1920: 86,000Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225August 1922: 271,000Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı tarih ...

where he fought on the western front against the Greeks.

Medals and decorations

Order of the Medjidie Order of the Medjidie (, August 29, 1852 – 1922) was a military and civilian order of the Ottoman Empire. The order was instituted in 1851 by Sultan Abdulmejid I. History Instituted in 1851, the order was awarded in five classes, with the Firs ...

5th classe (8 September 1894) * Order of the Osmanî 4th classe (18 September 1899) * Golden Medal of Liakat (1900) * Rumanian Order, 2nd class (4 August 1907) * Order of the Medjidie 4th class (21 December 1909) * Bulgarian Order (1910) (verliehen von Ferdinand I. während seines Istanbul Besuches)

Military ranks

(''Yüzbaşı''), 24 March 1893 *

(''Kolağası''), 7 May 1895 * Major (''Binbaşı''), 21 April 1897 * Lieutenant colonel (''Kaymakam''), 2 October 1900 *

Colonel Colonel ( ; abbreviated as Col., Col, or COL) is a senior military Officer (armed forces), officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a colon ...

(''Miralay''), 23 April 1905 *

, 19 December 1912 * Ferik, 1 October 1915

Sources

Bibliography

*''The Encyclopædia Britannica'': Vol XXXII, 1922, by Hugh Chisholm, page 803.

External links

Hasan İzzet Paşa (Arolat)
Turkey in the First World War. {{DEFAULTSORT:Hasan Izzet 1871 births 1931 deaths Military personnel from Istanbul Ottoman Military Academy alumni Ottoman Military College alumni Ottoman Army generals Pashas Ottoman military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1897) Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars Ottoman military personnel of World War I Turks from the Ottoman Empire