In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the

Late Pleistocene The Late Pleistocene is an unofficial Age (geology), age in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, also known as the Upper Pleistocene from a Stratigraphy, stratigraphic perspective. It is intended to be the fourth division ...

, before the

Last Glacial Maximum The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Last Glacial Coldest Period, was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period where ice sheets were at their greatest extent between 26,000 and 20,000 years ago. Ice sheets covered m ...

and the settlement of the Americas). estimated at ( 95% CI) in: In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central and Northeast Asia. Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the

indigenous peoples of the Americas In the Americas, Indigenous peoples comprise the two continents' pre-Columbian inhabitants, as well as the ethnic groups that identify with them in the 15th century, as well as the ethnic groups that identify with the pre-Columbian population of ...

, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).

Subclades

There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.

D4

D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas. D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially Aleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b. D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in

Inuit Inuit (singular: Inuk) are a group of culturally and historically similar Indigenous peoples traditionally inhabiting the Arctic and Subarctic regions of North America and Russia, including Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwe ...

of Canada and Greenland, is a branch of D4b1c. D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese, Okinawans,

Koreans Koreans are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula. The majority of Koreans live in the two Korean sovereign states of North and South Korea, which are collectively referred to as Korea. As of 2021, an estimated 7.3 m ...

, northern

Han Chinese The Han Chinese, alternatively the Han people, are an East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Greater China. With a global population of over 1.4 billion, the Han Chinese are the list of contemporary ethnic groups, world's la ...

(''e.g.'' from Lanzhou), and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the Hulunbuir region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak,

Mongols Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China ( Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family o ...

and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner, and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner. D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Oroks of Sakhalin, the

Buryats The Buryats are a Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the other being the Yakuts. The majority of the Buryats today live in their ti ...

and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the Kalmyks of the Kalmyk Republic, the Telenghits and

Kazakhs The Kazakhs (Kazakh language, Kazakh: , , , ) are a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia and Eastern Europe. They share a common Culture of Kazakhstan, culture, Kazakh language, language and History of Kazakhstan, history ...

of the

Altai Republic The Altai Republic, also known as the Gorno-Altai Republic, is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia. The republic borders Kemerovo Oblast to the north, Khakassia to the northeast, Tuva to the east, Altai Krai to the west, as well ...

, and the Kyrgyz of Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture. It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave. Spread also all over

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

, the

Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya ( ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. More than list of h ...

Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...

Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...

, and

, with some cases observed in

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

, Southwest Asia, and

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

. Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan *D4* - China, Mongol from

Heilongjiang Heilongjiang is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the confluence of the Amur and Us ...

and

Hebei Hebei is a Provinces of China, province in North China. It is China's List of Chinese administrative divisions by population, sixth-most populous province, with a population of over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. It bor ...

,Guang‐Lin He, Meng‐Ge Wang, Xing Zou, Hui‐Yuan Yeh, Chang‐Hui Liu, Chao Liu, Gang Chen, and Chuan‐Chao Wang. Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity ''J Syst Evol'', 2023, 61(1): 230-250. doi: 10.1111/jse.12827 Korea, Japan, Thailand ( Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), USA, Russia, Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Greece *D1 – America **D1a – Colombia ***D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião) ***D1a2 – Guaraní **D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico **D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican **D1d ***D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican ***D1d2 – Mexican **D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró) **D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA ***D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena ***D1f2 – Colombia ***D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American) **D1g – Southern Cone of South America ***D1g1 ****D1g1a ****D1g1b ***D1g2 ****D1g2a ***D1g3 ***D1g4 ***D1g5 ***D1g6 **D1h ***D1h1 – Mexican ***D1h2 – Mexican **D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic) ***D1i1 – Mexican ***D1i2 – Mexican **D1j – Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina) ***D1j1 ****D1j1a *****D1j1a1 – Argentina *****D1j1a2 **D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic) **D1m – Mexican **D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico **D1r – Peru **D1u ***D1u1 – Peru *D4a – China, Mongol from

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of China. Its border includes two-thirds of the length of China's China–Mongolia border, border with the country of Mongolia. ...

and

, Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang), Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana), Pakistan (Saraiki), Mongolia **D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi ***D4a1a – Japan ****D4a1a1 – Japan, Korea *****D4a1a1a – Japan ***D4a1b – Japan, Korea ****D4a1b1 – Japan ***D4a1c – Japan, Korea ***D4a1d – Japan ***D4a1e – China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa, Mongol from

Shandong Shandong is a coastal Provinces of China, province in East China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It has served as a pivotal cultural ...

, Yakut ****D4a1e1 – Japan, Uyghurs ***D4a1f – Japan ****D4a1f1 – Japan ***D4a1g – China, Bargut ***D4a1h – Japan **D4a2 – Japan, Korea ***D4a2a – Japan, Korea ***D4a2b – Japan **D4a3 Mongol from Tongliao ***D4a3a ****D4a3a* – China (

Henan Henan; alternatively Honan is a province in Central China. Henan is home to many heritage sites, including Yinxu, the ruins of the final capital of the Shang dynasty () and the Shaolin Temple. Four of the historical capitals of China, Lu ...

), Korea ****D4a3a1 – China (Taihang area in Henan province, Hunan Han, Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture) ****D4a3a2 – Japan ***D4a3b ****D4a3b* – China, Mongol from

Shenyang Shenyang,; ; Mandarin pronunciation: ; formerly known as Fengtian formerly known by its Manchu language, Manchu name Mukden, is a sub-provincial city in China and the list of capitals in China#Province capitals, provincial capital of Liaonin ...

****D4a3b1 – Japan, Korea, China（Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China）, Pakistan (Kalash) ****D4a3b2 – China, Taiwan **D4a4 – Japan **D4a5 - Myanmar ( Shan from

Kachin State Kachin State (; Jingpho language, Kachin: ) is the northernmost administrative divisions of Myanmar, state of Myanmar. It is bordered by China to the north and east (Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibet and Yunnan, respectively), Shan State to the sou ...

), China (Zhejiang, Chamdo, Korean from Antu County, Mongol from Tongliao) **D4a6 - China (Eastern China, Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture),

Mauritius Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, about off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Ag ...

*D4a-b **D4a-b* – China (Han Chinese from Taizhou, Zhejiang) ***D4a7 ****D4a7* – China *****D4a7a ******D4a7a* – Taiwan *******D4a7a1 – Taiwan (Hakka Han from Neipu, Pingtung) *****D4a7b ******D4a7b* – Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) *******D4a7b1 – China (Souther Han Chinese from Hunan), Taiwan (Minnan Han from Kaohsiung and Tsou from Alishan, Chiayi), Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi) Singapore (Malaysian) **D4a8 – China *D4b – Thailand ( Thai from Central Thailand) **D4b1 ***D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic,

Tatarstan Tatarstan, officially the Republic of Tatarstan, sometimes also called Tataria, is a Republics of Russia, republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is a part of the Volga Federal District; and its capital city, capital and largest city i ...

), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur, Mongol from

Beijing Beijing, Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital city of China. With more than 22 million residents, it is the world's List of national capitals by population, most populous national capital city as well as ...

, ''etc.'') ***D4b1a ****D4b1a* – China ( Bargut from Inner Mongolia, Mongol from

), South Korea, Thailand ( Iu Mien from Nan Province) ****D4b1a1 – South Korea, Japan *****D4b1a1a – South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan ****D4b1a2 – Yukaghir, Neolithic Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug *****D4b1a2a ******D4b1a2a* – Hungary, Khamnigan, Han (Beijing) ******D4b1a2a1 – China ( Bargut, Uyghur), Mongol, Kazakhstan, Karakalpak, Azeri, Turkey, Poland, Russia (Buryats in Buryat Republic and Irkutsk Oblast, Tubalars, Ayon, Yanranay, Karaginsky District), Inuit (Canada, Greenland), Canada, Native American (USA) ******D4b1a2a2 – Buryat, Todzhins, Tuvan ***D4b1b'd ****D4b1b - China, Taiwan *****D4b1b1 – Japan ******D4b1b1a – Japan *******D4b1b1a1 – Japan *****D4b1b2 – Japan, China (Han from Zhanjiang) ****D4b1d – China ( Gelao from Daozhen) ***D4b1c ****D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit *****D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, ''etc.''), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi *****D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska) *****D3b – Oroqen *****D3c ******D3c* – Buryat ******D3c1 *******D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula) *******D3c1a ********D3c1a1 *********D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia) *********D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire) ********D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia) *****D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River) *****D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia) **D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP ( Middle Jōmon period)

Yokohama is the List of cities in Japan, second-largest city in Japan by population as well as by area, and the country's most populous Municipalities of Japan, municipality. It is the capital and most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a popu ...

, China ( Mongol from

), Thailand ( Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), India ( Gallong) ***D4b2a – Japan ****D4b2a1 – Japan, China ( Korean from Antu County) ****D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea *****D4b2a2a – Japan, Kyrgyzstan ******D4b2a2a1 – Japan, South Korea, China ( Han from Dandong) ******D4b2a2a2 – Japan *****D4b2a2b – Japan ***D4b2b – China (

from Northeast China and

, Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, ''etc.''), South Korea, Japan, Thailand ( Khmu from Nan Province), Saudi Arabia ****D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao, Uyghur, Persian *****D4b2b1a – Japan *****D4b2b1b – Japan *****D4b2b1c – Japan *****D4b2b1d – Japan ****D4b2b2 – China ( Mongol from Chifeng and

, Tujia, Han from Lanzhou, ''etc.''), Taiwan (Hakka) *****D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam ( Lachi) ******D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia *****D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea *****D4b2b2c – China, Buryat ****D4b2b3 – Japan ****D4b2b4 – Northeast India ( Sherdukpen), China, Russia ( Tuvan) ****D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan ****D4b2b6 – Chinese (Shandong, Beijing, Lanzhou, Denver), Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Armenian ****D4b2b7 – China, Taiwan (Hakka) ****D4b2b8 – Uyghur ****D4b2b9 *****D4b2b9* – China, Xibo *****D4b2b9a ******D4b2b9a* – Buryat ******D4b2b9a1 – China ***D4b2c ***D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat) *D4c **D4c1 – Uyghur ***D4c1a – Japan, Korea ****D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz) ***D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia ****D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet ****D4c1b2 – Japan **D4c2 – Turkmenistan, Mongol from Chifeng ***D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation ****D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi ***D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine ***D4c2c – Japan *D4d – Japan, Korea *D4e **D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA ***D4e1a – Thailand ( Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from Lanzhou, Mongol from

, ''etc.''), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan ****D4e1a1 – Japan, Chinese ****D4e1a2 – Thailand, Sonowal Kachari *****D4e1a2a – Japan, Korea ****D4e1a3 – China ( Yao from Bama, Mongol from Alxa, ''etc.''), Thailand ( Hmong, Iu Mien), Vietnam ( Cờ Lao, Phù Lá) ***D2 – Uyghur, Mongol from

Jilin ) , image_skyline = Changbaishan Tianchi from western rim.jpg , image_alt = , image_caption = View of Heaven Lake , image_map = Jilin in China (+all claims hatched).svg , mapsize = 275px , map_al ...

and Chaoyang ****D2a'b *****D2a – Aleut, Tlingit ******D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada *******D2a1a – Aleut *******D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo ******D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo *****D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region), Mongol from Hulunbuir ******D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar) *******D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk ******D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut ****D2c – Buryat ***D4e1c – Mexican **D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American) ***D4e2a – Japan, Korea ***D4e2b – Japan ***D4e2c – Japan ***D4e2d – Japan **D4e3 – Northeast Thailand ( Black Tai, Saek), China, Mongol from

and Tongliao, Lachungpa **D4e4 – Yakut, Ulchi, Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation ***D4e4a – Evenk, Even, Uyghur ****D4e4a1 – Yukaghir, Evenk, Even, Mongol from

***D4e4b – Russian, Volga Tatar **D4e5 ***D4e5a - Xinjiang (Uyghur, Kyrgyz), Russia (Altai Kizhi, Buryat), Inner Mongolia (Bargut), Iran (Qashqai), Japan ( Aichi) ***D4e5b - Orok (Sakhalin), Even (Nelkan on the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region), Kyrgyz ( Artux), Bashkortostan, Han Chinese ( Lanzhou,

Denver Denver ( ) is a List of municipalities in Colorado#Consolidated city and county, consolidated city and county, the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Colorado, most populous city of the U.S. state of ...

), Mongol from Fuxin and

*D4f – Shor **D4f1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol (Bargut, Chifeng, Chaoyang,

) *D4g **D4g* – Japan, Korea **D4g1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Uzbekistan ***D4g1a – Japan ***D4g1b – Japan, Taiwan, Mongol from

Xinjiang Xinjiang,; , SASM/GNC romanization, SASM/GNC: Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Sinkiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the China, People' ...

, Belarus ***D4g1c – Japan **D4g2 – China,

Mongols in China Mongols in China, also known as Mongolian Chinese or Chinese Mongols, are ethnic Mongols who live in China. They are one of the List of ethnic groups in China#Ethnic groups recognized by the People's Republic of China, 56 ethnic groups recogniz ...

( Fuxin, Hinggan, Tongliao, Xilingol) ***D4g2a – Japan ****D4g2a1 – China, Thailand ( Mon from Lopburi Province),

(Bargut,

, Fuxin), Buryat, Khamnigan *****D4g2a1a – Japan *****D4g2a1b – China, Thailand ( Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province) *****D4g2a1c – Thailand ( Mon from Kanchanaburi Province and Ratchaburi Province), China, Wancho, Jammu and Kashmir ***D4g2b – China, Buryat ****D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi *****D4g2b1a – Japan *D4h **D4h* – Thailand ( Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province), Philippines **D4h1 ***D4h1* – China ***D4h1a - Korea, China (Liaoning Han) ****D4h1a1 – Japan, Korea, China (Beijing) ****D4h1a2 – Japan, Korea, China (Liaoning, Jilin, Tianjin, Shandong) ***D4h1b ****D4h1b-G10398A - China (Hunan Han, Zhejiang), Kyrgyzstan ****D4h1b-A16241G - Japan (

Tokyo Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan, capital and List of cities in Japan, most populous city in Japan. With a population of over 14 million in the city proper in 2023, it is List of largest cities, one of the most ...

, Aichi) ***D4h1c – China (incl. Tu), Tibet ****D4h1c1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol from

***D4h1d – Bargut **D4h2 – Ulchi **D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province) ***D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA, and Colombia. ****D4h3a1 – Chile *****D4h3a1a – Chile ******D4h3a1a1 – Chile ******D4h3a1a2 – Chile ****D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina ****D4h3a3 – Chile *****D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA ****D4h3a4 – Peru ****D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina ****D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador ****D4h3a7 – ancient Canada ****D4h3a8 – Mexico ****D4h3a9 – Peru ***D4h3b – China **D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Mongol ( Bayannur, Hinggan) ***D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut *D4i **D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian) **D4i1 – Japan **D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England **D4i3 ***D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu) ***D4i3a – China, Taiwan (Atayal) **D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China ( Miao), Vietnam (H'Mông) **D4i5 – Japan *D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat,

(Bargut, Chifeng,

Hohhot Hohhot,; abbreviated zh, c=呼市, p=Hūshì, labels=no formerly known as Kweisui, is the Capital (political), capital of Inner Mongolia in the North China, north of the China, People's Republic of China, serving as the region's administrativ ...

Tianjin Tianjin is a direct-administered municipality in North China, northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the National Central City, nine national central cities, with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants at the time of the ...

, Tongliao), China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus **D4j1 – Thailand ( Palaung from Chiang Mai Province), Uyghur ***D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan ****D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand ( Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan *****D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet *****D4j1a1b – Toto ****D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh ***D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan) ****D4j1b2 – Gallong **D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut, Dolgan ***D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) **D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania ***D4j3 – Russian Federation, Uyghur, Tibet, Mongol ( Hulunbuir), Japan, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province) ****D4j3a – China, Inner Mongolia ( Mongol from Tongliao), Ulchi *****D4j3a1 – Japan ****D4j3b - Thailand ( Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), Tibet ( Lhoba), Uyghur ***D4j11 – Japan, Inner Mongolia ( Mongol from Chifeng), Buryat, Hungary, Italy **D4j4 – Nganasan, Even ( Maya River basin, NE Sakha Republic), Evenk ( Nyukzha river basin, Iengra River basin) ***D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic, Iengra River basin), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut ( Vilyuy River basin) **D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran ( Khorasan), Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir, Even (Sakha Republic), Evenk (Sakha Republic) **D4j-T146C! ***D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa ***D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse) **D4j7 – Tubalar, Mongol ( Hinggan League) ***D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut **D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Yakut, Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina **D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan **D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk **D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy **D4j14 – Japan **D4j15 – China, Tibet,

( Chifeng), Kazakhstan **D4j16 – China *D4k'o'p **D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, ''etc.''), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan **D4o – Teleut, Uyghur, Buryat ***D4o1 ****D4o1* – Uyghur, Tubalar (Northeast Altai) ****D4o1a – Japan, Buryat ****D4o1b – Kyrgyz ( Artux), Chelkan, Teleut, Khamnigan, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Han Chinese (N. China) ***D4o2 – Bargut, Yakut, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Even (Kamchatka, Sakha Republic), Koryak, Ulchi, China (Han from Lanzhou) ****D4o2* –

(Bargut from Inner Mongolia, Mongol from Hinggan League, Mongol from

) ****D4o2a – Manchu *****D4o2a* – Uyghur, Yakut, Nganasan, Evenk ( New Barag Left Banner), Even (Kamchatka), Koryak *****D4o2a1 – Negidal, Hezhen, Uyghur, China *****D4o2a2 – Yakut, Uyghur, ancient Yana River basin *****D4o2a3 – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Zabaykalsky Krai) **D4p ***D4p* – Altaian, Buryat ***D4p1 – Japan ***D4p2 – Buryat *D4l **D4l1 ***D4l1a – Japan ****D4l1a1 – Japan ***D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur **D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central, Vilyuy), Uyghur, Kazakh ***D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir, Mongol ( Xilingol League) ****D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir ****D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir ***D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa) *D4m **D4m* – Tubalar (Northeast Altai) **D4m1 – Japan **D4m2 – Mongolia,

(

, Tongliao), South Korea ***D4m2a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Yakut, Buryat, Evenk, Even, Yukaghir, South Korea ****D4m2a* – Nivkh, Buryat ****D4m2a1 *****D4m2a1* – Evenk (Central Siberia) *****D4m2a1a – Evens (two from Sakkyryyr and one from Tompo), Yukaghir ****D4m2a2 – Nivkh ****D4m2a3 – Yakut ****D4m2a4 – Nivkh ***D4m2b – Tuvinian, Daur Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Mongolia, Uyghur **D4m3 – Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Artux), Uyghur *D4n **D4n* – Japan, Korea **D4n1 ***D4n1* – Japan ***D4n1a – Japan **D4n2 ***D4n2a – China ***D4n2b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Tibet, Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast) *D4q – Taiwan,MtDNA Haplotree at FTDNA
/ref> China,

( Fuxin), Kyrgyz, Tajiks, India (Jammu and Kashmir), Germany, Poland, Netherlands, United States **D4q1 – Toto ***D4q1a – Toto **D4q2 - Kyrgyz, India (Uttar Pradesh Upper Caste Brahmin) ***D4q2a - Sherdukpen **D4q3 - Uyghur **D4q4 - Lhoba *D4r – Thailand, Myanmar *D4s **D4s1 ***D4s1* – Vietnam ( Si La, Hà Nhì) ***D4s1a – Vietnam ( Hà Nhì) **D4s2 – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli, Kyrgyz) **D4s3 – Tibet (Lhasa), Uyghur, Tuvinian *D4t – China, Korea, Japan *D4u **D4u* **D4u1 ***D4u1* – Iran (Qashqai) ***D4u1a – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli) *D4v – Thailand *D4w – Japan (Tokyo), Tu *D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima) *D4y – Vietnam ( La Chí) *D4z – China

D5'6

D5'6 (16189) is mainly found in

East Asia East Asia is a geocultural region of Asia. It includes China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan, plus two special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macau. The economies of Economy of China, China, Economy of Ja ...

and

, especially in China, Korea, and Japan. It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%) among the Yakuts, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times under the pressure of the Mongol expansion. *D5 - Taiwan ( Paiwan) **D5a'b (D5-A9180G) - Korean, Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand ***D5a - China, Korea, Japan, Buryat, Poland ****D5a1 - Japan (TMRCA 7,300 5% CI 3,300 <-> 14,200ybpYFull MTree 1.02.8328 (as of 11 March 2021)
/ref>) *****D5a1a - Japan ******D5a1a1 - Japan ******D5a1a2 - Japan ****D5a2 - Gallong,

( Baotou), Korea (TMRCA 12,500 5% CI 8,900 <-> 17,100ybp) *****D5a2a - Russia ( Tula Oblast, Buryat),

(

), China, Japan (TMRCA 10,400 5% CI 7,400 <-> 14,200ybp) ******D5a2a-T16092C - China, Korea *******D5a2a1 -

( Tongliao,

, Chifeng, Fuxin,

), China (Han from Lanzhou, ''etc.''), Tibet ( Monpa, Deng), Vietnam ( Hà Nhì), Korea, Japan (Gifu), Buryat, Tuvan, Kazakh ********D5-C16172T! - Burusho, Tubalar, Kumandin (Turochak), Todzhi (Adir-Kezhig), Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia), Wancho, Gallong, Monpa, Myanmar (Burmese from Pakokku), Thailand ( Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province), China (Han from Fujian, Miao, ''etc.''), Taiwan *********D5a2a1a - Japan (Aichi, Chiba, ''etc.''), China **********D5a2a1a1 - Japan (Aichi, ''etc.'') ***********D5a2a1a1a - Japan (Chiba, ''etc.'') ***********D5a2a1a1b - China (Uyghurs), Poland **********D5a2a1a2 - Japan (Gifu, Tokyo, ''etc.'') ********D5a2a1b - Sonowal Kachari, Gallong, China (Han from Zhanjiang, ''etc.''), Tibet (Lhoba, Tingri, Deng), Kyrgyz (Artux),

(

, Tongliao) *********D5a2a1b1 - China, Taiwan (Minnan) *******D5a2a2 - Japan (Aichi), Bargut, Buryat, Kyrgyz (Artux), Tibet (Shannan), Yakut, Dolgan, Yukaghir, Evenk (Iengra, Nyukzha, Taimyr, Sakha Republic), Even (Sakha Republic) (TMRCA 3,500 5% CI 2,300 <-> 5,000ybp) *****D5a2b - Thailand ( Iu Mien from Nan Province), Vietnam ( Si La, Hà Nhì), Tibet ( Deng, Sherpa), China (TMRCA 10,400 5% CI 7,200 <-> 14,500ybp) ****D5a3 - Tibet, Mongol (

Dalian Dalian ( ) is a major sub-provincial port city in Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, and is Liaoning's second largest city (after the provincial capital Shenyang) and the third-most populous city of Northeast China (after Shenyang ...

), Korea, Japan (TMRCA 11,100 5% CI 6,300 <-> 18,100ybp) *****D5a3a - Mongol ( Hinggan League), China, Tibet, Finland ******D5a3a1 - China, Uyghur, Ukraine *******D5a3a1a - Finland, Norway (Saami), Russia (Veliky Novgorod, ''etc.''), Mansi *****D5a3b - China, Korea (

Seoul Seoul, officially Seoul Special Metropolitan City, is the capital city, capital and largest city of South Korea. The broader Seoul Metropolitan Area, encompassing Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon, emerged as the world's List of cities b ...

) ***D5b - Uyghur, China, Mongol ( Chifeng) ****D5b1 *****D5b1* - China, Uyghur, Mongol ( Hulunbuir,

, Tongliao) *****D5b1a ******D5b1a1 - Japan, Korea, China (Hubei, ''etc.'') ******D5b1a2 - Japan *****D5b1b ******D5b1b* - Japan, Korea, Mongol ( Baotou, Chaoyang,

, Nanyang,

Shanxi Shanxi; Chinese postal romanization, formerly romanised as Shansi is a Provinces of China, province in North China. Its capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-level cities are Changzhi a ...

, Tongliao) ******D5b1b1 - Japan, Korea, Uzbekistan ******D5b1b2 *******D5b1b2* - Japan, Korea, Taiwan (Minnan), Uyghur *******D5b1b2a - Uyghur *******D5b1b2b - Uyghur *******D5b1b2c - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) ******D5b1b3 - Japan ******D5b1b4 - China *****D5b1c ******D5b1c* - China (Han from Kunming) ******D5b1c1 - China, Mongol ( Chifeng), Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam (Kinh) *******D5b1c1* - Taiwan (Minnan, ''etc.'') *******D5b1c1a ********D5b1c1a* - Taiwan (Amis, Puyuma, ''etc.''), Indonesia (Manado), Chinese (Singapore) ********D5b1c1a1 - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, ''etc.'') ********D5b1c1a2 - Philippines (Ibaloi) *******D5b1c1b - China ******D5b1c2 - Uyghur *****D5b1d - Han Chinese (Beijing), Mongol ( Ordos), Yakut *****D5b1e - China *****D5b1f - China ****D5b2 - Japan ****D5b3 *****D5b3* - Vietnam ( Kinh, Tay), Thailand ( Phuan), Laos ( Lao), Taiwan (Minnan, ''etc.'') *****D5b3a - Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma) ******D5b3a1 - Taiwan (Rukai, Bunun, Paiwan, ''etc.'') *****D5b3b - Thailand ( Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam ( Kinh) ****D5b4 - Thailand ( Siamese, Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), Vietnam (Tay Nung, Cờ Lao, Tay, Kinh), Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao, ''etc.''), China (Han) ****D5b5 - Uyghur **D5c ***D5c1 - Japan, Han Chinese (Beijing) ****D5c1a - Japan, Taiwan (Minnan, ''etc.''), China, Mongol ( Tongliao), Uyghur, Tubalar, Kumandin ( Turochak, Soltonsky District), Shor ( Biyka, ''etc.''), Kyrgyzstan (TMRCA 4,500 5% CI 3,300 <-> 6,100ybp) ***D5c-T16311C! - Vietnam ( Kinh), Mongolian, ChinaMtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
/ref> ****D5c2 - China, Japan *D6 **D6a - Philippines, East Timor ***D6a1 ****D6a1* - Tibet, China, Korea, Japan ****D6a1a - China, Japan ***D6a2 - Taiwan (Atayal), Philippines **D6c - China ( She people, Han from Zhanjiang), Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand ( Phutai from Kalasin Province) ***D6c1 - Philippines ****D6c1a - Philippines ( Maranao)

Table of frequencies by ethnic group

Famous members

* Ruth Simmons is a member of haplogroup D1. *Comedian and actress Margaret Cho is in haplogroup D5a2a1b.

Subclades

D4

D5'6

Table of frequencies by ethnic group

Famous members

See also

References

External links