Haghartsin Monastery
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Haghartsin () is a medieval
monastery A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of Monasticism, monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in Cenobitic monasticism, communities or alone (hermits). A monastery generally includes a ...
located near the town of
Dilijan Dilijan () is a spa town and urban municipal community in the Dilijan Municipality of the Tavush Province of Armenia. The town is one of the most important resorts in Armenia, situated within the Dilijan National Park. The forested town is home t ...
in the
Tavush Province Tavush (, ) is a administrative divisions of Armenia, province of Armenia located at the northeast of Armenia, bordered by Georgia (country), Georgia from the north and Azerbaijan from the east. Internally, Tavush borders the Gegharkunik Province ...
of
Armenia Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia (country), Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to ...
. It was built between the 10th and 13th centuries. It is composed of three churches: St. Gregory's (the oldest one), St. Stephen's, and St. Astvatsatsin (St. Mary's, the largest one), as well as a ''
gavit A ''gavit'' (; gawit’) or ''zhamatun'' (Armenian: ) is a congressional room or mausoleum added to the entrance of a church, and therefore often contiguous to its west side, in a Medieval Armenian monastery. It served as narthex (entrance to the ...
'' and a
refectory A refectory (also frater, frater house, fratery) is a dining room, especially in monastery, monasteries, boarding schools and academic institutions. One of the places the term is most often used today is in graduate seminary, seminaries. The name ...
.


Etymology

Popular etymology A false etymology (fake etymology or pseudo-etymology) is a false theory about the origin or derivation of a specific word or phrase. When a false etymology becomes a popular belief in a cultural/linguistic community, it is a folk etymology (or po ...
derives the name of Haghartsin from the words 'moved around, played' and 'eagle'. ''Haghartsin'' is also the name of a stream which flows past the monastery and empties into the Aghstev.


History

Haghartsin is thought to have been founded in the 10th century, although the exact founding date is unknown. It is assumed that kings of the
Kiurikian dynasty The Kiurikian or Kiurikid dynasty ( or more rarely Gurgenian, ) was a medieval Armenian royal dynasty which ruled the kingdoms of Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget, Tashir-Dzoraget (978-1118) and First Kingdom of Kakheti, Kakheti-Hereti (1029/1038-1105 ...
, a branch of the
Bagratuni dynasty The Bagratuni or Bagratid dynasty (, ) was an Armenian royal dynasty which ruled the medieval Kingdom of Armenia from until 1045. Originating as vassals of the Kingdom of Armenia of antiquity, they rose to become the most prominent Armenian n ...
, are buried in the partially destroyed sepulchre next to St. Gregory's Church, which contains two graves (formerly three) with partially legible inscriptions. According to another view, the Bagratuni kings Smbat II () and Gagik I () are the ones buried there, although the historian
Stepanos Asoghik Stepanos Asoghik (), also known as Stepanos Taronetsi (), was an Armenian historian of the centuries. The dates of his birth and death are unknown. His name indicates that he came from the region of Taron and earned the nickname , meaning eithe ...
reports that Smbat was buried in Ani. The monastery was almost entirely destroyed by the
Seljuks The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; , ''Saljuqian'',) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture. The founder of th ...
in the 11th century, but was then renovated by the Zakarid princes Zakare and Ivane from 1184. At that time, the Monastery Church of St. Gregory (Surb Grigor) was built, and simultaneously a '' žamatun'' was added on the western side. Ivane left a dedicatory inscription following the death of his brother in 1213: The two brothers chose Haghartsin as their family's burial ground. The 13th-century Armenian historian
Kirakos Gandzaketsi Kirakos Gandzaketsi (; c. 1200/1202–1271) was an Armenian historian of the 13th century S. Peter Cowe. Kirakos Ganjakec'i or Arewelc'i // Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History / Edited by David Thomas & Alex Mallet. — BRILL, 2 ...
mentions that
Khachatur of Taron Khachatur of Taron or Khatchatur Taronatsi (; 12th century, in Taron, Turuberan, Greater Armenia – 1184, at Haghartsin Monastery) was an Armenian Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Ca ...
, the renowned musician who served as the abbot of Haghartsin, attended the consecration of one of the churches of Nor Getik, which occurred in 1194. Kirakos also credits Khachatur with the reconstruction and expansion of the monastery.


St. Astvatsatsin Church

St. Astvatsatsin Church in Haghartsin (1281) is the largest building and the dominant artistic feature. The sixteen-faced
dome A dome () is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere. There is significant overlap with the term cupola, which may also refer to a dome or a structure on top of a dome. The precise definition of a dome has been a m ...
is decorated with
arch An arch is a curved vertical structure spanning an open space underneath it. Arches may support the load above them, or they may perform a purely decorative role. As a decorative element, the arch dates back to the 4th millennium BC, but stru ...
es, the bases of whose columns are connected by triangular ledges and spheres, with a band around the drum's bottom. This adds to the optical height of the dome and creates the impression that its drum is weightless. The platband of the southern portal's
architrave In classical architecture, an architrave (; , also called an epistyle; ) is the lintel or beam, typically made of wood or stone, that rests on the capitals of columns. The term can also apply to all sides, including the vertical members, ...
is framed with rows of
trefoil A trefoil () is a graphic form composed of the outline of three overlapping rings, used in architecture, Pagan and Christian symbolism, among other areas. The term is also applied to other symbols with a threefold shape. A similar shape with f ...
s. The sculptural group of the church's eastern facade differs in composition from the similar
bas-relief Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term ''relief'' is from the Latin verb , to raise (). To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that th ...
s of Sanahin,
Haghpat Haghpat () is a village in the Lori Province of Armenia, located near the city of Alaverdi and the state border with Georgia. The village is notable for Haghpat Monastery, a medieval monastery complex founded in the 10th century, and included i ...
, and Harich. It shows two men in
monk A monk (; from , ''monachos'', "single, solitary" via Latin ) is a man who is a member of a religious order and lives in a monastery. A monk usually lives his life in prayer and contemplation. The concept is ancient and can be seen in many reli ...
s' attire who point with their hands at a church model and a picture of a dove with half-spread wings placed between them. The umbrella roofing of the model's dome shows the original look of the dome of Astvatsatsin church. The figures are shown wearing different dresses — the one standing right is dressed more richly than the one standing left. The faces, with their long whiskers, luxuriant combed beards, and large almond-shaped eyes, are also executed in different manners. These are probably the founders of the church, the Father Superior and his assistant. Outside the south door is a khachkar carved by an artist named Poghos in the 13th century.


St. Astvatsatsin Church gavit

The ''
gavit A ''gavit'' (; gawit’) or ''zhamatun'' (Armenian: ) is a congressional room or mausoleum added to the entrance of a church, and therefore often contiguous to its west side, in a Medieval Armenian monastery. It served as narthex (entrance to the ...
'' of St. Astvatsatsin Church is severely damaged. The ruins show clearly where it stood; however, the walls are almost completely destroyed.


St. Gregory's Church

The oldest large structure of the complex, probably dating from the 10th century, St. Gregory's (Surb Grigor) Church, is accessible through its ''gavit'', which is wider than the church itself. The dome has an octagonal tambour. An important school of church music was located in this church.


St. Gregory's Church ''gavit''

The 12th-century ''gavit'' abutting St. Gregory's Church is the most common type of plan. It is a square building, with roofing supported by four internal
abutments An abutment is the Bridge#Structure types, substructure at the ends of a bridge Span (architecture), span or dam supporting its Bridge#Structure types, superstructure. Single-span bridges have abutments at each end that provide vertical and l ...
, and with squat octahedral tents above the central sections, somewhat similar to the Armenian peasant home of the ''glkhatun'' type. The ''gavit'' has ornamented corner sections. Decorated with rosettes, these sections contain sculptures of human figures in monks' attires, carrying crosses, staffs, and birds. The framing of the central window of Haghartsin's ''gavit'' is cross-shaped. Placed right above the portal of the main entrance, it emphasizes the central part of the façade. One of the half-columns along the right-hand wall towards the back has come forward, showing that it is hollow. According to legend, this was swung open and shut in the past and monastery riches were hidden inside at times of war and invasion.


St. Stephen's Church

The small St. Stephen's (Surb Stepanos) Church dates to 1244.


Sepulchre

A royal sepulchre is located next to the southern wall of the ''gavit'' of St. Gregory's Church. Sometime between 1865 and 1895, the abbot at the time tore down the walls of the sepulchre and used the stones for other structures, although the foundation walls remain. There were once three gravestones there, of which only two have survived, with partially legible inscriptions. One gravestone reads "This is the grave of the kings G… []" and the other reads "King Smbat"; in the 19th century, Sargis Jalaliants recorded the first inscription as "". It is assumed that kings of the Kiurikian dynasty, a branch of the Bagratuni dynasty, are buried in the sepulchre. According to another view, the Bagratuni kings Smbat II () and Gagik I () are the ones buried there, although the historian Stepanos Asoghik reports that Smbat was buried in Ani.


Refectory

Like the refectory of
Haghpat Monastery Haghpat Monastery, also known as Haghpatavank (), is a medieval Armenian monastery complex in Haghpat, Armenia, built between the 10th and 13th century. Location The location of Haghpat Monastery was chosen so that it overlooks the Debed River ...
, the refectory of Haghartsin, built by the architect Minas in 1248, is divided by pillars into two square-plan parts roofed with intersecting arches. The walls are lined with stone benches, and at the western butt wall, next to the door, there is a broad archway for the numerous pilgrims to navigate. The decoration is concentrated only in the central sections of the roofing, near the main lighting apertures. The transition from the rectangle of their base to the octagon of the top is decorated with tre- and quatrefoils. The low abutments determine the size of the upstretched arches. The proportionally diminishing architectural shapes create the impression of airiness and space. This space has large wooden log tables and chairs, where receptions occur after marriages or baptisms at the monastery.


Current state

In 2011, Haghartsin Monastery underwent a major renovation by
Armenia Fund Armenia Fund (full name Hayastan All Armenian Fund, ) was established in 1994 in Los Angeles, California. Armenia Fund, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt, non-governmental, non-political corporation, headquartered in Yerevan. Serving as the United S ...
with a donation from
Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi (; born 2 July 1939) is an Emirati royal, politician, author, historian, and the current and 11th ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah and a member of the Federal Supreme Council of the United Arab Emirates s ...
, ruler of
Sharjah Sharjah (; ', Gulf Arabic: ''aš-Šārja'') is the List of cities in the United Arab Emirates, third-most populous city in the United Arab Emirates, after Dubai and Abu Dhabi. It is the capital of the Emirate of Sharjah and forms part of the D ...
.. Today the complex is reachable by a paved road with a large parking area, a gift shop, a bakery, and other facilities on site. In 2017 the monastery was incorporated into the
Transcaucasian Trail The Transcaucasian Trail (TCT) is a long-distance hiking trail under development in the Caucasus through the nations of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. It was named one of the world's "100 Greatest Places" by ''Time'' magazine in 2019. Many ...
long-distance hiking route.Se
Transcaucasian Trail Hiking Guide: Dilijan National Park


Gallery

File:Haghartcin.jpg, The Haghartsin monastic complex in July 2007, before the restoration File:Mpa of Haghardzin.gif, Location of Haghartsin near Dilijan File:Haghartsin Sundial.JPG, Exterior carvings and sundial on St. Stephen's Church File:Haghartsin Lion.JPG, Low-relief depiction of a lion (symbol of the Bagratuni family) on the exterior wall of S. Stepanos Church File:Khachkar-raffi kojian-IMG 0513.JPG, Khachkar by Poghos (13th century) next to the southern door of the church File:Haghartsin Restoration.JPG, Haghartsin Monastery in the process of renovation (August 2009) File:Haghartsin Renovation-Sep2010.JPG, Haghartsin Monastery in the process of renovation (September 2010) File:Haghartsin Monastery 2011.jpg, Haghartsin Monastery right by the end of the renovation process (August 2011) File:Haghartsin, Armenia. June 2016.jpg, Haghartsin Monastery File:16062013(009)Hakharcin.jpg, Surb Astvatsatsin (Mother of God Church) exterior File:Վանական համալիր Հաղարծին, ArmAg (10).jpg, 13th-century walnut tree destroyed by lightning in 2013 File:Haghartsin-28-Muttergotteskirche-2019-gje.jpg, Church of the Holy Mother of God File:2014 Prowincja Tawusz, Klasztor Hagarcin (05).jpg, Holy Mother of God church File:Hagharchin 2015 jun 60.JPG, Holy Mother of God church File:Հաղարծին 27.jpg File:Հաղարծին 30.jpg File:Հաղարծին 31.jpg File:Haghartsin Monastery 11111 08.jpg File:Haghartsin Monastery - July 2017 - 11.JPG File:Haghartsin Monastery - July 2017 - 8.JPG File:Haghartsin-16-Refektorium-2019-gje.jpg File:Haghartsin Monastery 106.JPG, Haghartsin Monastery File:Haghartsin12.jpg, The inscription reads, "Here lie kings Smbat and Gagik of the Bagratuni royal dynasty, as well as three princes from the Kiurikian dynasty".


Sources

*
Architectural Ensembles of Armenia
, by O. Khalpakhchian, published in Moscow by Iskusstvo Publishers in 1980. *
Rediscovering Armenia Guidebook
, by Brady Kiesling and Raffi Kojian, published online and printed in 2005.


External links


Armeniapedia.org: Haghartsin Monastery

Armenica.org: Haghartzin Monastery
{{Armenian Churches Buildings and structures completed in 1244 Churches completed in the 1240s Buildings and structures completed in 1248 Buildings and structures completed in 1281 Churches completed in the 1280s Christian monasteries in Armenia Tourist attractions in Tavush Province Christian monasteries established in the 1240s Oriental Orthodox congregations established in the 13th century Buildings and structures in Tavush Province