HMS Hawke (1891)

HMS ''Hawke'', launched in 1891 from Chatham Dockyard, was the seventh Royal Navy warship to be named ''Hawke''. She was an protected cruiser.

After commissioning in 1893, ''Hawke'' served in the Mediterranean Fleet, the International Squadron during the Cretan Revolt (1897–1898), and various other duties, including transporting relief crews to naval stations. In September 1911, ''Hawke'' collided with the ocean liner RMS ''Olympic''; the damage smashed the ''Hawke''s bow. During World War I, ''Hawke'' was part of the 10th Cruiser Squadron, performing blockade duties. She was sunk by the U-boat ''U-9'' in the North Sea in October 1914, resulting in the loss of 524 crew members.

The wreck of ''Hawke'' was discovered in August 2024, off the coast of Scotland.

Construction

''Hawke'' was laid down at Chatham Dockyard on 17 June 1889, one of nine ''Edgar''-class cruisers ordered for the Royal Navy under the Naval Defence Act 1889, and launched on 11 March 1891. Sea trials in March 1892 were satisfactory, with her engines reaching the required power, and the ship was completed on 16 May 1893.

''Hawke'' was long overall and between perpendiculars, with a beam of and a draught of . She displaced .

Armament consisted of two guns, on the ship's centreline, backed up by ten guns, of which four were in casemates on the main deck and the remainder behind open shields. Twelve 6-pounder and four 3-pounder guns provided anti-torpedo-boat defences, while four torpedo tubes were fitted. The ''Edgar''s were protected cruisers, with an arched, armoured deck thick at about waterline level. The casemate armour was thick, with thick shields for the guns and of armour on the ship's conning tower.

''Hawke'' machinery was built by Fairfields, with four double-ended cylindrical boilers feeding steam at to two 3-cylinder triple expansion engines, which drove two shafts. This gave under forced draught, giving a speed of .

Service

On commissioning, ''Hawke'' joined the Mediterranean Fleet, remaining on that station for most of the rest of the decade.

In early 1897, ''Hawke'' deployed to Crete to serve in the International Squadron, a multinational force made up of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, French Navy, Imperial German Navy, Italian Royal Navy (''Regia Marina''), Imperial Russian Navy, and Royal Navy that intervened in the 1897–1898 Greek uprising on Crete against rule by the Ottoman Empire. The uprising prompted Greece to land a Greek Army expeditionary force of 1,500 men on Crete to support the Cretan insurgency, which in turn precipitated the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also known as the Thirty Days War, in April 1897. The war ended in a quick and disastrous Greek defeat, and the ceasefire agreement required the Greek Army to withdraw from Crete. Accordingly, the Greek expeditionary force embarked aboard ''Hawke'' on 23 May 1897 for transportation to Greece. The uprising on Crete continued, however, and the International Squadron continued to operate off Crete until December 1898. In August 1901 ''Hawke'' was paid off at Chatham and placed in the Fleet Reserve.

In February 1902 she received orders to prepare to convey relief crews to the Cape of Good Hope Station, and she was commissioned for this duty on 1 April. She left Chatham the following week with new crews for the British vessels , and , and arrived at Simon's Town on 10 May. She left South Africa ten days later, stopping at Saint Helena, Ascension, Sierra Leone, Las Palmas and Madeira before she arrived at Plymouth on 16 June 1902. She took part in the fleet review held at Spithead on 16 August 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII. Following the review she left Chatham to convey relief crews for the vessels HMS ''Vulcan'', HMS ''Foam'', HMS ''Bruizer'', HMS ''Dragon'', and HMS ''Boxer'', all serving in the Mediterranean. She arrived at fleet headquarters at Malta on 27 August. She returned to Chatham the following month with the relieved crews of the ''Vulcan'', ''Boxer'', ''Bruiser'', and ''Foam''. She paid off into the A division of the Fleet Reserve at Chatham on 4 October 1902.

In January 1903, she was again ordered to convey relief crews to ships on the Mediterranean station, this time HMS ''Pyramus'', HMS ''Speedy'', HMS ''Dryad'', and HMS ''Imogene'', all recommissioned for new terms on the station, and she left Sheerness for Malta on 23 January. The ship paid off in March 1903.

In November 1904, ''Hawke'' became Boy's Training Ship as part of the 4th Cruiser Squadron, serving in that role until August 1906, when she joined the torpedo school at Sheerness. In 1907, ''Hawke'' joined the Home Fleet.

Collision with the liner ''Olympic''

On 20 September 1911, ''Hawke'' collided in the Solent with the White Star ocean liner , captained by Edward Smith, who died seven months later as captain of ''Olympic''s sister ship, . In the course of the collision, ''Hawke'' lost her inverted bow, which was replaced by a straight bow. The subsequent trial pronounced ''Hawke'' to be free from any blame. During the trial, a theory was advanced that the large amount of water displaced by ''Olympic'' had generated a suction that had drawn ''Hawke'' off course, causing the ''Olympic's'' voyage to be delayed. The White Star Line also lost on appeal.

Sinking

In February 1913, ''Hawke'' joined the training squadron based at Queenstown, Ireland (Cobh since 1920), where she served along with most of the rest of the ''Edgar'' class. In August 1914, on the outbreak of the First World War, ''Hawke'' and the other ''Edgar''s from Queenstown, formed the 10th Cruiser Squadron, operating on blockade duties between the Shetland Islands and Norway.

In October 1914, the 10th Cruiser Squadron was deployed further south in the North Sea as part of efforts to stop German warships from attacking a troop convoy from Canada. On 15 October, the squadron was on patrol off Aberdeen, deployed in line abreast at intervals of about 16 km (10 miles). ''Hawke'' stopped at 9:30 am to pick up mail from sister ship . After recovering her boat with the mail, ''Hawke'' proceeded at without zig-zagging to regain her station, and was out of sight of the rest of the squadron when at 10:30 a single torpedo from the German submarine (which had sunk three British cruisers on 22 September), struck ''Hawke'', which quickly capsized. The remainder of the squadron realised something was amiss only when, after a further, unsuccessful attack on , the squadron was ordered to retreat at high speed to the northwest, and no response to the order was received from ''Hawke''. The destroyer was dispatched from Scapa Flow to search for ''Hawke'' and found a raft carrying twenty-two men, while a boat with a further forty-nine survivors was rescued by a Norwegian steamer. 524 officers and men died, including the ship's captain, with only 70 survivors (one man died of his wounds on 16 October).

Wreck

On 12 August 2024, deep sea explorer group Lost in Waters Deep announced the discovery of the wreck of ''Hawke'' below of water about east of Fraserburgh, Scotland. The location of the wreck was conducted by diving support vessel MV ''Clasina''. One of the divers on the Lost in Waters Deep crew noted that the ship was found "in remarkable condition", with guns, teak wood decks, and "lots of Royal Navy crockery" still in place, noting that a dearth of organic nutrients in the surrounding waters meant that organisms had not been attracted to the area to eat away at the wreck.

Citations

References

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External links

Encyclopedia Titanica: HMS ''Hawke''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawke (1891)
Edgar-class cruisers
Ships built in Chatham
Victorian-era cruisers of the United Kingdom
World War I cruisers of the United Kingdom
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea
1891 ships
Maritime incidents in October 1914
Maritime incidents in 1911