Gorani (ethnic Group)

The Gorani (, ) or Goranci (, ), are a Slavic ethnic group inhabiting the Gora region, the triangle between Kosovo, Albania, and North Macedonia. They number an estimated 60,000 people and speak a transitional South Slavic dialect called '' Goranski''. The vast majority of the Gorani people adhere to Sunni Islam.

Name

The ethnonym ''Goranci'', meaning "highlanders", is derived from the Slavic toponym '' gora'', which means "hill, mountain". Another autonym of this people is ''Našinci'', which literally means "our people, our ones".

In Macedonian sources, the Gorani are sometimes grouped together with ''Torbeši''.

In the Albanian language, they are known as ''Goranët'' "Goranët jetojnë në krahinën e Gorës, që sot ndahet mes shteteve të Shqipërisë, të Kosovës etë Maqedonisë, krahinë nga ku e marrin edhe emrin." and sometimes by other exonyms, such as ''Bullgarët'' ("Bulgarians"), ''Torbesh'' ("bag carriers") and ''Poturë'' (" turkified", from ''po-tur'', literally not Turk but, "turkified", used for Islamized Slavs).

Population

Some of the local Gorani people have over time also self declared themselves as Serbs, Albanians, Macedonians, Bosniaks, Muslim Bulgarians, Turks, or just as Muslims, due to geopolitical circumstances and in censuses.

In Kosovo, the Gorani number 10,265 inhabitants, which is drastically lower than before the Kosovo War. In 1998, it was estimated that their total population number was at least 50,000.

According to the 2023 Albanian census, the first one where a Bulgarian minority was officially recognised by the Albanian government, a total of 2,174 people self-identified as Bulgarians in the Kukës County. At the same time, the population of the two Gorani-inhabited administrative units of Zapod and Shishtavec stood at 3,671 in 9 Gorani and 5 Albanian villages.

By comparison, 5 residents of the entire Kukës County self-identified as Macedonians, 8 as Montenegrins, 13 as Bosniaks and 19 as Serbs.

Settlements

In Albania, there are nine Gorani-inhabited villages: Zapod, Pakisht, Orçikël, Kosharisht, Cernalevë, Orgjost, Oreshkë, Borje and Shishtavec.
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In Kosovo, there are 18 Gorani-inhabited villages: Baćka, Brod, Vranište, Globočice, Gornja Rapča, Gornji Krstac, Dikance, Donja Rapča, Donji Krstac, Zli Potok, Kruševo, Kukaljane, Lještane, Ljubošta, Mlike, Orčuša, Radeša, and Restelica, plus the town of Dragash.

Following 1999, Dragash has a mixed population of Gorani, who live in the lower neighbourhood, and Albanians in the upper neighbourhood constituting the majority of inhabitants.

In North Macedonia, there are two Gorani-inhabited villages located in the Polog region: Jelovjane and Urvič. "Данашњи становници Урвича и Јеловјана на супротној, полошкој страни Шар-Планине, пореклом су Горани. Много су више утицале на исељавање Горана политичке промене, настале после 1912 године. Тада се скоро четвртина становништва иселила у Турску, за коју су се преко вере и дуге управе били интимно везали. Још једна миграција јаче је захватила Горане, али не у нашој земљи, него оне који су остали у границама Арбаније."

History

Contemporary

The Gora municipality and Opoja region remained separated during the Milošević period. After the war, the Gorani-majority Gora municipality was merged with the Albanian inhabited Opoja region to form the municipality of Dragash by the United Nations Mission (UNMIK) and the new administrative unit has an Albanian majority.

In 2007 the Kosovar provisional institutions opened a school in Gora to teach the Bosnian language, which sparked minor consternation amongst the Gorani population. Many Gorani refuse to send their children to school due to societal prejudices, and threats of assimilation to Bosniaks or Albanians. Consequently, Gorani organized education per Serbia's curriculum.

Gorani activists stated they want Gora (a former municipality which still has a Gorani majority) to join the Association of Serb Municipalities.

In 2018 Bulgarian activists among Gorani have filed a petition in the country's parliament demanding their official recognition as a separate minority.

Most Gorani state that the unstable situation and economic issues drive them to leave Kosovo. There is also some mention of threats and discrimination by ethnic Albanians.

Apart from the multiethnic town of Dragash, the Gorani of Kosovo continue to live in villages primarily inhabited by their community and relations with Albanians remain tense. Mixed marriage between both communities do not occur with the exception of a few Gorani families that have migrated to Prizren.

Culture

Religion

In the 18th century, a wave of Islamization began in Gora.Бурсаћ 2000, pp. 71-73 (Орхан Драгаш) The Ottoman abolition of the Archbishopric of Ohrid and Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1766/1767 is thought to have prompted the Islamization of Gora as was the trend of many Balkan communities. The last Christian Gorani, Božana, died in the 19th century – she has received a cult, signifying the Gorani's Christian heritage, collected by Russian consuls Anastasiev and Yastrebov in the second half of the 19th century.

Traditions

The Gorani are known for being "the best confectioners and bakers" in former Yugoslavia.

The Slavs of Gora were Christianized after 864 when Bulgaria adopted Christianity. The Ottomans conquered the region in the 14th century, which started the process of Islamization of the Gorani and neighbouring Albanians. However, the Gorani still tangentially observe some Orthodox Christian traditions, such as Slavas and Đurđevdan, and like Serbs they know their Onomastik or saint's days.

Gorani are Sunni Muslims and many practice Sufism, in particular the Halveti and Bektashi Sufi orders are widespread.

Traditional Gorani folk music includes a two-beat dance called "oro" ('circle'), which is a circle dance focused on the foot movements: it always starts on the right foot and moves in an anti-clockwise direction. The Oro is usually accompanied by instruments such as curlje, kaval, čiftelija or tapan, and singing is used less frequently in the dances than in those of the Albanians and Serbs.

The "national" sport of '' Pelivona'' is a form of oil wrestling popular among Gorani with regular tournaments being held in the outdoors to the accompaniment of curlje and tapan with associated ritualized hand gestures and dances, with origins in the Middle East through the Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Balkans.

Another popular drink is Turkish coffee which is drunk in small cups accompanied by a glass of water. Tasseography is popular among all Gorani using the residue of Turkish coffee.

File:Момче од Гора во народна носија.jpg, Gorani boy in folk costume
File:Veshje Tradicionale Struka e bardh Dhe Dimijat ..JPG, Gorani girls in folk costume
File:Veshje tradicionale.JPG, Elderly Gorani woman in traditional clothing
File:Festa e Patates Shishtavec.JPG, Young Gorani dancing at village festival

Language

The Gorani people speak a local South Slavic dialect known as " Našinski" or " Goranski", which forms part of a wider Torlakian dialect,Browne, Wayles (2002): Serbo-Croat. In: Bernard Comrie, Greville G. Corbett (eds.), ''The Slavonic Languages''. London: Taylor & Francis

p. 383 spoken in Southern Serbia, Western Bulgaria and part of North Macedonia. The Slavic dialect of the Gorani community is known as ''Gorançe'' by Albanians. "In den 17 Dörfern des Kosovo wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen, und sie gehören zu einer Gemeinde mit dem Verwaltungszentrum in Dragaš. Die 19 Dörfer in Albanien sind hingegen auf drei Gemeinden des Bezirks Kukës aufgeteilt, und zwar auf Shishtavec, Zapod und Topojan. Slavophone findet man freilich nur in den ersten beiden Gemeinden. Zur Gemeinde Shishtavec gehören sieben Dörfer und in den folgenden vier wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Shishtavec (Šištaec/Šišteec), Borja (Borje), Cërnaleva (Cărnolevo/Cărneleve) und Oreshka (Orešek). Zur Gemeinde Zapod gehören ebenfalls sieben Dörfer, und in den folgenden fünf wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Orgjost (Orgosta), Kosharisht (Košarišta), Pakisht (Pakiša/Pakišča) Zapod (Zapod) und Orçikla (Orčikl’e/Očikl’e)’. In der Gemeinde Topojan gibt es inzwischen keine slavophone Bevölkerung mehr. Die Einwohner selbst bezeichnen sich gewöhnlich als Goranen ‘Einwohner von Gora oder Našinci Unsrige, und ihre Sprache wird von ihnen als Našinski und von den Albanern als Gorançe bezeichnet." Within the Gorani community there is a recognition of their dialects being closer to the Macedonian language than to Serbian. The Torlakian dialect is a transitional dialect of Serbian and Bulgarian whilst also sharing features with Macedonian. The Gorani speech is classified as an Old-Shtokavian dialect of Serbian, the Prizren-Timok dialect.

Bulgarian linguists classify the Gorani dialect as part of a Bulgarian dialectal area. The Gorani have been used as a lever of Bulgarian irredentism, on the premise that if the Gora dialect is Bulgarian, then all Macedonian dialects are Bulgarian. Illustrating the Bulgarian interest is the first Gorani–Albanian dictionary (with 43,000 words and phrases) published in 2007 by Albanian-Gorani scholar Nazif Dokle, sponsored and printed by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. In this dictionary, Dokle defined the language as related to "the Bulgarian dialects spoken in the northwest" North Macedonia.Dokle, Nazif. ''Reçnik Goransko (Nashinski) - Albanski'', Sofia 2007, Peçatnica Naukini akademiji "Prof. Marin Drinov", s. 5, 11, 19 (Nazif Dokle. Goranian (Nashinski) - Albanian Dictionary, Sofia 2007, Published by Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 5, 11, 19)

Within scholarship, the Goran dialects previously classified as belonging to Serbian have been reassigned to Macedonian in the 21st century. "The Gorans, who are also Muslim, have a separate identity. The Goran dialects used to be classed with Serbian, but have more recently been assigned to Macedonian, and Gorans themselves recognize that their dialects are closer to Macedonian than to Serbian."

Gorani speech has numerous loan-words, being greatly influenced by Turkish and Arabic due to the influence of Islam, as well as Albanian areally. It is similar to the Bosnian language because of the numerous Turkish loanwords. Gorani speak Serbo-Croatian in school.

According to the 1991 Yugoslav census, 54.8% of the inhabitants of the Gora municipality said that they spoke the Gorani language, while the remainder had called it Serbian. Some linguists, including Vidoeski, Brozovic and Ivic, identify the Slavic-dialect of the Gora region as Macedonian. There are assertions that Macedonian is spoken in 50 to 75 villages in the Gora region (Albania and Kosovo). According to some unverified sources, in 2003 the Kosovo government acquired Macedonian language and grammar books for Gorani schools.

In 2008 the first issue of a Macedonian-language newspaper, ''Гороцвет'' (''Gorocvet'') was published.

::''Verno libe''

:''Gledaj me gledaj libe, abe verno libe,
:''nagledaj mi se dur ti som ovde.''
:''Utre ke odim abe verno libe dalek-dalek''
:''na pusti Gurbet.''

:''Racaj poracaj libe šo da ti kupim.''
:''Ti da mi kupiš''
:''abe gledaniku cerna šamija, ja da ga nosim
:''abe gledaniku i da ga želam.''

:''Racaj poracaj abe verno''
:''libe šo da ti pratim''
:''Ti da mi pratiš abe''
:''gledaniku šarena knjiga''
:''Ja da ga pujem abe''
''gledaniku i da ga želam''

Politics

* Unique Gorani Party
* Civic Initiative of Gora

Notable Gorani

* Almen Abdi, Swiss footballer
* Deni Avdija, Israeli NBA basketball player
* Zufer Avdija, Israeli-Serbian basketball player
* Deni Hočko, Montenegrin footballer
* Adem Hodža, Kosovan politician
* Veldin Hodža, Kosovan footballer
* Zeli Ismail, English footballer
* Fahrudin Jusufi, Yugoslav footballer
* Sascha Jusufi, German footballer
* Danel Sinani, Luxembourg footballer
* Dejvid Sinani, Luxembourg footballer
* Miralem Sulejmani, Serbian footballer

See also

* Torbeši
* Pomaks

References

Sources

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External links

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* Oberling, "Gurān", Encyclopædia Iranica, at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/guran

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorani (Ethnic Group)

Ethnic groups in Kosovo
Ethnic groups in Serbia
Ethnic groups in North Macedonia
Slavic ethnic groups
Slavic highlanders
Islam in North Macedonia
South Slavs
Bulgarian communities
Muslim communities in Europe
Kukës