Functorial Resolution Of Singularities

In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a mapping between categories. Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) are associated to topological spaces, and maps between these algebraic objects are associated to continuous maps between spaces. Nowadays, functors are used throughout modern mathematics to relate various categories. Thus, functors are important in all areas within mathematics to which category theory is applied.

The words ''category'' and ''functor'' were borrowed by mathematicians from the philosophers Aristotle and Rudolf Carnap, respectively. The latter used ''functor'' in a linguistic context;
see function word.

Definition

Let ''C'' and ''D'' be categories. A functor ''F'' from ''C'' to ''D'' is a mapping that
* associates each object $X$ in ''C'' to an object $F(X)$ in ''D'',
* associates each morphism $f \colon X \to Y$ in ''C'' to a morphism $F(f) \colon F(X) \to F(Y)$ in ''D'' such that the following two conditions hold:
** $F(\mathrm_) = \mathrm_\,\!$ for every object $X$ in ''C'',
** $F(g \circ f) = F(g) \circ F(f)$ for all morphisms $f \colon X \to Y\,\!$ and $g \colon Y\to Z$ in ''C''.

That is, functors must preserve identity morphisms and composition of morphisms.

Covariance and contravariance

There are many constructions in mathematics that would be functors but for the fact that they "turn morphisms around" and "reverse composition". We then define a contravariant functor ''F'' from ''C'' to ''D'' as a mapping that
*associates each object $X$ in ''C'' with an object $F(X)$ in ''D'',
*associates each morphism $f \colon X\to Y$ in ''C'' with a morphism $F(f) \colon F(Y) \to F(X)$ in ''D'' such that the following two conditions hold:
**$F(\mathrm_X) = \mathrm_\,\!$ for every object $X$ in ''C'',
**$F(g \circ f) = F(f) \circ F(g)$ for all morphisms $f \colon X\to Y$ and $g \colon Y\to Z$ in ''C''.

Note that contravariant functors reverse the direction of composition.

Ordinary functors are also called covariant functors in order to distinguish them from contravariant ones. Note that one can also define a contravariant functor as a ''covariant'' functor on the opposite category $C^\mathrm$. Some authors prefer to write all expressions covariantly. That is, instead of saying $F \colon C\to D$ is a contravariant functor, they simply write $F \colon C^ \to D$ (or sometimes $F \colon C \to D^$) and call it a functor.

Contravariant functors are also occasionally called ''cofunctors''.

There is a convention which refers to "vectors"—i.e., vector fields, elements of the space of sections $\Gamma(TM)$ of a tangent bundle $TM$—as "contravariant" and to "covectors"—i.e., 1-forms, elements of the space of sections $\Gamma\mathord\left(T^*M\right)$ of a cotangent bundle $T^*M$—as "covariant". This terminology originates in physics, and its rationale has to do with the position of the indices ("upstairs" and "downstairs") in expressions such as $^ = \Lambda^i_j x^j$ for $\mathbf' = \boldsymbol\mathbf$ or $\omega'_i = \Lambda^j_i \omega_j$ for $\boldsymbol' = \boldsymbol\boldsymbol^\textsf.$ In this formalism it is observed that the coordinate transformation symbol $\Lambda^j_i$ (representing the matrix $\boldsymbol^\textsf$) acts on the basis vectors "in the same way" as on the "covector coordinates": $\mathbf_i = \Lambda^j_i\mathbf_j$—whereas it acts "in the opposite way" on the "vector coordinates" (but "in the same way" as on the basis covectors: $\mathbf^i = \Lambda^i_j \mathbf^j$). This terminology is contrary to the one used in category theory because it is the covectors that have ''pullbacks'' in general and are thus ''contravariant'', whereas vectors in general are ''covariant'' since they can be ''pushed forward''. See also Covariance and contravariance of vectors.

Opposite functor

Every functor $F \colon C\to D$ induces the opposite functor $F^\mathrm \colon C^\mathrm\to D^\mathrm$, where $C^\mathrm$ and $D^\mathrm$ are the opposite categories to $C$ and $D$. By definition, $F^\mathrm$ maps objects and morphisms in the identical way as does $F$. Since $C^\mathrm$ does not coincide with $C$ as a category, and similarly for $D$, $F^\mathrm$ is distinguished from $F$. For example, when composing $F \colon C_0\to C_1$ with $G \colon C_1^\mathrm\to C_2$, one should use either $G\circ F^\mathrm$ or $G^\mathrm\circ F$. Note that, following the property of opposite category, $\left(F^\mathrm\right)^\mathrm = F$.

Bifunctors and multifunctors

A bifunctor (also known as a binary functor) is a functor whose domain is a product category. For example, the Hom functor is of the type . It can be seen as a functor in ''two'' arguments. The Hom functor is a natural example; it is contravariant in one argument, covariant in the other.

A multifunctor is a generalization of the functor concept to ''n'' variables. So, for example, a bifunctor is a multifunctor with .

Properties

Two important consequences of the functor axioms are:
* ''F'' transforms each commutative diagram in ''C'' into a commutative diagram in ''D'';
* if ''f'' is an isomorphism in ''C'', then ''F''(''f'') is an isomorphism in ''D''.

One can compose functors, i.e. if ''F'' is a functor from ''A'' to ''B'' and ''G'' is a functor from ''B'' to ''C'' then one can form the composite functor from ''A'' to ''C''. Composition of functors is associative where defined. Identity of composition of functors is the identity functor. This shows that functors can be considered as morphisms in categories of categories, for example in the category of small categories.

A small category with a single object is the same thing as a monoid: the morphisms of a one-object category can be thought of as elements of the monoid, and composition in the category is thought of as the monoid operation. Functors between one-object categories correspond to monoid homomorphisms. So in a sense, functors between arbitrary categories are a kind of generalization of monoid homomorphisms to categories with more than one object.

Examples

; Diagram: For categories ''C'' and ''J'', a diagram of type ''J'' in ''C'' is a covariant functor $D \colon J\to C$.
; (Category theoretical) presheaf:For categories ''C'' and ''J'', a ''J''-presheaf on ''C'' is a contravariant functor $D \colon C\to J$.In the special case when J is Set, the category of sets and functions, ''D'' is called a presheaf on ''C''.
; Presheaves (over a topological space): If ''X'' is a topological space, then the open sets in ''X'' form a partially ordered set Open(''X'') under inclusion. Like every partially ordered set, Open(''X'') forms a small category by adding a single arrow if and only if $U \subseteq V$. Contravariant functors on Open(''X'') are called ''presheaves'' on ''X''. For instance, by assigning to every open set ''U'' the associative algebra of real-valued continuous functions on ''U'', one obtains a presheaf of algebras on ''X''.
; Constant functor: The functor which maps every object of ''C'' to a fixed object ''X'' in ''D'' and every morphism in ''C'' to the identity morphism on ''X''. Such a functor is called a ''constant'' or ''selection'' functor.
; : A functor that maps a category to that same category; e.g., polynomial functor.
; : In category ''C'', written 1_''C'' or id_''C'', maps an object to itself and a morphism to itself. The identity functor is an endofunctor.
; Diagonal functor: The diagonal functor is defined as the functor from ''D'' to the functor category ''D''^''C'' which sends each object in ''D'' to the constant functor at that object.
; Limit functor: For a fixed index category ''J'', if every functor has a limit (for instance if ''C'' is complete), then the limit functor assigns to each functor its limit. The existence of this functor can be proved by realizing that it is the right-adjoint to the diagonal functor and invoking the Freyd adjoint functor theorem. This requires a suitable version of the axiom of choice. Similar remarks apply to the colimit functor (which assigns to every functor its colimit, and is covariant).
; Power sets functor: The power set functor maps each set to its power set and each function $f \colon X \to Y$ to the map which sends $U \in \mathcal(X)$ to its image $f(U) \in \mathcal(Y)$. One can also consider the contravariant power set functor which sends $f \colon X \to Y$ to the map which sends $V \subseteq Y$ to its inverse image $f^(V) \subseteq X.$ For example, if $X = \$ then $F(X) = \mathcal(X) = \$. Suppose $f(0) = \$ and $f(1) = X$. Then $F(f)$ is the function which sends any subset $U$ of $X$ to its image $f(U)$, which in this case means $\ \mapsto f(\) = \$, where $\mapsto$ denotes the mapping under $F(f)$, so this could also be written as $(F(f))(\)= \$. For the other values,$\ \mapsto f(\) = \ = \,\$ $\ \mapsto f(\) = \ = \,\$ $\ \mapsto f(\) = \ = \.$ Note that $f(\)$ consequently generates the trivial topology on $X$. Also note that although the function $f$ in this example mapped to the power set of $X$, that need not be the case in general.
; : The map which assigns to every vector space its dual space and to every linear map its dual or transpose is a contravariant functor from the category of all vector spaces over a fixed field to itself.
; Fundamental group: Consider the category of pointed topological spaces, i.e. topological spaces with distinguished points. The objects are pairs , where ''X'' is a topological space and ''x''₀ is a point in ''X''. A morphism from to is given by a continuous map with . To every topological space ''X'' with distinguished point ''x''₀, one can define the fundamental group based at ''x''₀, denoted . This is the group of homotopy classes of loops based at ''x''₀, with the group operation of concatenation. If is a morphism of pointed spaces, then every loop in ''X'' with base point ''x''₀ can be composed with ''f'' to yield a loop in ''Y'' with base point ''y''₀. This operation is compatible with the homotopy equivalence relation and the composition of loops, and we get a group homomorphism from to . We thus obtain a functor from the category of pointed topological spaces to the category of groups. In the category of topological spaces (without distinguished point), one considers homotopy classes of generic curves, but they cannot be composed unless they share an endpoint. Thus one has the fundamental groupoid instead of the fundamental group, and this construction is functorial.
; Algebra of continuous functions: A contravariant functor from the category of topological spaces (with continuous maps as morphisms) to the category of real associative algebras is given by assigning to every topological space ''X'' the algebra C(''X'') of all real-valued continuous functions on that space. Every continuous map induces an algebra homomorphism by the rule for every ''φ'' in C(''Y'').
; Tangent and cotangent bundles: The map which sends every differentiable manifold to its tangent bundle and every smooth map to its derivative is a covariant functor from the category of differentiable manifolds to the category of vector bundles. Doing this constructions pointwise gives the tangent space, a covariant functor from the category of pointed differentiable manifolds to the category of real vector spaces. Likewise, cotangent space is a contravariant functor, essentially the composition of the tangent space with the dual space above.
; Group actions/representations: Every group ''G'' can be considered as a category with a single object whose morphisms are the elements of ''G''. A functor from ''G'' to Set is then nothing but a group action of ''G'' on a particular set, i.e. a ''G''-set. Likewise, a functor from ''G'' to the category of vector spaces, Vect_''K'', is a linear representation of ''G''. In general, a functor can be considered as an "action" of ''G'' on an object in the category ''C''. If ''C'' is a group, then this action is a group homomorphism.
; Lie algebras: Assigning to every real (complex) Lie group its real (complex) Lie algebra defines a functor.
; Tensor products: If ''C'' denotes the category of vector spaces over a fixed field, with linear maps as morphisms, then the tensor product $V \otimes W$ defines a functor which is covariant in both arguments.
; Forgetful functors: The functor which maps a group to its underlying set and a group homomorphism to its underlying function of sets is a functor. Functors like these, which "forget" some structure, are termed ''forgetful functors''. Another example is the functor which maps a ring to its underlying additive abelian group. Morphisms in Rng (ring homomorphisms) become morphisms in Ab (abelian group homomorphisms).
; Free functors: Going in the opposite direction of forgetful functors are free functors. The free functor sends every set ''X'' to the free group generated by ''X''. Functions get mapped to group homomorphisms between free groups. Free constructions exist for many categories based on structured sets. See free object.
; Homomorphism groups: To every pair ''A'', ''B'' of abelian groups one can assign the abelian group Hom(''A'', ''B'') consisting of all group homomorphisms from ''A'' to ''B''. This is a functor which is contravariant in the first and covariant in the second argument, i.e. it is a functor (where Ab denotes the category of abelian groups with group homomorphisms). If and are morphisms in Ab, then the group homomorphism : is given by . See Hom functor.
; Representable functors: We can generalize the previous example to any category ''C''. To every pair ''X'', ''Y'' of objects in ''C'' one can assign the set of morphisms from ''X'' to ''Y''. This defines a functor to Set which is contravariant in the first argument and covariant in the second, i.e. it is a functor . If and are morphisms in ''C'', then the map is given by . Functors like these are called representable functors. An important goal in many settings is to determine whether a given functor is representable.

Relation to other categorical concepts

Let ''C'' and ''D'' be categories. The collection of all functors from ''C'' to ''D'' forms the objects of a category: the functor category. Morphisms in this category are natural transformations between functors.

Functors are often defined by universal properties; examples are the tensor product, the direct sum and direct product of groups or vector spaces, construction of free groups and modules, direct and inverse limits. The concepts of limit and colimit generalize several of the above.

Universal constructions often give rise to pairs of adjoint functors.

Computer implementations

Functors sometimes appear in functional programming. For instance, the programming language Haskell has a class Functor where fmap is a polytypic function used to map functions (''morphisms'' on ''Hask'', the category of Haskell types) between existing types to functions between some new types.See https://wiki.haskell.org/Category_theory/Functor#Functors_in_Haskell for more information.

See also

* Functor category
* Kan extension
* Pseudofunctor

Notes

References

* .

External links

*
* see and the variations discussed and linked to there.
* André Joyal
CatLab
a wiki project dedicated to the exposition of categorical mathematics
* formal introduction to category theory.
* J. Adamek, H. Herrlich, G. Stecker
Abstract and Concrete Categories-The Joy of Cats

* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
Category Theory
— by Jean-Pierre Marquis. Extensive bibliography.

List of academic conferences on category theory
* Baez, John, 1996

An informal introduction to higher order categories.

WildCats
is a category theory package for Mathematica. Manipulation and visualization of objects, morphisms, categories, functors, natural transformations, universal properties.

The catsters
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Video archive
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Interactive Web page
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