The family Fulgoridae is a large group of hemipteran insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics, containing over 125 genera worldwide. They are mostly of moderate to large size, many with a superficial resemblance to Lepidoptera due to their brilliant and varied coloration. Various genera and species (especially the genera '' Fulgora'' and '' Pyrops'') are sometimes referred to as lanternflies or lanthorn flies, though they do not emit light. The head of some species is produced into a hollow process (structure), resembling a snout, which is sometimes inflated and nearly as large as the body of the insect, sometimes elongated, narrow and apically upturned. It was believed, mainly on the authority of

Maria Sibylla Merian Maria Sibylla Merian (2 April 164713 January 1717) was a German naturalist and scientific illustrator. She was one of the earliest European naturalists to observe insects directly. Merian was a descendant of the Frankfurt branch of the Swiss Meri ...

, that this process, the so-called lantern, was luminous at night in the living insect.

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, ...

adopted the statement without question and coined a number of specific names, such as ''laternaria'', ''phosphorea'' and ''candelaria'' to illustrate the supposed fact, and thus propagated the myth.

Taxonomy

Metcalf in 1938, as amended in 1947, recognized five subfamilies (

Amyclinae The Amyclinae are a subfamily of planthoppers in the Auchenorrhyncha, whose Basionym was first used by Zeno Payne Metcalf in 1938. Metcalf ZP (1938) The Fulgorina of Barro Colorado and other parts of Panama. ''Bulletin of the Museum of Comparativ ...

Aphaeninae The subfamily Aphaeninae is a group of hemipteran insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics. They belong to the Fulgoridae (fulgorids), though they are not among the better-known members of that family that are called "lantern bu ...

, Fulgorinae, Phenacinae, and Poiocerinae) and twelve tribes in the Fulgoridae. By 1963 Lallemand had divided the Fulgoridae into eight subfamilies (

, Enchophorinae, Fulgorinae, Phenacinae, Poiocerinae, Xosopharinae and Zanninae) and eleven tribes. This classification was generally accepted. However, in 2008 Julie Urban's molecular analysis in her dissertation showed that a significant revamping of the Fulgoridae subfamilies and tribes would be necessary, as the morphological analysis by itself did not take into account the complexity of the Fulgoridae evolution. Her work was recapitulated in 2009 with Jason Cryan. The Zanninae may not even be in the Fulgoridae.

Subfamilies and Selected Genera

Planthopper (Auchalea pandora) (8350745330)

The NCBI and the Hemiptera Database currently include to the following sub-families and genera (lists complete if subfamily not linked): Notes: * ''Laternaria'' is a ''

nomen nudum In taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate des ...

'' of '' Pyrops'' * '' Pyrilla'' Stål, 1859 is now placed in the

Lophopidae Lophopidae is a family of fulgoroid plant-hoppers with most species found in tropical South America and Asia (two genera occur in Africa). Characteristics Most members of the family are characterized by the face being longer than wide with at l ...

* The type species of genus ''Apossoda'', ''A. togoensis'' Schmidt, 1911 is now placed as ''

Pyrgoteles togoensis Pyrgoteles ( grc, Πυργοτέλης) was one of the most celebrated gem-engravers of ancient Greece, living in the latter half of the 4th century BC. The esteem in which he was held may be inferred from an edict of Alexander the Great, which ...

'' (Schmidt, 1911)Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (retrieved 26 June 2018)
/ref>

Gallery

Rentinus dilatatus (26573785033).jpg,

: '' Rentinus dilatatus'' Adult Lycorma delicatula.jpg,

: '' Lycorma delicatula'' ( Spotted lanternfly) Scamandra fasciata Type (5033372789).jpg,

: ''

Scamandra fasciata ''Scamandra''Stål C (1863) ''Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fulgoriden. Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin. Stettin'' 24: 230-251. is a genus of planthoppers in the subfamily Aphaeninae ( Fulgoridae): foun ...

'' (

Holotype A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of seve ...

) Odontoptera carrenoi MHNTvol.jpg, Fulgorinae: ''

Odontoptera carrenoi ''Odontoptera'' is a genus of planthoppers in the family Fulgoridae: from Central and South America. Species The following species are listed: * '' Odontoptera carrenoi'' (Signoret, 1849) * '' Odontoptera spectabilis'' (Carreno, 1841), (type s ...

'' Lystra lanata MHNT.jpg, Poiocerinae: ''

Lystra lanata ''Lystra lanata'' is a planthopper species in the genus ''Lystra''. Originally described by Carl Linnaeus by its basionym ''Cicada lanata''. Description ''Lystra lanata'' has black wings with blue spots and red sides to its head. Range This ...

'' Pterodictya reticularis MHNT.jpg, Phenacinae: '' Pterodictya reticularis'' Fulgorid Planthopper - Cyrpoptus belfragei?, Colchester Park, Mason Neck, Virginia - 28118728713.jpg, Poiocerinae: '' Cyrpoptus'' sp. (North America) Calyptoproctus stigma TPopp.jpg, ''

Calyptoproctus stigma ''Calyptoproctus'' is a genus of planthoppers in the family Fulgoridae and the type genus of subtribe Calyptoproctina; records are from central and south America. Species ''Fulgoromorpha Lists on the Web'' lists: * '' Calyptoproctus aridus'' S ...

'' Pibrocha egregia TPopp.jpg, '' Pibrocha egregia''

References

Sources

* T. Porion, 1994
Fulgoridae 1. Illustrated Catalogue of the American Fauna
,

Sciences Nat Sciences Nat was the academic publisher specialising in entomology of the Societé Sciences Nat. The society was established in 1971 and based in the rue de la Mare in Paris. Three years later it moved to the rue des Alouettes and later to Venett ...

Venette Venette () is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. The town is located along the river Oise, near Compiègne. Population Its inhabitants are called Venettiens. There are about 2800 inhabitants (2012). See also * Communes of the O ...

, 72 pages, 14 plates in colours * T. Porion & P. Bleuzen, 2004
Fulgoridae 1. Supplement 1. New Neotropical Fulgoridae
, Hillside Books, Canterbury, 22 pages, 4 plates in colours * T. Porion & S. Nagai, 1996
Fulgoridae 2. Illustrated Catalogue of the Asian and Australian Fauna
,

, 80 p., 20 plates in colours
Suppl. 1

)

External links

* * *
How to Make Homemade Lantern Fly Spray?
* {{Taxonbar, from=Q1955506 Auchenorrhyncha families