The family Fulgoridae is a large group of

hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising more than 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, assassin bugs, bed bugs, and shield bugs. They range in size from ...

n insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics, containing over 125 genera worldwide. They are mostly of moderate to large size, many with a superficial resemblance to

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...

due to their brilliant and varied coloration. Various genera and species (especially the genera '' Fulgora'' and ''

Pyrops ''Pyrops'' is a genus of planthoppers that occur primarily in southeast Asia, containing about 70 species. They are fairly large insects, with much of the length due to an elongated, upcurving, snout-like projection of the head. The wings are gen ...

'') are sometimes referred to as lanternflies or lanthorn flies. The head of some species is produced into a hollow

process A process is a series or set of activities that interact to produce a result; it may occur once-only or be recurrent or periodic. Things called a process include: Business and management * Business process, activities that produce a specific s ...

, resembling a snout, which is sometimes inflated and nearly as large as the body of the insect, sometimes elongated, narrow and apically upturned. It was believed, mainly on the authority of Maria Sibylla Merian, that this process, the so-called lantern, was luminous at night in the living insect.

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

adopted the statement without question and coined a number of specific names, such as ''laternaria'', ''phosphorea'' and ''candelaria'' to illustrate the supposed fact, and thus propagated the myth.

Taxonomy

Metcalf in 1938, as amended in 1947, recognized five subfamilies ( Amyclinae,

Aphaeninae The subfamily Aphaeninae is a group of hemipteran insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics, in the family Fulgoridae, or "lanternflies". The future of the Aphaeninae as a subfamily is unclear since the taxa assigned to it do not f ...

Fulgorinae The Fulgorinae are a sub-family of insects in the Auchenorrhyncha: which include the spectacular "lantern-bugs" and allied insects. Tribes and genera Nine genera are currently listed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI, ...

, Phenacinae, and

Poiocerinae The subfamily Poiocerinae include Hemipteran insects in the family Fulgoridae, found especially in the tropics. Tribes and genera The ''Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web'' (FLOW) includes four Tribe (biology), tribes: Diloburini Auth. Metcalf, ...

) and twelve tribes in the Fulgoridae. By 1963 Lallemand had divided the Fulgoridae into eight subfamilies ( Amyclinae,

, Enchophorinae,

, Phenacinae,

, Xosopharinae and

Zanninae ''Zanna'' is a genus of tropical planthoppers (family Fulgoridae) found in Asia and Africa, now belonging to the monotypic subfamily Zanninae. Taxonomy The tribe Zannini previously contained other genera, but its placement was the subject to de ...

) and eleven tribes. This classification was generally accepted. However, 21st century molecular analysis has called into question the organization of Fulgoridae, and suggests that the subfamily Zanninae may not belong in Fulgoridae.

Subfamilies and selected genera

The

NCBI The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. The NCBI is loca ...

and the

Hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising more than 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, assassin bugs, bed bugs, and shield bugs. They range in size from ...

Database currently include to the following sub-families and genera (lists complete if subfamily not linked): Notes: * ''Laternaria'' is a ''

nomen nudum In Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published ...

'' of ''

'' * '' Pyrilla'' Stål, 1859 is now placed in the

Lophopidae Lophopidae is a family of fulgoroidea, fulgoroid plant-hoppers with most species found in tropical South America and Asia (two genera occur in Africa). Characteristics Most members of the family are characterized by the face being longer than wi ...

* The type species of genus ''Apossoda'', ''A. togoensis'' Schmidt, 1911 is now placed as '' Pyrgoteles togoensis'' (Schmidt, 1911)Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (retrieved 26 June 2018)
/ref>

Gallery

Adult Lycorma delicatula.jpg,

: '' Lycorma delicatula'' ( Spotted lanternfly) Scamandra fasciata Type (5033372789).jpg,

: '' Scamandra fasciata'' (

Holotype A holotype (Latin: ''holotypus'') is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of s ...

). Currently regarded as a synonym of '' Scamandra rosea'' Odontoptera carrenoi MHNTvol.jpg,

: '' Odontoptera carrenoi'' Lystra lanata MHNT.jpg,

: '' Lystra lanata'' Pterodictya reticularis MHNT.jpg, Phenacinae: '' Pterodictya reticularis'' Fulgorid Planthopper - Cyrpoptus belfragei?, Colchester Park, Mason Neck, Virginia - 28118728713.jpg,

: '' Cyrpoptus'' sp. (North America) Calyptoproctus stigma TPopp.jpg, '' Calyptoproctus sp.'' Pibrocha egregia TPopp.jpg, '' Pibrocha egregia'' Rentinus dilatatus (26573785033).jpg, Xosopharinae: '' Rentinus dilatatus''

References

Sources

* T. Porion, 1994
Fulgoridae 1. Illustrated Catalogue of the American Fauna
,

Sciences Nat Sciences Nat was the academic publisher specialising in entomology of the Societé Sciences Nat. The society was established in 1971 and based in the rue de la Mare in Paris. Three years later it moved to the rue des Alouettes and later to Venet ...

, Venette, 72 pages, 14 plates in colours * T. Porion & P. Bleuzen, 2004
Fulgoridae 1. Supplement 1. New Neotropical Fulgoridae
, Hillside Books, Canterbury, 22 pages, 4 plates in colours * T. Porion & S. Nagai, 1996
Fulgoridae 2. Illustrated Catalogue of the Asian and Australian Fauna
,

, Venette, 80 p., 20 plates in colours
Suppl. 1

)

External links

* * *
How to Make Homemade Lantern Fly Spray?
* {{Authority control Auchenorrhyncha families