
A marketplace, market place, or just market, is a location where people regularly gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. In different parts of the world, a marketplace may be described as a ''
souk
A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, Central Asia, North Africa and South Asia. They are traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets that have doors ...
'' (from
Arabic
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...
), ''
bazaar
A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small Market stall, stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, Central Asia, North Africa and South Asia. They are traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets th ...
'' (from
Persian
Persian may refer to:
* People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language
** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples
** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
), a fixed ''
mercado'' (
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas
**Spanish cuisine
**Spanish history
**Spanish culture
...
), itinerant ''
tianguis
A is an open-air market or bazaar that is traditionally held on certain market days in a town or city neighborhood in Mexico and Central America. This bazaar tradition has its roots well into the pre-Hispanic period and continues in many cases ...
'' (
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...
), or ''
palengke
A ''palengke'' (Chavacano: ''palenque'') is a permanent wet market in the Philippines (differentiated from periodic wet markets called ''wiktionary:talipapa, talipapa'').
Etymology
The word ''palengke'' is a local variant of the Spanish languag ...
'' (
Philippines
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
). Some markets operate daily and are said to be ''permanent'' markets while others are held once a week or on less frequent specified days such as festival days and are said to be ''periodic markets.'' The form that a market adopts depends on its locality's population, culture, ambient, and geographic conditions. The term ''market'' covers many types of trading, such as
market square
A market square (also known as a market place) is an urban square meant for trading, in which a market is held. It is an important feature of many towns and cities around the world. A market square is an open area where market stalls are tradit ...
s,
market hall
A market hall is a covered space or a building where food and other articles are sold from stalls by independent vendors. A market hall is a type of indoor market and can be found in many European countries. The most common variation of a mar ...
s,
food hall
A food hall is a large standalone location or department store section where food and drinks are sold.
Overview
Unlike food courts made up of fast food chains, food halls typically mix local artisan restaurants, butcher shops and other food- ...
s, and their different varieties. Thus marketplaces can be both outdoors and indoors, and in the modern world,
online marketplace
An online marketplace (or online e-commerce marketplace) is a type of e-commerce website where product or service information is provided by multiple third parties. Online marketplaces are the primary type of multichannel ecommerce and can be a wa ...
s.
Markets have existed for as long as humans have engaged in trade. The earliest bazaars are believed to have originated in Persia, from where they spread to the rest of the
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...
and
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...
. Documentary sources suggest that zoning policies confined trading to particular parts of cities from around 3000 BCE, creating the conditions necessary for the emergence of a bazaar. Middle Eastern bazaars were typically long strips with stalls on either side and a covered roof designed to protect traders and purchasers from the fierce sun. In Europe, informal, unregulated markets gradually made way for a system of formal, chartered markets from the 12th century. Throughout the
medieval period
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of World history (field), global history. It began with the fall of the West ...
, increased regulation of marketplace practices, especially weights and measures, gave consumers confidence in the quality of market goods and the fairness of prices. Around the globe, markets have evolved in different ways depending on local ambient conditions, especially weather, tradition, and culture. In the Middle East, markets tend to be covered, to protect traders and shoppers from the sun. In milder climates, markets are often open air. In
Asia
Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...
, a system of morning markets trading in fresh produce and night markets trading in non-perishables is common.
Today, markets can also be accessed electronically or on the internet through
e-commerce
E-commerce (electronic commerce) refers to commercial activities including the electronic buying or selling products and services which are conducted on online platforms or over the Internet. E-commerce draws on technologies such as mobile co ...
or matching platforms. In many countries,
shopping
Shopping is an activity in which a customer browses the available goods or services presented by one or more retailers with the potential intent to purchase a suitable selection of them. A Retail#Shopper profiles, typology of shopper types ha ...
at a local market is a standard feature of daily life. Given the market's role in ensuring food supply for a population, markets are often highly regulated by a central authority. In many places, designated marketplaces have become listed sites of historic and architectural significance and represent part of a town's or nation's cultural assets. For these reasons, they are often popular tourist destinations.
Etymology
The term ''market'' comes from the Latin ''mercatus'' ("market place"). The earliest recorded use of the term ''market'' in English is in the ''
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' is a collection of annals in Old English, chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons.
The original manuscript of the ''Chronicle'' was created late in the ninth century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of ...
'' of 963, a work that was created during the reign of
Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great ( ; – 26 October 899) was King of the West Saxons from 871 to 886, and King of the Anglo-Saxons from 886 until his death in 899. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf and his first wife Osburh, who both died when Alfr ...
(r. 871–899) and subsequently distributed, copied throughout English
monasteries
A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone ( hermits). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which m ...
. The exact phrase was "", meaning "I desire that there be a market in the same town".
History
In prehistory

Markets have existed since ancient times.
[Bintliff, J., "Going to Market in Antiquity", in ''Stuttgarter Kolloquium zur Historischen Geographie des Altertums'', Eckart Olshausen and Holger Sonnabend (eds), Stuttgart, Franz Steiner, 2002, pp. 209–250] Some historians have argued that a type of market has existed since humans first began to engage in trade. Open air and public markets were known in ancient Babylonia, Assyria,
Phoenicia
Phoenicians were an Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, ancient Semitic group of people who lived in the Phoenician city-states along a coastal strip in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily modern Lebanon and the Syria, Syrian ...
,Greece, Egypt, and the Arabian peninsula. However, not all societies developed a system of markets. The Greek historian
Herodotus
Herodotus (; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum, Turkey), under Persian control in the 5th century BC, and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy. He wrote the '' Histori ...
noted that markets did not evolve in ancient Persia.
Across the Mediterranean and Aegean, a network of markets emerged from the early Bronze Age. A vast array of goods were traded, including salt,
lapis lazuli
Lapis lazuli (; ), or lapis for short, is a deep-blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color. Originating from the Persian word for the gem, ''lāžward'', lapis lazuli is ...
, dyes, cloth, metals, pots, ceramics, statues, spears, and other implements. Archaeological evidence suggests that Bronze Age traders segmented trade routes according to geographical circuits. Both produce and ideas travelled along these trade routes.
In the Middle East, documentary sources suggest that a form of bazaar first developed around 3000 BCE. Early bazaars occupied a series of alleys along the length of the city, typically stretching from one city gate to a different gate on the other side of the city. The bazaar at Tabriz, for example, stretches along kilometers of street and is the longest vaulted bazaar in the world. Moosavi argues that the Middle Eastern bazaar evolved in a linear pattern, whereas the market places of the West were more centralised. The Greek historian Herodotus noted that in Egypt, roles were reversed compared with other cultures, and Egyptian women frequented the market and carried on trade, while the men remained at home weaving cloth. He also described the Babylonian marriage market, an account that inspired
an 1875 painting by Edwin Long.
In antiquity
In antiquity, markets were typically situated in the town's centre. The market was surrounded by alleyways inhabited by skilled artisans, such as metal workers, leather workers, and carpenters. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, but also prepared goods for sale on market days.
Across
ancient Greece
Ancient Greece () was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity (), that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically r ...
, market places were to be found in most city states, where they operated within the (open space).
Between 550 and 350 BCE, Greek stallholders clustered together according to the type of goods carried – fish-sellers were in one place, clothing in another, and sellers of more expensive goods such as perfumes, bottles, and jars were located in a separate building. The Greeks organised trade into separate zones, all located near the city centre and known as . A freestanding colonnade with a covered walkway, the was both a place of commerce and a public promenade, situated within or adjacent to the agora. At the in Athens, officials were employed by the government to oversee weights, measures, and coinage to ensure that the people were not cheated in market place transactions. The rocky and mountainous terrain in Greece made it difficult for producers to transport goods or surpluses to local markets, giving rise to the , a specialised type of retailer who operated as an intermediary purchasing produce from farmers and transporting it over short distances to the city markets.
In
ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of Rome, founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, collapse of the Western Roman Em ...
, trade took place in the
forum
Forum or The Forum may refer to:
Common uses
*Forum (legal), designated space for public expression in the United States
*Forum (Roman), open public space within a Roman city
**Roman Forum, most famous example
* Internet forum, discussion board ...
. Rome had two forums: the
Forum Romanum
A forum (Latin: ''forum'', "public place outdoors", : ''fora''; English : either ''fora'' or ''forums'') was a public square in a municipium, or any civitas, of Ancient Rome reserved primarily for the vending of goods; i.e., a marketplace, along ...
and
Trajan's Forum
Trajan's Forum (; ) was the last of the Imperial fora to be constructed in ancient Rome. The architect Apollodorus of Damascus oversaw its construction.
History
This forum was built on the order of the emperor Trajan with the spoils of war f ...
.
Trajan's Market
Trajan's Market (; ) is a large complex of ruins in the city of Rome, Italy, located on the Via dei Fori Imperiali, at the opposite end to the Colosseum. The surviving buildings and structures, built as an integral part of Trajan's Forum and ...
at Trajan's forum, built around 100–110 CE, was a vast expanse, comprising multiple buildings with shops on four levels. The Roman forum was arguably the earliest example of a permanent retail shopfront. In antiquity, exchange involved
direct selling
Direct selling is a business model that involves a party of people
buying products from a parent organization and selling them directly to customers. It can take the form of either single-level marketing (in which a direct seller makes money pu ...
via merchants or
peddler
A peddler (American English) or pedlar (British English) is a door-to-door and/or travelling vendor of good (economics), goods. In 19th-century United States the word "drummer" was often used to refer to a peddler or traveling salesman; as exem ...
s and bartering systems were commonplace. In the Roman world, the central market primarily served the local peasantry. Market stall holders were primarily local primary producers who sold small surpluses from their individual farming activities and also artisans who sold leather goods, metalware and pottery. Consumers were made up of several different groups; farmers who purchased minor farm equipment and a few luxuries for their homes and urban dwellers who purchased basic necessities. Major producers such as the great estates were sufficiently attractive for merchants to call directly at their farm gates, obviating the producers' need to attend local markets. The very wealthy landowners managed their own distribution, which may have involved importing and exporting. The nature of export markets in antiquity is well documented in ancient sources and archaeological case studies.
At
Pompeii
Pompeii ( ; ) was a city in what is now the municipality of Pompei, near Naples, in the Campania region of Italy. Along with Herculaneum, Stabiae, and Villa Boscoreale, many surrounding villas, the city was buried under of volcanic ash and p ...
, multiple markets served the population of approximately 12,000. Produce markets were located in the vicinity of the Forum, while livestock markets were situated on the city's perimeter, near the amphitheatre. A long narrow building at the north-west corner of the Forum was some type of market, possibly a cereal market. On the opposite corner stood the
macellum
A ''macellum'' (: ''macella''; , ''makellon'') is an ancient Roman indoor market building that sold mostly provisions (especially meat and fish). The building normally sat alongside the forum and basilica, providing a place in which a market cou ...
, thought to have been a meat and fish market. Market stall-holders paid a market tax for the right to trade on market days. Some archaeological evidence suggests that markets and street vendors were controlled by local government. A graffito on the outside of a large shop documents a seven-day cycle of markets: "Saturn's day at Pompeii and Nuceria, Sun's day at Atella and Nola, Moon's day at Cumae", etc. The presence of an official commercial calendar suggests something of the market's importance to community life and trade. Markets were also important centres of social life.
In medieval Europe

In early Western Europe, markets developed close to monasteries, castles or royal residences. Priories and aristocratic manorial households created considerable demand for goods and services, both luxuries and necessities, and also afforded some protection to merchants and traders. These centres of trade attracted sellers which would stimulate the growth of the town. The ''
Domesday Book
Domesday Book ( ; the Middle English spelling of "Doomsday Book") is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 at the behest of William the Conqueror. The manuscript was originally known by ...
'' of 1086 lists 50 markets in England; however, many historians believe this figure underestimates the actual number of markets in operation at the time. In England, some 2,000 new markets were established between 1200 and 1349. By 1516, England had some 2,464 markets and 2,767 fairs, while Wales had 138 markets and 166 fairs.
From the 12th century, English monarchs awarded a charter to local Lords to create markets and fairs for a town or village. A charter protected the town's trading privileges in return for an annual fee. Once a chartered market was granted for specific market days, a nearby rival market could not open on the same days. Fairs, which were usually held annually, and almost always associated with a religious festival, traded in high value goods, while regular weekly or bi-weekly markets primarily traded in fresh produce and necessities. Although a fair's primary purpose was trade, it typically included some elements of entertainment, such as dance, music, or tournaments. As the number of markets increased, market towns situated themselves sufficiently far apart so as to avoid competition, but close enough to permit local producers a round trip within one day (about 10 km). Some British
open-air markets have been operating continuously since the 12th century.

A pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades was probably established in Italy with the open
loggia
In architecture, a loggia ( , usually , ) is a covered exterior Long gallery, gallery or corridor, often on an upper level, sometimes on the ground level of a building. The corridor is open to the elements because its outer wall is only parti ...
s of (1547) designed and constructed by Giovanni Battista del Tasso (and funded by the
Medici family
The House of Medici ( , ; ) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first consolidated power in the Republic of Florence under Cosimo de' Medici and his grandson Lorenzo "the Magnificent" during the first half of the 15th ...
); , Florence, designed by
Giorgio Vasari
Giorgio Vasari (30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian Renaissance painter, architect, art historian, and biographer who is best known for his work ''Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects'', considered the ideol ...
(1567); and (1619) by
Giulio Parigi
Giulio Parigi (6 April 1571 – 13 July 1635) was an Italian architect and designer.
He was the main member of a family of architects and designers working for the Grand Ducal court of the Medici. His father, Alfonso Parigi the Elder, was a ...
.
Braudel and Reynold have made a systematic study of European market towns between the thirteenth and fifteenth century. Their investigation shows that in regional districts markets were held once or twice a week while daily markets were common in larger cities. Over time, permanent shops began opening daily and gradually supplanted the periodic markets, while peddlers or itinerant sellers continued to fill in any gaps in distribution.
During the Middle Ages, the physical market was characterised by transactional exchange. Shops had higher overhead costs, but were able to offer regular trading hours and a relationship with customers and may have offered added value services, such as credit terms to reliable customers. The economy was primarily characterised by local trading in which goods were traded across relatively short distances.
Beach markets, which were known in north-western Europe, during the Viking period, were primarily associated with the sale of fish. From around the 11th century, the number and variety of imported goods sold at beach markets began to increase. giving consumers access to a broader range of exotic and luxury goods. Throughout the medieval period, markets became more international. The historian, Braudel, reports that in 1600, grain moved just 5–10 miles; cattle 40–70 miles; wool and wollen cloth 20–40 miles. However, following the European age of discovery, goods were imported from afar –
calico
Calico (; in British usage since 1505) is a heavy plain-woven textile made from unbleached, and often not fully processed, cotton. It may also contain unseparated husk parts. The fabric is far coarser than muslin, but less coarse and thick than ...
cloth from India, porcelain, silk and tea from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World.
Across the boroughs of England, a network of chartered markets sprang up between the 12th and 16th centuries, giving consumers reasonable choice in the markets they preferred to patronise. A study on the purchasing habits of the monks and other individuals in medieval England suggests that consumers of the period were relatively discerning. Purchase decisions were based on purchase criteria such as the consumer's perceptions of the range, quality, and price of goods. Such considerations informed decisions about where to make purchases and which markets to patronise.
As the number of charters granted increased, competition between market towns also increased. In response to competitive pressures, towns invested in developing a reputation for quality produce, efficient market regulation and good amenities for visitors such as covered accommodation. By the thirteenth century, counties with important textile industries were investing in purpose built halls for the sale of cloth. London's
Blackwell Hall
Blackwell Hall in the City of London (also known as Bakewell Hall) was the centre for the wool and cloth trade in England from mediaeval times until the 19th century. Cloth manufacturers and clothiers from provincial England brought their material ...
became a centre for cloth,
Bristol
Bristol () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, the most populous city in the region. Built around the River Avon, Bristol, River Avon, it is bordered by t ...
became associated with a particular type of cloth known as ''Bristol red'',
Stroud
Stroud is a market town and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England. It is the main town in Stroud District. The town's population was 13,500 in 2021.
Sited below the western escarpment of the Cotswold Hills, at the meeting point of the ...
was known for producing fine woollen cloth, the town of
Worsted
Worsted ( or ) is a high-quality type of wool yarn, the fabric made from this yarn, and a yarn weight category. The name derives from Worstead (from Old English ''Wurðestede'', "enclosure place"), a village in the English county of Norfolk. T ...
became synonymous with a type of yarn;
Banbury
Banbury is an historic market town and civil parish on the River Cherwell in Oxfordshire, South East England. The parish had a population of 54,335 at the 2021 Census.
Banbury is a significant commercial and retail centre for the surrounding ...
and
Essex
Essex ( ) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in the East of England, and one of the home counties. It is bordered by Cambridgeshire and Suffolk to the north, the North Sea to the east, Kent across the Thames Estuary to the ...
were strongly associated with cheeses.
In the market economy, goods are ungraded and unbranded, so that consumers have relatively few opportunities to evaluate quality prior to consumption. Consequently, supervision of weights, measures, food quality, and prices was a key consideration. In medieval society, regulations for such matters appeared initially at the local level. The Charter of Worcester, written between 884 and 901 provided for fines for dishonest trading, amongst other things. Such local regulations were codified in 13th century England in what became known as the
Statute of Winchester
The Statute of Winchester of 1285 ( 13 Edw. 1. St. 2; ), also known as the Statute of Winton, was a statute enacted by King Edward I of England that reformed the system of Watch and Ward (watchmen) of the Assize of Arms of 1252, and revived th ...
. This document outlined the
assizes
The assizes (), or courts of assize, were periodic courts held around England and Wales until 1972, when together with the quarter sessions they were abolished by the Courts Act 1971 and replaced by a single permanent Crown Court. The assizes ex ...
for 16 different trades, most of which were associated with markets – miller, baker, fisher, brewer, inn-keeper, tallow-chandler, weaver, cordwainer, etc. For each trade, regulations covered such issues as fraud, prices, quality, weights, and measures and so on. The assize was a formal codification of prior informal codes which had been practised for many years. The courts of assize were granted the power to enforce these regulations. The process of standardizing quality, prices and measures assisted markets to gain the confidence of buyers and made them more attractive to the public.
A sixteenth century commentator,
John Leland, described particular markets as "celebrate", "very good", "quik", and conversely as "poore", "meane", and "of no price". Over time, some products became associated with particular places, providing customers with valuable information about the types of goods, their quality and their region of origin. In this way, markets helped to provide an early form of product branding. Gradually, certain market towns earned a reputation for providing quality produce. Today, traders and showmen jealously guard the reputation of these historic chartered markets. The 18th century commentator
Daniel Defoe
Daniel Defoe (; born Daniel Foe; 1660 – 24 April 1731) was an English writer, merchant and spy. He is most famous for his novel ''Robinson Crusoe'', published in 1719, which is claimed to be second only to the Bible in its number of translati ...
visited Sturbridge fair in 1723 and wrote a lengthy description which paints a picture of a highly organised, vibrant operation which attracted large number of visitors from some distance away. "As for the people in the fair, they all universally eat, drink and sleep in their booths, and tents; and the said booths are so intermingled with taverns, coffee-houses, drinking-houses, eating-houses, cookshops &c, and all tents too, and so many butchers and higglers from all the neighbouring counties come in to the fair every morning, with beef, mutton, fowls, bread, cheese, eggs, and such things; and go with them from tent to tent and from door to door, that there is no want of provision of any kind, either dress'd or undress'd."
In Asia Minor
In the Asia Minor, prior to the 10th century, market places were situated on the perimeter of the city. Along established trade routes, markets were most often associated with the
caravanserai
A caravanserai (or caravansary; ) was an inn that provided lodging for travelers, merchants, and Caravan (travellers), caravans. They were present throughout much of the Islamic world. Depending on the region and period, they were called by a ...
typically situated just outside the city walls. However, when the marketplace began to become integrated into city structures, it was transformed into a covered area where traders could buy and sell with some protection from the elements. Markets at Mecca and Medina were known to be significant trade centres in the 3rd century (CE) and the nomadic communities were highly dependent on them for both trade and social interactions. The
Grand Bazaar in
Istanbul
Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
is often cited as the world's oldest continuously operating, purpose-built market; its construction began in 1455.
In Asia

Dating the emergence of marketplaces in China is difficult. According to tradition, the first market was established by the legendary
Shennong
Shennong ( zh, c=神農, p=Shénnóng), variously translated as "Divine Farmer" or "Divine Husbandman", born , was a mythological Chinese ruler known as the first Yan Emperor who has become a deity in Chinese and Vietnamese folk religion. H ...
or the "Divine Farmer" who arranged for markets to be held at midday.
[Chonglang, F., and Wenming, C., ''An Urban History of China'', Springer, 2019, p. 201.] In other ancient sayings, markets originally developed around wells in the town or village centre.
Scholars, however, question the reliability of traditional narratives unless backed by archaeological evidence.
The earliest written references to markets dates to the time of
Qi Huanggong (ruled 685 to 643 BCE). Qi's Prime Minister, the great reformer,
Guan Zhong
Guan Zhong (; c. 720–645 BC) was a Chinese philosopher and politician. He served as chancellor and was a reformer of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. His given name was Yiwu (). ''Zhong'' was his courtes ...
, divided the capital into 21 districts () of which three were dedicated to farmers, three to hand-workers and three to businessmen, who were instructed to settle near the markets.
Some of these early markets have been the subject of archaeological surveys. For instance, the market at Yong, the capital of the Qi state, measured 3,000 square metres and was an outdoor market.
[Chonglang, F., and Wenming, C., ''An Urban History of China'', Springer, 2019, p. 202]
According to the ''Rites of Zhou'', markets were highly organized and served different groups at different times of day; merchants at the morning market, every day people at the afternoon market and
peddler
A peddler (American English) or pedlar (British English) is a door-to-door and/or travelling vendor of good (economics), goods. In 19th-century United States the word "drummer" was often used to refer to a peddler or traveling salesman; as exem ...
s at the evening market.
The marketplace also became the place were executions were carried out, rewards were published and decrees were read out.
During the Qin empire and the
Han dynasty
The Han dynasty was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC ...
which followed it, markets were enclosed with walls and gates and strictly separated from residential areas. Vendors were arranged according to the type of commodity offered, and markets were strictly regulated with departments responsible for security, weights and measures, price-fixing, and certificates.
Over time, specialised markets began to emerge. In Luoyang, during the Tang Dynasty, a metal market was known. Outside the city walls were sheep and horse markets.
Marco Polo
Marco Polo (; ; ; 8 January 1324) was a Republic of Venice, Venetian merchant, explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. His travels are recorded in ''The Travels of Marco Polo'' (also known a ...
's account of 13th century markets specifically mentions a silk market. He was also impressed by the size of markets. According to his account, the ten markets of
Hangzhou
Hangzhou, , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ; formerly romanized as Hangchow is a sub-provincial city in East China and the capital of Zhejiang province. With a population of 13 million, the municipality comprises ten districts, two counti ...
, primarily a fish market, attracted 40,000 to 50,000 patrons on each of its three trading days each week.
In China, negative attitudes towards mercantile activity developed; merchants were the lowest class of society. High officials carefully distanced themselves from merchant classes. In 627, an edict prohibited those of rank five or higher from entering markets. One anecdote from the time of
Empress Wu
The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , , "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star.
Computer scientists and mathematicians often vocalize it as st ...
relates the tale of a fourth rank official who missed out on the opportunity for promotion after he was seen purchasing a steamed pancake from a market.
In the Middle East
Since circa 3000 BCE, ''
bazaars
A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, Central Asia, North Africa and South Asia. They are traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets that have doors ...
'' have dominated the
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...
- respectively extending to
Northern Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...
- as regards to numerous areas from retail towards resources, with
trade
Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as a market.
Traders generally negotiate through a medium of cr ...
amongst merchants commonplace, likewise with
bartering
In trade, barter (derived from ''bareter'') is a system of exchange in which participants in a transaction directly exchange goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. Economists usually ...
amongst participants. They are often described as economic and cultural hubs within cities across the
Islamic world
The terms Islamic world and Muslim world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs, politics, and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is ...
, and are generally the most bustling areas within urban localities. Given such dense activity, ''bazaars'' became an attraction for foreigners in exchanging resources, such as
spices
In the culinary arts, a spice is any seed, fruit, root, Bark (botany), bark, or other plant substance in a form primarily used for flavoring or coloring food. Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of pl ...
,
textiles
Textile is an Hyponymy and hypernymy, umbrella term that includes various Fiber, fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, Staple (textiles)#Filament fiber, filaments, Thread (yarn), threads, and different types of #Fabric, fabric. ...
,
labour, et cetera, drawing the attention of Arabs,
Turks
Turk or Turks may refer to:
Communities and ethnic groups
* Turkish people, or the Turks, a Turkic ethnic group and nation
* Turkish citizen, a citizen of the Republic of Turkey
* Turkic peoples, a collection of ethnic groups who speak Turkic lang ...
,
Greeks
Greeks or Hellenes (; , ) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Greek Cypriots, Cyprus, Greeks in Albania, southern Albania, Greeks in Turkey#History, Anatolia, parts of Greeks in Italy, Italy and Egyptian Greeks, Egypt, and to a l ...
,
Persians
Persians ( ), or the Persian people (), are an Iranian ethnic group from West Asia that came from an earlier group called the Proto-Iranians, which likely split from the Indo-Iranians in 1800 BCE from either Afghanistan or Central Asia. They ...
,
Jews
Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
as well as
Indians
Indian or Indians may refer to:
Associated with India
* of or related to India
** Indian people
** Indian diaspora
** Languages of India
** Indian English, a dialect of the English language
** Indian cuisine
Associated with indigenous peoples o ...
, not to mention
Westerners
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in Western Europe, Northern America, and Australasia; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West. ...
since the late-16th to early-17th centuries. In the modern era, ''bazaars'' remain a vital economic hub in numerous Arab nations.
In Mesoamerica

In Mesoamerica, a tiered system of traders developed independently. Extensive trade networks predated the Aztec empire by at least hundreds of years. Local markets where people purchased their daily necessities were known as ''
tianguis
A is an open-air market or bazaar that is traditionally held on certain market days in a town or city neighborhood in Mexico and Central America. This bazaar tradition has its roots well into the pre-Hispanic period and continues in many cases ...
'', while a ''
pochteca
''Pochteca'' (singular ''pochtecatl'') were professional, long-distance traveling merchants in the Aztec Empire. The trade or commerce was referred to as ''pochtecayotl''. Within the empire, the ''pochteca'' performed three primary duties: marke ...
'' was a professional merchant who travelled long distances to obtain rare goods or luxury items desired by the nobility. The system supported various levels of pochteca – from very high status through to minor traders who acted as a type of peddler to fill in gaps in the distribution system. Colonial sources also record Mayan market hubs at
Acalan
Acalan (Chontal Maya: ''Tamactun'', Nahuatl: ''Acallan'') was a Chontal Maya region in what is now southern Campeche, Mexico. Its capital was Itzamkanac. The people of Acalan were called ''Mactun'' in the Chontal Maya language.
Cuauhtemoc, rule ...
,
Champotón,
Chetumal
Chetumal (, , ; , ) is a city on the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. It is the capital of the List of states of Mexico, state of Quintana Roo and the municipal seat of the Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo, Municipality of Othón ...
,
Bacalar
Bacalar () is the municipal seat and largest city in Bacalar Municipality (until 2011 a part of Othón P. Blanco Municipality) in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, about north of Chetumal. In the 2010 census the city had a population of 11, ...
, Cachi, Conil, Pole,
Cozumel
Cozumel (; ) is an island and municipality in the Caribbean Sea off the eastern coast of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, opposite Playa del Carmen. It is separated from the mainland by the Cozumel Channel and is close to the Yucatán Channel. The ...
,
Cochuah
Cochuah (also Kock Wah) (in the Mayan language: toponymic; ''K-'': our + ''Och'': food + ''Wah'': bread. "Our food of bread"?) is the name of one of the sixteen Maya civilization, Mayan provinces into which the central Yucatán Peninsula was div ...
, Chauaca,
Chichén Itzá, as well as markets marking the edges of
Yucatecan canoe trade such as Xicalanco and
Ulua. The Spanish conquerors commented on the impressive nature of the local markets in the 15th century. The
Mexica
The Mexica (Nahuatl: ; singular ) are a Nahuatl-speaking people of the Valley of Mexico who were the rulers of the Triple Alliance, more commonly referred to as the Aztec Empire. The Mexica established Tenochtitlan, a settlement on an island ...
(
Aztec
The Aztecs ( ) were a Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico in the Post-Classic stage, post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec people included different Indigenous peoples of Mexico, ethnic groups of central ...
) market of
Tlatelolco was the largest in all the
Americas
The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a sing ...
and said to be superior to those in Europe.
Types

There are many different ways to classify markets. One way is to consider the nature of the buyer and the market's place within the distribution system. This leads to two broad classes of market, namely
retail
Retail is the sale of goods and services to consumers, in contrast to wholesaling, which is the sale to business or institutional customers. A retailer purchases goods in large quantities from manufacturers, directly or through a wholes ...
market or
wholesale markets
The consumption and production of marketed food are spatially separated. Production is primarily in rural areas while consumption is mainly in urban areas. Agricultural marketing is the process that overcomes this separation, allowing produce to b ...
. The economist,
Alfred Marshall
Alfred Marshall (26 July 1842 – 13 July 1924) was an English economist and one of the most influential economists of his time. His book ''Principles of Economics (Marshall), Principles of Economics'' (1890) was the dominant economic textboo ...
classified markets according to time period. In this classification, there are three types of market; ''the very short period market'' where the supply of a commodity remains fixed. Perishables, such as fruit, vegetables, meat, and fish fall into this group since goods must be sold within a few days and the quantity supplied is relatively inelastic. The second group is the ''short period market'' where the time in which the quantity supplied can be increased by improving the scale of production (adding labor and other inputs but not by adding capital). Many non-perishable goods fall into this category. The third category is ''the long-period market'' where the length of time can be improved by capital investment.
Other ways to classify markets include its trading area (local, national or international); its physical format or its produce.
Major physical formats of markets are:
*
Bazaar
A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small Market stall, stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, Central Asia, North Africa and South Asia. They are traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets th ...
: typically a covered market in the Middle East
*
Car boot sale
Car boot sales or boot fairs are a form of market in which private individuals come together to sell household and garden goods. They are popular in the United Kingdom, where they are often referred to simply as 'car boots'.
Some scientific ...
: a type of market where people come together to trade household and garden goods; very popular in the United Kingdom
*Dry market: a market selling durable goods such as fabric and electronics, as distinguished from "wet markets"

*
E-commerce
E-commerce (electronic commerce) refers to commercial activities including the electronic buying or selling products and services which are conducted on online platforms or over the Internet. E-commerce draws on technologies such as mobile co ...
: an online marketplace for consumer products which can be sold anywhere in the world
*Indoor market of any sort
*Marketplace: an open space where a market is or was formerly held in a town
*
Market square
A market square (also known as a market place) is an urban square meant for trading, in which a market is held. It is an important feature of many towns and cities around the world. A market square is an open area where market stalls are tradit ...
in
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...
: open area usually in town centre with stalls selling goods in a public square
*Public market in the United States: an indoor, fixed market in a building and selling a variety of goods
*Street market: a public street with stalls along one or more sides of the street
*
Floating market
A floating market is a market (place), market where goods are sold from boats. Originating in times and places where water transport played an important role in daily life, most floating markets operating today mainly serve as tourist attractio ...
: where goods are sold from boats, chiefly found in
Thailand
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...
,
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
and
Vietnam
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
*
Night market
Night markets or night bazaars ( zh, 夜市) are street markets which operate at night and are generally dedicated to more leisurely strolling, shopping, and eating than more businesslike day markets. The culture of night markets originates from C ...
: Popular in many countries in Asia, opening at night and featuring much
street food
Street food is food sold by a Hawker (trade), hawker or vendor on a street or at another public place, such as a market, fair, or park. It is often sold from a portable food booth, food cart, or food truck and is meant for immediate consumption ...
and a more leisurely shopping experience. In Indonesia and Malaysia they are known as ''
pasar malam
''Pasar malam'' is a Malay language, Malay word that literally means "night market" (the word ''pasar'' comes from ''bazaar'' in Persian language, Persian). A ''pasar malam'' is a street market in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore that o ...
.''
*
Wet market (also known as a public market): a market selling fresh meat, fish, produce, and other perishable goods as distinguished from "dry markets"
[Wholesale Markets: Planning and Design Manual (Fao Agricultural Services Bulletin) (No 90)]
Markets may feature a range of merchandise for sale, or they may be one of many specialist markets, such as:
*
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Biology, biological Kingdom (biology), kingdom Animalia (). With few exceptions, animals heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, ...
markets (i.e. livestock markets)
*
Antique
An antique () is an item perceived as having value because of its aesthetic or historical significance, and often defined as at least 100 years old (or some other limit), although the term is often used loosely to describe any object that i ...
markets
*
Farmers' market
A farmers' market (or farmers market according to the AP stylebook, also farmer's market in the Cambridge Dictionary) is a physical retail marketplace intended to sell foods directly by farmers to consumers. Farmers' markets may be indoors or ...
s, focusing on fresh produce and gourmet food lines (preserves, chutneys, relishes, cheeses etc.) prepared from farm produce
*
Fish market
A fish market is a marketplace for selling Fish as food, fish and fish products. It can be dedicated to wholesale trade between Fisherman, fishermen and fish merchants, or to the sale of seafood to individual consumers, or to both. Retail fish ma ...
s
*
Flea market
A flea market (or swap meet) is a type of street market that provides space for vendors to sell previously owned (secondhand) goods. This type of market is often seasonal. However, in recent years there has been the development of 'formal' ...
s or swap meets, a type of
bazaar
A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small Market stall, stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, Central Asia, North Africa and South Asia. They are traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets th ...
that rents space to people who want to sell or
barter
In trade, barter (derived from ''bareter'') is a system of exchange (economics), exchange in which participants in a financial transaction, transaction directly exchange good (economics), goods or service (economics), services for other goods ...
merchandise.
Used good
Used goods, also known as secondhand goods, are any item of personal property that have been previously owned by someone else and are offered for sale not as new, including metals in any form except coins that are legal tender. Used goods may ...
s, low quality items, and high quality items at low prices are commonplace
*Flower markets, such as the
Mercado Jamaica
Mercado Jamaica is one of Mexico City’s Traditional fixed markets in Mexico, traditional public markets where various vendors sell their wares in an established location. This market began in the 1950s as part of efforts to urbanize the market ...
in
Mexico City
Mexico City is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city of Mexico, as well as the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North America. It is one of the most important cultural and finan ...
and the
Bloemenmarkt
The Bloemenmarkt () is the world's only floating flower market (place), market. Founded in 1862, it is sited in Amsterdam, Netherlands, on Singel (Amsterdam), the Singel canal between Muntplein (Amsterdam), Muntplein and Koningsplein in the city' ...
in
Amsterdam
Amsterdam ( , ; ; ) is the capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, largest city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 933,680 in June 2024 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the City Re ...
*
Food hall
A food hall is a large standalone location or department store section where food and drinks are sold.
Overview
Unlike food courts made up of fast food chains, food halls typically mix local artisan restaurants, butcher shops and other food- ...
s, featuring gourmet food to consume on- and off-premises,
["The 5 Best Food Halls in America"]
''Bon Appétit'' magazine such as those at
Harrods
Harrods is a Listed building, Grade II listed luxury department store on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London, England. It was designed by C. W. Stephens for Charles Digby Harrod, and opened in 1905; it replaced the first store on the ground ...
(London) and
Galeries Lafayette
Galeries Lafayette () is an upmarket French department store chain, the biggest in Europe. Its flagship store is on Boulevard Haussmann in the 9th arrondissement of Paris but it now operates a number of locations in France and other countries ...
(Paris) department stores. In North America, these may be also referred to simply as "markets" (or "mercados" in Spanish), such as the
West Side Market
}
The West Side Market is the oldest operating indoor/outdoor market space in Cleveland, Ohio. It is located at the corner of West 25th Street and Lorain Avenue in the Ohio City neighborhood. On December 18, 1973, it was added to the National ...
in
Cleveland
Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located along the southern shore of Lake Erie, it is situated across the Canada–U.S. maritime border and approximately west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania st ...
,
Ponce City Market
Ponce City Market is a mixed-use development located in a former Sears catalogue facility in Atlanta, with national and local retail anchors, restaurants, a food hall, boutiques and offices, and residential units. It is located adjacent to the ...
in
Atlanta
Atlanta ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Georgia (U.S. state), most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia. It is the county seat, seat of Fulton County, Georg ...
,
[ and the ]Mercado Roma
Mercado Roma ("Roma market") is a Marketplaces#Types, public market in the format of a gourmet food hall located on Querétaro street in the Colonia Roma Norte neighborhood of Mexico City. The market stalls offer organic and other food products fo ...
in Mexico City.
*Grey market
A grey market or dark market (sometimes confused with the similar term "parallel import, parallel market") is the trade of a commodity through distribution channels that are not authorised by the original manufacturer or trademark proprietor. ...
: where second hand or recycled goods are sold (sometimes termed a ''green market'')
*Handicraft
A handicraft is a traditional main sector of craft making and applies to a wide range of creative and design activities that are related to making things with one's hands and skill, including work with textiles, moldable and rigid material ...
markets
* Markets selling items used in the occult (for magic, by witches, etc.)
*Supermarket
A supermarket is a self-service Retail#Types of outlets, shop offering a wide variety of food, Drink, beverages and Household goods, household products, organized into sections. Strictly speaking, a supermarket is larger and has a wider selecti ...
s and hypermarket
A hypermarket or superstore is a big-box store combining a supermarket and a department store. The result is an expansive retail facility carrying a wide range of products under one roof, including full grocery lines and general merchandise. In ...
s
File:Schaufschod 2009 11.JPG, Livestock market at Schaufschod, 2009
File:Grand-Bazaar Shop.jpg, Bazaar
A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small Market stall, stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, Central Asia, North Africa and South Asia. They are traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets th ...
: Grand Bazaar, Istanbul
The Grand Bazaar (, meaning ‘Covered Market’; also , meaning ‘Grand Market’Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 345.) in Istanbul is one of the largest and oldest Bazaar, covered markets in the world, with 61 covered streets and over 4,000 shopsMü ...
, Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...
File:Krakow rynek 01.jpg, Marketplace: Main Market Square, Kraków
Main may refer to:
Geography
*Main River (disambiguation), multiple rivers with the same name
*Ma'in, an ancient kingdom in modern-day Yemen
* Main, Iran, a village in Fars Province
* Spanish Main, the Caribbean coasts of mainland Spanish terri ...
, Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
: Europe's largest medieval town square
File:Damoen Saduk Floating Market.jpg, Floating market
A floating market is a market (place), market where goods are sold from boats. Originating in times and places where water transport played an important role in daily life, most floating markets operating today mainly serve as tourist attractio ...
: Damnoen Saduak floating market in Ratchaburi
Ratchaburi (, ) or Rajburi, Rat Buri) is a town ('' thesaban mueang'') in western Thailand, capital of Ratchaburi Province.
Ratchaburi town covers the entire ''tambon'' Na Mueang (หน้าเมือง) of Mueang Ratchaburi District. As o ...
, Thailand
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...
, is a famous tourist attraction.
File:TWShiLinNightMarketRichy2.jpg, Night market
Night markets or night bazaars ( zh, 夜市) are street markets which operate at night and are generally dedicated to more leisurely strolling, shopping, and eating than more businesslike day markets. The culture of night markets originates from C ...
: Shilin Night Market
Shilin Night Market () is a night market in Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan, often considered to be the largest and most famous night market in Taiwan.
Overview
The night market encompasses two distinct sections sharing a symbiotic relations ...
, Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...
File:WetmarketHK.jpg, Wet market in Hong Kong
Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...
File:Flohmarkt2.JPG, Flea market
A flea market (or swap meet) is a type of street market that provides space for vendors to sell previously owned (secondhand) goods. This type of market is often seasonal. However, in recent years there has been the development of 'formal' ...
in Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
File:Wet market in Singapore 2.jpg, Wet market in Singapore
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia. The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. It is about one degree ...
File:Fish market Jagalchi Busan.jpg, Fish market Jagalchi Busan
File:ShopsCraftVillMet.JPG, Crafts Village Market, Mexico
File:Mallick Ghat Flower Market, Kolkata 03.jpg, Mallick Ghat Flower Market, Kolkata
Kolkata, also known as Calcutta ( its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of West Bengal. It lies on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary ...
, India
File:Harrods Food Department Halls (8473364801).jpg, Harrods Food Hall, London, England
In literature and art
Markets generally have featured prominently in artworks, especially amongst the Dutch painters of Antwerp from the middle of the 16th century. Pieter Aertsen
Pieter Aertsen (1508, Amsterdam – 2 June 1575, Amsterdam), called ''Lange Piet'' ("Tall Pete") because of his height, was a Dutch painter in the style of Northern Mannerism. He is credited with the invention of the monumental genre scene, whi ...
was known as the "great painter of the market". Both he and his nephew, Joachim Beuckelaer
Joachim Beuckelaer (c. 1533 – c. 1570/4) was a Flemish painter specialising in market and kitchen scenes with elaborate displays of food and household equipment. , painted market scenes, street vendors and merchants extensively. Elizabeth Honig argues that painters' interest in markets was in part due to the changing nature of the market system at that time. The public began to distinguish between two types of merchant, the which referred to local merchants including bakers, grocers, sellers of dairy products and stall-holders, and the , which described a new, emergent class of trader who dealt in goods or credit on a large scale. With the rise of a European merchant class, this distinction was necessary to separate the daily trade that the general population understood from the rising ranks of traders who operated on a world stage and were seen as quite distant from everyday experience.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, as Europeans conquered parts of North Africa and the Levant, European artists began to visit the Orient and painted scenes of everyday life. Europeans sharply divided peoples into two broad groups – the ''European West'' and the ''East or Orient''; ''us'' and the ''other''. Europeans often saw Orientals as the photographic negative of Western civilisation; the peoples could be threatening – they were "despotic, static and irrational whereas Europe was viewed as democratic, dynamic and rational". At the same time, the Orient was seen as exotic, mysterious, a place of fables and beauty. This fascination with the other gave rise to a genre of painting known as ''Orientalism''. Artists focussed on the exotic beauty of the land – the markets and bazaars, caravans and snake charmers. Islamic architecture also became favourite subject matter, and the high vaulted market places features in numerous paintings and sketches.
Individual markets have also attracted literary attention. Les Halles
Les Halles (; 'The Halls') was Paris' central fresh food market. It last operated on 12 January 1973 and was replaced by an underground shopping centre and a park. The unpopular modernist development was demolished yet again in 2010, and replac ...
was known as the "Belly of Paris", and was so named by author, Émile Zola
Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (, ; ; 2 April 184029 September 1902) was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of Naturalism (literature), naturalism, and an important contributor to ...
in his novel , which is set in the busy 19th century marketplace of central Paris. Les Halles, a complex of market pavilions in Paris, features extensively in both literature and painting. Giuseppe Canella
Giuseppe Canella (28 July 1788 – 11 September 1847), also referred to as Giuseppe Canella the Elder, was an Italian painter.
Biography
Initially trained by his father Giovanni, an architect, fresco painter and set designer, Giuseppe Canella st ...
(1788 - 1847) painted Les Halles et la rue de la Tonnellerie. Photographer, Henri Lemoine (1848–1924), also photographed Les Halles de Paris.
Around the world
Africa
Markets have been known in parts of Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...
for centuries. An 18th century commentator noted the many markets he visited in West Africa
West Africa, also known as Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa, United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Gha ...
. He provided a detailed description of market activities at Sabi, in the Wydah (now the part of the Republic of Benin):
In the Kingdom of Benin
The Kingdom of Benin, also known as Great Benin, is a traditional kingdom in southern Nigeria. It has no historical relation to the modern republic of Benin, which was known as Dahomey from the 17th century until 1975. The Kingdom of Benin's c ...
(modern Benin City
Benin City serves as the Capital city, capital and largest
Metropolitan area, metropolitan centre of Edo State, situated in Nigeria, southern Nigeria. It ranks as the List of Nigerian cities by population, fourth-most populous city in Niger ...
), he commented on the exotic foods available for sale at a market there:
Botswana
In Botswana
Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with approximately 70 percent of its territory part of the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the sou ...
, the sale of agricultural produce to the formal market is largely controlled by large corporations. Most small, local farmers sell their produce to the informal market, local communities and street vendors. The main wholesale market is the Horticultural market in Gaborone
Gaborone ( , , ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Botswana, largest city of Botswana, with a population of 246,325 based on the 2022 census, about 10% of the total population of Botswana. Its metropolitan area is home to 534, ...
. The government made some attempts to build markets in the north of the country, but that was largely unsuccessful and most commercial buyers travel to Johannesburg or Tshwane for supplies.
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...
is a major producer and exporter of grains and a number of wholesale markets assist with the distribution and export of such products. Important wholesale markets include: Nekemte
Nekemte, also spelled as Neqemte (, Amharic: ነቀምት), is a market city and separate woreda in western Ethiopia. Located in the East Welega Zone of the Oromia Region, Nekemte has a latitude and longitude of and an elevation of 2,088 mete ...
in the East Welega zone
East Welega () is one of the zones in the central Oromia Region of Ethiopia. This administrative division acquired its name from the former province of Welega. Towns and cities in this zone include Nekemte.
East Welega is bounded on the southwe ...
, Jimma
Jimma () is the largest city in southwestern Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It is a special zone of the Oromia Region and is surrounded by Jimma Zone. It has a latitude and longitude of . Prior to the 2007 census, Jimma was reorganized administrativ ...
in the Jimma zone
Jimma is a Zones of Ethiopia, zone in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Jimma is named after former Kingdom of Jimma, which was absorbed into the former province of Kaffa Province, Ethiopia, Kaffa in 1932. Jimma is bordered on the south by the Southern ...
, Assela and Sagure
Sagure is a town in south-eastern Ethiopia. Located in the Arsi Zone of the Oromia, this town has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 2568 meters above sea level. It is the administrative center of Digeluna Tijo, woreda.
Based on f ...
in the Arsi zone
Arsi () is a Zones of Ethiopia, zone in Oromia Region of Ethiopia, named after a clan of the Oromo people, Oromo, who inhabit in the area.
Arsi is bordered on the south by Bale Zone, on the southwest by the West Arsi Zone, on the northwest by Ea ...
, Bahir Dar and Bure in the Gojjam zone, Dessie and Kombolcha in the Wollo zone, Mekele in the Tigray region
The Tigray Region (or simply Tigray; officially the Tigray National Regional State) is the northernmost Regions of Ethiopia, regional state in Ethiopia. The Tigray Region is the homeland of the Tigrayan, Irob people, Irob and Kunama people. I ...
, Dire Dawa
Dire Dawa (; , meaning"where the Dir (clan), Dir hit his spear into the ground" or "The true Dir", , Harari language, Harari: ድሬዳዋ, lit. "Plain of Medicine"; ) is a city in eastern Ethiopia near the Somali Region and Oromia, Oromo borde ...
and Harar in the Oromia region
Oromia (, ) is a Regions of Ethiopia, regional state in Ethiopia and the homeland of the Oromo people. Under Article 49 of 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Constitution, the capital of Oromia is Addis Ababa, also called Finfinne. The ...
, and Addis Ababa. Some of the major retail markets in Ethiopia include: Addis Mercato
Merkato (Amharic: መርካቶ; Italian language, Italian: "market") is a large open-air marketplace in the Addis Ketema, district of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the name refers to the neighborhood in which it is located.
Overview
Mercato is the l ...
in Addis Ababa, the largest open air market in the country; Gulalle and Galan, both in Addis Ababa; Awasa Lake Fish Market in Awasa, the Saturday market Harar
Harar (; Harari language, Harari: ሀረር / ; ; ; ), known historically by the indigenous as Harar-Gey or simply Gey (Harari: ጌይ, ݘٛىيْ, ''Gēy'', ), is a List of cities with defensive walls, walled city in eastern Ethiopia. It is al ...
, and the Saturday market in Axum
Axum, also spelled Aksum (), is a town in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia with a population of 66,900 residents (as of 2015). It is the site of the historic capital of the Aksumite Empire.
Axum is located in the Central Zone of the Tigray Re ...
.
File:MercatoAddisAbeba08.jpg, Addis Mercato
Merkato (Amharic: መርካቶ; Italian language, Italian: "market") is a large open-air marketplace in the Addis Ketema, district of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the name refers to the neighborhood in which it is located.
Overview
Mercato is the l ...
, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
File:Awasa fish market.jpg, Awasa fish market, Awasa, Ethiopia
File:Adigrat Market, Ethiopia (12581353584).jpg, Adigrat Market, Ethiopia
File:Konso Sorghum Market, Ethiopia (15221883581).jpg, Konso Sorghum Market, Ethiopia
File:Street Market, Harar, Ethiopia (8112097174).jpg, Street Market, Harar, Ethiopia
Ghana
Ghana
Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to t ...
ian markets have survived in spite of sometimes brutal measures to eradicate them. In the late 1970s, the Ghanaian government used market traders as a scapegoat for its own policy failures which involved food shortages and high inflation. The government blamed traders for failing to observe pricing guidelines and vilified "women merchants". In 1979, the Makola market was dynamited and bulldozed, but within a week the traders were back selling fruit, vegetables and fish, albeit without a roof over their head.
File:Kumasi Market.jpg, Kumasi Market in Ghana
Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to t ...
File:Ghana Market.jpg, Market between Accra and Cape Coast, Ghana
File:Madina ghana market4.jpg, Madina Ghana Market
File:Market in Anaynui, Ghana.jpg, Market in Anaynui, Ghana
File:Street Outside Makola Market, Accra, Ghana.JPG, Street Outside Makola Market, Accra, Ghana
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 52.4 million as of mid-2024, Kenya is the 27th-most-populous country in the world and the 7th most populous in Africa. ...
's capital, Nairobi
Nairobi is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Kenya. The city lies in the south-central part of Kenya, at an elevation of . The name is derived from the Maasai language, Maasai phrase , which translates to 'place of cool waters', a ...
, has several major markets. Wakulima market is one of the region's largest markets, situated on Haile Selassie Avenue in Nairobi. Other markets in Nairobi are: Kariakor Market, Gikomba Market, and Muthurwa Market. In Mombasa, Kongowea market is also a very large market with over 1500 stalls and covering 4.5 ha.
File:Mombasa-MarketHall.jpg, Mombasa Market
File:Wakulima market (1295043526).jpg, Wakulima market, Nairobi
File:Masai Market Nairobi 01.jpg, Masai Market, Nairobi
File:Kilingili Market thru car 1.jpg, Kilingili Market
Morocco
In Morocco
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ...
, markets are known as souk
A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, Central Asia, North Africa and South Asia. They are traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets that have doors ...
s, and are normally found in a city's Medina (old city or old quarter). Shopping at a produce market is a standard feature of daily life in Morocco. In the larger cities, Medinas are typically made up of a collection of souks built amid a maze of narrow streets and laneways where independent vendors and artisans tend to cluster in sections which subsequently become known for a particular type of produce – such as the silversmith's street or the textile district. In Tangiers
Tangier ( ; , , ) is a city in northwestern Morocco, on the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The city is the capital of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region, as well as the Tangier-Assilah Prefecture of Morocco.
Many c ...
, a sprawling market fills the many streets of the medina and this area is divided into two sections, known as the Grand Socco
The Grand Socco (), officially the Place du 9 Avril 1947, is a historic quasi-circular roundabout square separating the old medina from newer developments in downtown Tangier, Morocco.
Overview
The term ''socco'' is a Spanish corruption of th ...
and the Petit Socco
The Petit Socco (), also known as the Place Souk Dakhel, or in Spanish as Zoco Chico, is a small square in the medina quarter of Tangier, Morocco.
Name
The words are a combination of the French word ''petit'', meaning 'little/small', and the ...
. The term ''socco'' is a Spanish corruption of the Arabic word for ''souk'', meaning marketplace. These markets sell a large variety of goods: fresh produce, cooking equipment, pottery, silverware, rugs and carpets, leather goods, clothing, accessories, electronics, alongside cafes, restaurants and take-away food stalls. The medina at Fez is the oldest, having been founded in the 9th century. The medina at Fez has been named a UNESCO World Heritage site. Today it is the main fresh produce market and is noted for its narrow laneways and for a total ban on motorized traffic. All produce is brought in and out of the marketplace by donkey or hand-cart. In Marrakesh
Marrakesh or Marrakech (; , ) is the fourth-largest city in Morocco. It is one of the four imperial cities of Morocco and is the capital of the Marrakesh–Safi Regions of Morocco, region. The city lies west of the foothills of the Atlas Mounta ...
, the main produce markets are also to be found in the medina and a colourful market is also held daily in the Jemaa el-Fnaa (main square) where roaming performers and musicians entertain the large crowds that gather there. Marrakesh has the largest traditional Berber market in Morocco.
File:Marktstände in der Medina.jpg, Market stalls in Tangiers' medina
File:Gewürzladen in der Medina von Tanger.jpg, Spice shop in Tangiers' medina
File:Tangier2.JPG, Market scene, Tangiers
File:BerberWoman.jpg, Berber woman selling produce at a Moroccan market
File:Jemaa el-Fnaa at night.jpg, Jemaa el-Fnaa at night
Namibia
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. Its borders include the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south; in the no ...
has been almost entirely dependent on South Africa for its fresh produce. Dominated by rolling plains and long sand dunes and an unpredictable rainfall, many parts of Namibia are unsuited to growing fruit and vegetables. Government sponsored initiatives have encouraged producers to grow fresh fruit, vegetables, legumes and grains The Namibian Ministry of Agriculture has recently launched a system of fresh produce hubs to serve as a platform for producers to market and distribute their produce. It is anticipated that these hubs will assist in curbing the number of sellers who take their produce to South Africa where it is placed on cold storage, only to be imported back into the country at a later date.
File:Market Scene Oshakati Namibia.jpg, Market Scene Oshakati Namibia
File:Street Market in Namibia - Windhoek.jpg, Street Market in Namibia, Windhoek
File:Swakopmund-Marché artisanal (1).jpg, Artisans' Market, Swakopmund
File:Marché artisanal d'Okahandja (1).jpg, Artisan's market, d'Okahandja
File:Oshakati New market 2016-2.jpg, Oshakati New market, 2016
Nigeria
South Africa
Fresh produce markets have traditionally dominated the South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...
n food chain, handling more than half of all fresh produce. Although large, vertically integrated food retailers, such as supermarkets, are beginning to make inroads into the supply chain, traditional hawkers and produce markets have shown remarkable resilience. The main markets in Johannesburg are: Jozi Real Food Market, Bryanston Organic Market, Pretoria Boeremark specialising in South African delicacies, Hazel Food Market, Panorama Flea Market, Rosebank Sunday Market, Market on Main (a periodic arts market), and neighbourhood markets.
The Gambia
The "Gambia
The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. Geographically, The Gambia is the List of African countries by area, smallest country in continental Africa; it is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except for ...
is Good" initiative was established in 2004 with a view to encouraging a market for locally grown fresh produce rather than imported ones. The plan was designed to "stimulate local livelihoods, inspire entrepreneurship and reduce the environmental and social cost of imported produce".
A great deal of the produce trade is carried out informally on street corners and many shops are little more than market booths. However, dedicated open air and covered markets can be found in the larger towns. Notable markets include: the Serekunda Market in Gambia's largest city, Serekunda
Serekunda (or Serrekunda; ) is a major city and the largest metropolitan area in The Gambia. It is situated close to the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast, on the Gambia River, near the capital, Banjul. Serekunda and Banjul form an urban area kno ...
, which opens from early morning to late at night 7 days a week and trades in produce, live animals, clothing, accessories, jewellery, crafts, second hand goods and souvenirs; The Albert Market in the capital, Banjul
Banjul (, (US) and ), officially the City of Banjul, is the capital city of The Gambia. It is the centre of the eponymous administrative division which is home to an estimated 400,000 residents, making it The Gambia's largest and most densely ...
, which sells fresh produce, colourful, locally designed fabrics, musical instruments, carved wooden masks and other local products. Other interesting markets include: Bakau Fish Market in Bakau
Bakau is a town on the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast of the Gambia, Gambia, west of Gambia's capital city of Banjul. It is known for its botanical gardens, its crocodile pool ''Bakau Kachikally'' and for the beaches at Cape Point (Gambia), Cap ...
; Tanji Fish Market, Tanji, where brightly painted fishing boats bring in the fish from where it is immediately preserved using traditional methods and prepared for distribution to other West African countries; The Woodcarvers Market in Brikama
Brikama is one of the largest cities in the Gambia. It is also called 'Satey Ba' by the locals, meaning "big town". It lies southwest of the country's capital, Banjul. Brikama is the headquarters of the Brikama Local Government Area (formerly th ...
which boasts the largest concentration of woodcarvers in the country; the Pottery Market in Basse Santa; the Atlantic Road Craft Market at Bakau and the Senegambia Craft Market at Bakau.
File:Serekunda market.jpg, Serekunda Market, Serekunda
Serekunda (or Serrekunda; ) is a major city and the largest metropolitan area in The Gambia. It is situated close to the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast, on the Gambia River, near the capital, Banjul. Serekunda and Banjul form an urban area kno ...
, The Gambia
File:GambiaSerekunda003 (30580187363).jpg, Vendor at Serekunda Market, The Gambia
File:1014036-Banjul Albert market-The Gambia.jpg, The Albert Market
The Albert Market, formerly known officially as Royal Albert Market, is a street market in Banjul, The Gambia. Located on Liberation Avenue, the market was built in the mid-nineteenth century. It is named after Albert, Prince Consort, husband of ...
, Banjul, The Gambia
File:GambiaTanji052 (30426214214).jpg, Tanji Fish Market, Tanji, The Gambia
File:GambiaSerrekundaBrikama029 (12029266475).jpg, Traditional wood carvings at a market in The Gambia
Uganda
* Nakawa Market
Nakawa Market, is a fresh produce market in Nakawa, a neighborhood in the city of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. It is one of the 51 markets in the city, as of June 2018.
Location
Nakawa Market is located along the Kampal ...
Asia
Produce markets in Asia are undergoing major changes as supermarkets enter the retail scene and the growing middle classes acquire preferences for branded goods. Many supermarkets purchase directly from producers, supplanting the traditional role of both wholesale and retail markets. In order to survive, produce markets have been forced to consider value adding opportunities and many retail markets now focus on ready-to-eat food and take-away food.
East Asia
= China
=
In China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
, the existence of street and wet markets has been known for centuries; however, many of these were restricted in the 1950s and 1960s and only permitted to re-open in 1978. The distinction between wholesale and retail markets is somewhat ambiguous in China, since many markets serve both as distribution centres and retail shopping venues. To assist in the distribution of food, more than 9,000 wholesale produce markets operate in China. Some of these markets operate on a very large scale. For example, Beijing's Xinfadi Wholesale market, currently under renovation, is expected to have a footprint of 112 hectares when complete. The Beijing Zoo Market (retail market) is a collection of 12 different markets, comprising some 20,000 tenant stall-holders, 30,000 employees and more than 100,000 customers daily.
China is both a major importer and exporter of fruit and vegetables and is now the world's largest exporter of apples. In addition to produce markets, China has many specialised markets such as a silk market, clothing markets and an antiques market. China's fresh produce market is undergoing major change. In the larger cities, purchasing is gradually moving to online with door-to-door deliveries.
Some of the more important markets in China include:
*Wholesale produce market: Xinfadi (wholesale produce market, Beijing) - with an annual turnover volume of 14 million tonnes of meat, fruit and vegetables, it supplies 70 percent of Beijing's vegetables and Nanzhan (Shenyang, Liaoning) which supplies the northern provinces.
* Retail produce markets: The fresh produce market at Hutong market
''Hutong'' () are a type of narrow street or alley commonly associated with northern Chinese cities, especially Beijing.
In Beijing, ''hutongs'' are alleys formed by lines of ''siheyuan'', traditional courtyard residences. Many neighbourhoods ...
(Beijing); Xiabu Xiabu market Xiabu may refer to:
* Xiabu Xiabu, a chinese restaurant chain
* Hiabu, a Coahuiltecan
The Coahuiltecan were various small, autonomous bands of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native Americans who inhabited the Rio Grande valley in what is no ...
(Beijing), Panjiayuan market Panjiayuan () may refer to:
* Panjiayuan Subdistrict, Chaoyang, Beijing
* Panjiayuan Station on line 10 of the Beijing Subway
* Beijing Antique Market, Chaoyang, Beijing
{{Disambiguation ...
(Beijing); Dazhongsi market Dazhongsi may refer to:
* Dazhongsi Square, also known as Dazhongsi Plaza, 1733 Shopping Mall or 1733 Commercial Space, the shopping mall (floors 1, B1, B2) and headquarters (floors 2 and above) of ByteDance, in Haidian, Beijing, China
* Dazhong ...
(Beijing), Tianyi market Tianyi may refer to:
*Tianyi Pavilion, Ningbo, the oldest existing library in China
*Tianyi Square, Ningbo
*Tianyi Film Company, one of the biggest film production companies in pre-World War II China
*Tianyi UAV
* Tianyi, the proper name of the sta ...
(Beijing), Beijing Zoo market
Beijing, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital city of China. With more than 22 million residents, it is the world's most populous national capital city as well as China's second largest city by urban area after Shanghai. It is lo ...
, Dahongmen market Dahongmen may refer to:
* Dahongmen Subdistrict, Beijing
* Dahongmen Station, Beijing Subway
{{dab ...
(Fengtai District, Beijing), Sanyuanli market
Sanyuanli (三元里) is a neighbourhood in Baiyun District, in the northern suburbs of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. Sanyuanli Subdistrict (三元里街道) was created in 1987 and covers an area of 6.8 square km, with a population of 85,000 r ...
(Beijing), Shengfu Xiaoguan morning market (Beijing), Lishuiqiao seafood farmers' market (Beijing), Wangjing Zonghe market Wangjing may refer to several places:
__NOTOC__ China
*Wangjing, Beijing (望京), a major residential, technological and business area in Beijing
*Wangjing SOHO, a tower complex in Beijing
*Wangjing, Tang County (王京镇), town in Tang County, B ...
(Beijing), Chaowai market
Chaowai Subdisrict () is a Subdistricts of China, subdistrict inside Chaoyang District, Beijing, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. It is bordering Sanlitun Subdistrict, Beijing, Sanlitun and Dongzhimen Subdistricts to the north, Hujialou Subdistr ...
(Beijing), Zhenbai market (Shanghai's largest produce market)
File:5646-Linxia-City-market-porcelain-and-traditional-Linxia-sunglasses.jpg, Hui vendors at Linxia City Market
File:Beijing silk market.jpg, Beijing silk market
File:Panjiayuan Market Beijing China.jpg, Panjiayuan Market, Beijing (exterior)
File:2016-09-10 Beijing Panjiayuan market 30 anagoria.jpg, Panjiayuan Market, Beijing (external stallholder)
File:2016-09-10 Beijing Panjiayuan market 74 anagoria.jpg, Panjiayuan Market, Beijing (interior)
File:Dunhuang market.jpg, Dunhuang
Dunhuang () is a county-level city in northwestern Gansu Province, Western China. According to the 2010 Chinese census, the city has a population of 186,027, though 2019 estimates put the city's population at about 191,800. Sachu (Dunhuang) was ...
market
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...
relies heavily imports to meet its fresh produce needs. Importers are consequently an important part of the distribution network, and some importers supply directly to retail consumers. Street markets in Hong Kong
Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...
are held every day except on a few traditional Chinese holidays like Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year, or the Spring Festival (see also #Names, § Names), is a festival that celebrates the beginning of a New Year, new year on the traditional lunisolar calendar, lunisolar Chinese calendar. It is one of the most important holi ...
. Stalls opened at two sides of a street are required to have licenses issued by the Hong Kong Government
The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (commonly known as the Hong Kong Government or HKSAR Government) is the Executive (government), executive authorities of Hong Kong. It was established on 1 July 1997, following the ...
. The various types of street markets include fresh foods, clothing, cooked foods, flowers and electronics. The earliest form of market was a ''gaa si'' ( wet market). Some traditional markets have been replaced by shopping centre
A shopping center in American English, shopping centre in English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English (see American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er, spelling differences), shopping complex, shopping arcade, ...
s, markets in municipal service buildings and supermarket
A supermarket is a self-service Retail#Types of outlets, shop offering a wide variety of food, Drink, beverages and Household goods, household products, organized into sections. Strictly speaking, a supermarket is larger and has a wider selecti ...
s, while others have become tourist attractions such as Tung Choi Street
Tung Choi Street () is a street situated between south of Sai Yeung Choi Street and Fa Yuen Street in Mong Kok, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It is one of the most well-known street markets in Hong Kong. Its southern section, popularly known as Ladies ...
and Apliu Street
Apliu Street () is a street in the Sham Shui Po area of Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Location
Apliu Street runs parallel to Cheung Sha Wan Road between Yen Chow Street and Nam Cheong Street. An easy way to reach it is to get off at the MTR Sham Shui ...
. The Central Market, Hong Kong
Central Market is a fresh food market (place), market in Central, Hong Kong, Central, Hong Kong and the first wet market in the city. It is one of only two existing Bauhaus market buildings in Hong Kong, the other one being Wan Chai Market. ...
is a grade II listed building.
File:Fish market in Hong Kong.jpg, Fish Market in Hong Kong
= Japan
=
* Tsukiji fish market
is a major tourist attraction for both domestic and overseas visitors in Tokyo.
Located in Tsukiji in central Tokyo between the Sumida River and the upmarket Ginza shopping district, the area contains retail markets, restaurants, and associ ...
* Kochi Sunday Market
Kochi ( , ), List of renamed Indian cities and states#Kerala, formerly known as Cochin ( ), is a major port city along the Malabar Coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea. It is part of the Ernakulam district, district of Ernakulam in the ...
* Hirome Ichiba
= South Korea
=
Although the majority of markets in South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the southern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with the Yellow Sea to the west and t ...
are wholesale markets, retail customers are permitted to make purchases in all of them. The Gwangjang Market
Gwangjang Market (), previously Dongdaemun Market (), is a traditional street market in Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea. The market is one of the oldest and largest traditional markets in South Korea, with more than 5000 shops and 20,000 emp ...
is the nation's top market and is a popular tourist destination.
= Taiwan
=
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...
meets most of its produce needs through local production. This means that the country has a very active network of wholesale and retail markets. According to ''The Guardian'' newspaper, Taiwan has "the best night market scene in the world and some of the most exciting street food in Asia".
File:Fish market in Taipei, Taiwan 2.jpg , Fish market in Taipei
File:Fish market in Tamsui, Taiwan.jpg, Fish market in Tamsui
File:Fruit market in Taipei, Taiwan.jpg, Fruit market in Taipei
South Asia
In South Asia, especially Nepal, India, and Bangladesh, a ''haat'' (also known as ''hat''), refers to a regular rural produce market, typically held once or twice per week.
= India
=
The marketing historian, Petty, has suggested that Indian marketplaces first arose during the Chola Dynasty (approx. 850–1279 CE) during a period of favourable economic conditions. Distinct types of markets were evident: ''nagaaram'' (streets of shops, often devoted to specific types of goods; ''angadi'' (markets) and ''perangadi'' (large markets in the inner city districts)).
The sub-continent may have borrowed the concept of covered marketplaces from the Middle East around the tenth century with the arrival of Islam. The caravanserai and covered market structures, known as suqs, first began to appear along the silk routes
The Silk Road was a network of Asian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. Spanning over , it played a central role in facilitating economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between the ...
and were located in the area just outside the city perimeter. Following the tradition established on the Arabian peninsula, India also established temporary-seasonal markets in regional districts. In Rajasthan's Pushkar
Pushkar is a temple town near Ajmer City and headquarters of Pushkar tehsil in the Ajmer district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is situated about northwest of Ajmer and about southwest of Jaipur.[Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an Early modern period, early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to ...]
in northern India during the 16th century, this arrangement changed. A covered bazaar or market place became integrated into city structures and was to be found in the city centre. Markets and bazaars were well known in the colonial era. Some of these bazaars appear to have specialised in particular types of produce. The Patna district, in the 17th century, was home to 175 weaver villages and the Patna Bazaar enjoyed a reputation as a centre of trade in fine cloth. When the Italian writer and traveller, Niccolao Manucci
Niccolao Manucci (19 April 1638 – 1717) was a Venetian writer, a self-taught physician, and traveller, who wrote accounts of the Mughal Empire as a first-hand witness. His work is considered to be one of the most useful foreign sources for th ...
, visited there in 1863, he found many merchants trading in cotton and silk in Patna's bazaars.
In India today, many different types of market serve retail and commercial clients:
# Wholesale markets
#* Primary wholesale markets: Held once or twice per week, these sell produce from local villages e.g. Rice Bazaar
Rice Bazaar is a wholesale market for different kinds of rice, located in the heart of City of Thrissur in Kerala state of India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and depen ...
at Thissur in Kerala.
#* Secondary wholesale markets (also known as mandis): Smaller merchants purchase from primary markets and sell at secondary markets. A small number of primary producers may sell direct to mandis.
#* Terminal markets: Markets that sell directly to the end-user, whether it be the consumer, food processor, or shipping agent for export to foreign countries e.g. Bombay Terminal Market.
# Retail markets
#* Retail markets: Spread across villages, towns and cities.
#* Fairs: Held on religious days and deal in livestock and agricultural produce.
In India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
(and also Bangladesh
Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...
and Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
), a ''landa bazaar
Landa bazaar, also known as Linda bazaar, or Lunda bazaar, is a type of flea market in Pakistan, where secondhand imported goods are sold.
Sourcing
Pre-owned clothing, donated in countries such as Australia, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom ...
'' is a type of a ''bazaar'' or a marketplace with lowest prices where only secondhand general goods are exchanged or sold. A ''haat'' also refers to a bazaar or market in Bangladesh and Pakistan and the term may also be used in India. A ''saddar'' refers to the main, central market in a town while a ''mandi'' refers to a large marketplace. A Meena Bazaar
Meenā Bāzār or Mina Bazaar (, , ) is a special bazaar to sell items to raise money for charity and non-profit organizations. It also refers to a number of modern-day shopping centres and retail stores.
In the Mughal era in India
During the ...
is a marketplace where goods are sold in an effort to raise money for charity.
File:Makar Sankranti Hindu festival, Magh Mela at Prayaga Sangam Uttar Pradesh India.jpg, Magh Mela
Magh mela, also spelled Magha mela, is an annual festival with fairs held in the month of ''Magha'' (January/February) near river banks and sacred tanks near Hindu temples. About every twelve years, ''Magha melas'' coincide with what is believed b ...
at Prayaga Sangam Uttar Pradesh India is a fair associated with the Sankranti Hindu festival
Image:Bombay-market.jpg, The Bombay Street Market is a terminal market
File:Goan sausages being sold at the Mapusa market, Goa, India 03.jpg, Goan sausages being sold at the Mapusa market, Goa
Goa (; ; ) is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is bound by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north, and Karnataka to the ...
, India
Image:New Market, Kolkata, 2011.jpg, New Market, Kolkata
New Market, formally known as Sir Stuart Hogg Market, is a market complex in Kolkata situated on Lindsay Street at Dharmatala. Although primarily "New Market" referred to the original enclosed market, but in local parlance, the entire shopping ...
, India
File:Pushkar.in Camel Fair 2007 - panoramio.jpg, Annual camel market at Pushkar in Rajasthan, India
Agra
*Sadar Bazaar, Agra
Sadar Bazaar is a popular shopping destination for tourists visiting Agra. It is located close to Agra Cantonment railway station and is in proximity to the Taj Mahal and Agra Fort.
Shopping
Taj Mahal being a popular attraction for tourism, ...
Bangalore
*Gandhi Bazaar
Gandhi Bazaar is a busy market area in Basavanagudi, Bangalore, known mainly for its flower and condiment Hawker (trade), hawker shops. One of the oldest areas in the city, Gandhi Bazaar is said to be traditional and conservative. The area also ...
Chennai
* Pondy Bazaar
Pondy Bazaar, officially called Soundarapandianar Angadi, is a Market (place), market and neighborhood located in T. Nagar, Chennai, India. It is one of the principal shopping districts of Chennai.
Etymology
The market Soundarapandianar Bazaar ...
(officially named ''Soundarapandian Angadi''), T. Nagar, Chennai
Delhi
* Lajpat Nagar market, Delhi
*Dilli Haat
Dilli Haat is a paid-entrance open-air market, food plaza, and craft bazaar located in Delhi. The area is run by Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation (DTTDC), and unlike the traditional weekly market, the village Haat, Dill ...
*Sadar Bazaar, Delhi
Sadar Bazaar is a wholesale market in Old Delhi, Delhi, India.
Like other major markets of Old Delhi, this market is very crowded and buzzes with activity. Although it is primarily a wholesale market, it also caters to occasional retail buyers ...
*Palika Bazaar
Palika Bazaar is an underground market located between the inner and outer circle of Connaught Place, Delhi, India. It is named after Palika Bazaar of Mumbai. Palika Bazaar hosts 380 numbered shops selling a diverse range of items; howev ...
– an underground market in Delhi
Goa
*Mapusa Friday Market
Mapusa Municipal Market (also known as Mapusa Market and Mapusa Friday Market) is a traditional market in Mapusa, North Goa and a major tourist attraction. It was built in 1960, the first planned market in Goa. The market has three blocks with ...
Mapusa, North Goa
Himachal Pradesh
* Lakkar Bazaar Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
Manipur
*Khwairamband Bazar
The Ima Market (; literally, Mothers' Market), also known as the Nupi Keithel () or the Khwairamband Keithel (), is a women-only market in the middle of Imphal in the state of Manipur. It is the only market in the world run entirely by women. In ...
Imphal, Manipur, India – a market operated entirely by women
Mumbai
*Bhendi Bazaar
Bhendi Bazaar is a market (bazaar) in South Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Bhendi Bazaar occupies an area between Mohammed Ali Road and Khetwadi. The closest Central and Harbour lines station for the Mumbai Suburban Railway is Sandhurst Road, ...
*Chira Bazaar
Chira Bazaar is a neighborhood in Mumbai. It is famous for its jewellery and Marathi people, Marathi community. There is also a famous fish market called Chirabazar. It also has a wide range of Jewelry shops. It is located near Kalbadevi and Ma ...
, Mumbai – known for its jewellery
*Dava Bazaar
Dava Bazaar (also spelled Dawa Bazaar and Dava Bazar) is an area in South Mumbai famous for medical and scientific instruments, and lab chemicals. It is located near Lohar Chawl, Crawford Market and opens into Princess Street. ''Dava'' in Hi ...
also known as Dawa Bazaar
* Zaveri Bazaar
Zaveri Bazaar is a jewellery market and a major hub for Business-to-business, B2B and B2C jewellery industry in Mumbai, India. Located at Bhuleshwar in South Mumbai, just north of Crawford Market, Zaveri Bazaar is a muddle of narrow lanes, dott ...
– jewellery market
Punjab
* Chaura Bazaar
Chaura Bazaar, Ludhiana is the main and old market of the city. It is like a commercial hub of the Ludhiana.
History
Chaura Bazaar is an old market of 19th century. Some old building are still located in the streets of Chaura Bazaar. It was esta ...
, Ludhiana, Punjab
Uttar Pradesh
* Ajhuwa
Ajhuwa, (also spelled Ajuha) is a town, and nagar panchayat in Kaushambi district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Overview
Ajhuwa is located in Sirathu tehsil, of Kaushambi district in Allahabad Pin Code 212217. It is on National Highway ...
Bazaar, Ajhuwa, Kaushambi district, Uttar Pradesh, India
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is noted for its night markets, floating markets and pirate markets (markets that specialise in selling "knock off" copies of designer brands). Some Asian countries have developed unique distribution systems and highly specialised types of market place. Throughout Asia, a '' wet market'' refers to a place where fruit, vegetables, fish, seafood, and meat products are sold. Throughout much of Asia, produce markets are known as ''morning markets'' due to their hours of operation, while ''night markets'' specialise in selling non-perishables including clothing, accessories, local artefacts, souvenirs, and a wide assortment of personal goods.
= Cambodia
=
Phnom Penh
* Central Market, Phnom Penh
The Central Market (, ; meaning "New Grand Market") is a Market (economics), market and an art deco landmark in Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia. The bright yellow building completed in 1937 has a 26-metre high central dome, with four tall ...
= Indonesia
=
In Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
, a is a particular type of wet market, also known as a "morning market" which typically operates from early morning to the afternoon. refers to a night market operated in later hours from late afternoon to night, approximately from 17:00 to 22:00, and only on selected days of a week.
The types of goods being sold is also quite different. is where many housewives, domestic help, and local folks appear to shop their daily needs, mostly fresh produce. The products which are on sale are usually fresh produce, including fruits
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propaga ...
, vegetables
Vegetables are edible parts of plants that are consumed by humans or other animals as food. This original meaning is still commonly used, and is applied to plants collectively to refer to all edible plant matter, including flowers, fruits, ...
, spices
In the culinary arts, a spice is any seed, fruit, root, Bark (botany), bark, or other plant substance in a form primarily used for flavoring or coloring food. Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of pl ...
, fish, meat, eggs, and a variety of perishable products.
Major textile, fashion, and clothing markets in Indonesia are Tanah Abang
Tanah Abang () is a districts of Indonesia, district of Central Jakarta, Indonesia. The district hosts the biggest textile Market (place), market in Southeast Asia, Tanah Abang Market. It also hosts Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in Kelurahan Gelora ...
market in central Jakarta and Pasar Baru in Bandung
Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, the city is the List of Indonesian cities by population, fourth-most populous city and fourth largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabay ...
. Notable markets specializing in traditional batik
Batik is a dyeing technique using wax Resist dyeing, resist. The term is also used to describe patterned textiles created with that technique. Batik is made by drawing or stamping wax on a cloth to prevent colour absorption during the dyein ...
clothing include Pasar Klewer
Klewer Market (, ) is the largest textile market in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. The market which located beside Surakarta Sunanate, Kraton Surakarta complex is also shopping center for batik traders from Yogyakarta, Surabaya, Semarang and ...
in Solo and Pasar Beringharjo in Yogyakarta.
The major in Jakarta
Jakarta (; , Betawi language, Betawi: ''Jakartè''), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (; ''DKI Jakarta'') and formerly known as Batavia, Dutch East Indies, Batavia until 1949, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia and ...
are Pasar Pagi Mangga Dua, Pasar Induk Kramat Jati, Pasar Minggu
Pasar Minggu is a district () in the administrative city of South Jakarta, Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific ...
and Pasar Senen
Senen (or Senen Toyota Rangga, with Toyota Astra Motor granted for naming rights) is a Transjakarta Bus station, bus rapid transit station located at the western end of Letjen Suprapto street in Senen, Jakarta, Indonesia, which serves corridors ...
. Pasar Minggu specialized on fruits and vegetables, while Pasar Kue Subuh in Senen specialized on selling , as they offer a rich variety of traditional Indonesian snack, open every (dawn).
Notable markets in Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by Hamengkubuwono, a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an importan ...
, include: Pasar Beringharjo, a traditional market; Kranggan Market, a flea market; Pasar Organik Milas, organic and flea market; Malioboro Road, a street market and Yogyakarta Bird Market.
Notable markets in Bali
Bali (English:; Balinese language, Balinese: ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller o ...
include Pasar Badung central market of Denpasar
Denpasar (; Balinese script, Balinese: ᬤᬾᬦ᭄ᬧᬲᬃ, ''Dénpasar'') is the capital city of the province of Bali, Indonesia.
Denpasar is the largest city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second largest city in Eastern Indonesia after ...
city, Pasar Seni Sukowati art market specializing in artworks and handicrafts, and Pasar Ubud.
In several cities and towns in Kalimantan
Kalimantan (; ) is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area, and consists of the provinces of Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan. The non-Ind ...
and Sumatra
Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...
, there are floating market
A floating market is a market (place), market where goods are sold from boats. Originating in times and places where water transport played an important role in daily life, most floating markets operating today mainly serve as tourist attractio ...
s, which is a collection of vendors selling various produce and product on boats. For example, the Siring floating market in Banjarmasin
Banjarmasin is the largest city in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It was the capital of the province until 15 February 2022. The city is located on a delta island near the junction of the Barito and Martapura rivers. Historically the centre of t ...
and Lok Baintan floating market in Martapura, both in South Kalimantan
South Kalimantan () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is the second most populous province on the island of Kalimantan, the Indonesian territory of the island of Borneo after West Kalimantan. The provincial capital was Banjar ...
.
File:Pasar Gedhe 2009 Bennylin 13.jpg, Pasar Gede central market, Solo
Solo or SOLO may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Characters
* Han Solo, a ''Star Wars'' character
* Jacen Solo, a Jedi in the non-canonical ''Star Wars Legends'' continuity
* Kylo Ren (Ben Solo), a ''Star Wars'' character
* Napoleon Solo, fr ...
File:Pasar Keputran Surabaya.JPG, Pasar Keputran, a or morning wet market, Surabaya
Surabaya is the capital city of East Java Provinces of Indonesia, province and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern corner of Java island, on the Madura Strai ...
File:Pasar Malam Rawasari 6.JPG, Vendor selling rissole
A rissole (from Latin , meaning ''reddish'', via French , meaning "to redden") is "a ball or flattened cake of chopped meat, fish, or vegetables mixed with herbs or spices, then coated in breadcrumbs and fried."
Variations
Europe
France
In ...
at the pasar malam
''Pasar malam'' is a Malay language, Malay word that literally means "night market" (the word ''pasar'' comes from ''bazaar'' in Persian language, Persian). A ''pasar malam'' is a street market in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore that o ...
(night market) in Rawasari, Jakarta
Jakarta (; , Betawi language, Betawi: ''Jakartè''), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (; ''DKI Jakarta'') and formerly known as Batavia, Dutch East Indies, Batavia until 1949, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia and ...
File:The flowers markrt in Bali.JPG, Flower market, Bali
Bali (English:; Balinese language, Balinese: ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller o ...
File:Pasar Terapung, Siring.jpg, Siring floating market, Banjarmasin
Banjarmasin is the largest city in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It was the capital of the province until 15 February 2022. The city is located on a delta island near the junction of the Barito and Martapura rivers. Historically the centre of t ...
= Malaysia
=
In Malaysia
Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...
the term refers to a night market which operates from around 17:00 through to approximately 23:00. morning wet market is also familiar in Malaysia.
In parts of Malaysia, jungle produce markets trade in indigenous fruits and vegetables, all of which are gaining popularity as consumers switch to pesticide-free food products. Some of the more nutritional indigenous produce includes fruits such as dabai (''Canarium odontophyllum
''Canarium odontophyllum'', also referred to as the Borneo olive, is a fruit-bearing tree of the genus '' Canarium'' in the family Burseraceae. Native to Borneo, where it is locally known as dabai in Sarawak and Kalimantan, and kembayau in Sabah a ...
''), kembayau (''Dacryodes rostrata
''Dacryodes rostrata'' is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Latin meaning 'beaked', referring to the narrow-tipped leaves.
Description
''Dacryodes rostrata'' grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . T ...
f. cuspidata''), durian nyekak (''Durio kutejensis
''Durio kutejensis'', commonly known as durian pulu, durian merah, nyekak, Pakan, Kuluk, or lai, is a primary rainforest substorey fruit tree from Borneo.
Description
It is a very attractive small- to medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall. It h ...
''), durian kuning (''Durio graveolens
''Durio graveolens,'' sometimes called the red-fleshed durian, orange-fleshed durian, or yellow durian, is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae. It is one of six species of durian named by Italian naturalist Odoardo Beccari. The specific epi ...
''), letup (''Passiflora foetida
''Passiflora foetida'' (common names: stinking passionflower, wild maracuja, bush passion fruit, wild water lemon, stoneflower, love-in-a-mist, or running pop) is a species of passion flower that is native to the southwestern United States (south ...
''), kepayang (''Pangium edule
''Pangium'' is a genus in the family Achariaceae containing the sole species ''Pangium edule'', a tall tree native to the mangrove swamps of Southeast Asia (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea). It produces a large poisonous fruit (the "football ...
''), and tubu (''Pycnarrhena tumetacta'') and vegetables such as tengang (''Gnetum
''Gnetum'' is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae within the Gnetophyta. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have bee ...
'' sp.), riang batu (''Begonia chlorosticia''), kampung (''Leucosyke capitellata''), and tongkat langit (''Musa troglodytarum'').
The main markets in Kuala Lumpur include: Pudu market: rated as KL's largest wet market by the ''Lonely Planet Guide''; Central Market, Kuala Lumpur
Central Market Kuala Lumpur is a market in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Background
Central Market Kuala Lumpur is situated at Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock (Foch Avenue) and the pedestrian-only section of Jalan Hang Kasturi (Rodger Street), just a fe ...
; Chow Kit Wet Market; Kampong Bahru Pasar Minggu; China Town; Petaling Jaya SS2; Bangsar Baru and Lorong Tuanka Abdul Rahman.
File:Sapeh player, Central Market, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - 20070401.jpg, Sapeh
Sapeh, also spelled sape, sapeʼ, sapek, sapeik, sapeq, sampeh, sampeʼ, sampek, or sampeq () is a traditional string instrument of Borneo-origin that developed in northern, eastern, and central regions of Kalimantan and Sarawak. It is a w ...
player, performing at the Central Market, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
File:Central Market, Kuala Lumpur 02.JPG, Central Market, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (interior)
File:Pasar Seni (Central Market) Kuala Lumpur.jpg, Pasar Seni (Central Market) Kuala Lumpur (exterior)
File:Behind the Scenes DeliciouslyDiverse Malaysia Gina Keatley Jalan Alor.jpg, Night market at Jalan Alor, Malaysia
= Philippines
=
In the Philippines
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
, the word refers to a group of stalls under a covered roof. Locals use for daily shopping. Public markets are the primary trading centres in cities. In rural districts, public markets are in a state of disrepair. Weekend markets are popular for organic and artisanal foods purchases. In addition, a number of farmers' markets have sprung up. The Cubao Farmers Market, in Quezon City gained international attention following a feature spot on the cable network program, ''No Reservations'', with Anthony Bourdain in 2009.
File:Palengke - Danao City 01 by Hulagway.jpg, A Palengke
A ''palengke'' (Chavacano: ''palenque'') is a permanent wet market in the Philippines (differentiated from periodic wet markets called ''wiktionary:talipapa, talipapa'').
Etymology
The word ''palengke'' is a local variant of the Spanish languag ...
, Danao City Philippines
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
File:FvfVillasisBagsakan9425 24.JPG, Produce market, Pangasinan
File:0161jfPedestrian footbridge Tayuman Juan Luna Bridge Estero de la Reina C-22 Capulong Pritil Tondo Manilafvf.jpg, New Pritil Public Market, Manila
File:Star Market Palengke in Novaliches.jpg, A palengke in Novaliches, Quezon City
= Thailand
=
Bangkok
Bangkok
Bangkok, officially known in Thai language, Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estim ...
's markets are popular with both locals and visitors. Floating markets can be found in Bangkok and elsewhere. Vendors not only sell fresh produce from boats, but will also cook meals and snacks on their vessels for sale to the public. These floating markets are a popular tourist attraction.
File:Bangkok Chatuchak Market 2.jpg, Bangkok's Chatuchak Market, one of the largest markets in the world
File:Taling Chan Floating Market in Taling Chan District, Bangkok, Thailand 2.jpg, Food vendors at Taling Chan Floating Market, Taling Chan District
Taling Chan (, ) is one of the Districts of Bangkok, 50 districts (''khet'') of Bangkok, Thailand. Its neighbours, clockwise from the north, are Bang Kruai district of Nonthaburi province and Bang Phlat district, Bang Phlat, Bangkok Noi district ...
File:Asiatique The Riverfront Bangkok.jpg, The Harbour Market, The Riverfront
File:BobaeTowerEntrance.jpg, Entrance to Bobae Tower Market
File:Suan Lum Night Bazaar information.jpg, Suan Lum Night Bazaar
File:Insect vendor in Bangkok, Thailand.JPG, Insect vendor in Bangkok
West Asia
In the West Asia, markets are known as bazaar
A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small Market stall, stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, Central Asia, North Africa and South Asia. They are traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets th ...
s or souks. The earliest bazaars are believed to have originated in Persia, and spread to the rest of the Middle East and Europe from there. Documentary sources suggest that zoning policies confined trading to particular parts of a city from around 3,000 BCE, creating the conditions necessary for the emergence of a bazaar.
In the ancient cities of Iran, three types of bazaar have been identified; periodic bazaars, urban bazaars, and local bazaars. ''Periodic bazaars'' could be organised anywhere and typically took place in open spaces and traded in specialities such as handicrafts, clothing, livestock and foodstuffs. These took place at regular intervals such as monthly or yearly. ''Urban bazaars'' were held in covered public walkways with shops or stores on both sides. Its architecture varied according to local conditions including climate, culture and the economic power of the city in which it was situated. Urban bazaars were places for commercial, social and cultural interactions. ''Local bazaars'', held in specific districts of larger cities, were similar to urban bazaars, but on a smaller scale with fewer shops.
In pre-Islamic Arabia, markets took on two forms, permanent urban markets and temporary, seasonal markets often located in regional districts. Gradually, markets or bazaars gradually became central features of urban towns and were relocated to the city centre. Permanent markets are mentioned frequently in ancient literary sources.
=Iran
=
Markets in Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
with historical or architectural significance include:
*Grand Bazaar, Tehran
The Grand Bazaar () is a bazaar, located in Central Tehran, Iran. Split into several corridors that are over in length, each specializing in different types of goods, the bazaar has several entrances, with Sabze Meydan being the main entrance. ...
*Bazaar of Kashan
Bazaar of Kashan ( ''Bāzār-e Kāshān'') is a bazaar in the center of the city of Kashan, Iran.
See also
*Iranian architecture
* List of historical Iranian architects
*History of Persian domes
Buildings and structures completed in the 13th ...
, Iran
*Bazaar of Isfahan
The Grand Bazaar (, : Bāzār-e Bozorg) is a market located in Isfahan, Iran, also known as the Qeysarriyeh Bazaar (), Qeysarie bazaar or Soltani bazaar.
The bazaar was one of the greatest and most luxurious trading centers during the Saf ...
, Iran – historic site which dates to Saljuqid and Safavid era and is the longest roofed market in the world.
*Bazaar of Tabriz
The Bazaar of Tabriz (, also Romanized as ''Bāzār-e Tabriz'' , also Romanized as ''Tabriz Bazari'') is a historic market in central Tabriz, Iran. It is one of the oldest bazaars in the Middle East and the largest covered bazaar in the world. It ...
, Iran – historic site that originally developed along the ancient silk routes; listed as a World Heritage Site
* Vakil Bazaar
Vakil Bazaar () is a bazaar in central Shiraz, Iran.
See also
* Iranian architecture
Iranian architecture or Persian architecture (, ''Me'māri e Irāni'') is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and C ...
in Shiraz, Iran
File:Isfahan 1200977 nevit.jpg, Isfahan Bazaar, Iran
File:Antiguo Bazar de Kashan, Kashan, Irán, 2016-09-19, DD 86.jpg, Bazaar of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
File:Carpet Bazaar of Tabriz.JPG, Carpet Bazaar of Tabriz, Iran
= Israel
=
The Hebrew word for market is (plural: ), and food markets are found in every major city. Famous markets include the Carmel Market
Carmel Market (, ''Shuk HaCarmel'') is an outdoor marketplace in Tel Aviv, Israel.
History
The Carmel market was established in the 1920s.Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo ( or , ; ), sometimes rendered as Tel Aviv-Jaffa, and usually referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the Gush Dan metropolitan area of Israel. Located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline and with a popula ...
and Mahane Yehuda Market
Mahane Yehuda Market (), often referred to as "The Shuk" (), is a marketplace (originally open-air, but now partially covered) in Jerusalem. Popular with locals and tourists alike, the market's more than 250 vendors sell fresh fruits and vegetable ...
in Jerusalem
Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...
.
File:Jaffa bazzar 1906-2.jpg, Jaffa Bazaar in 1906
File:Early-Morning Scene in Mahane Yehuda Market - Jerusalem - Israel (5676607844).jpg, Early-Morning Scene in Mahane Yehuda Market, Jerusalem
File:Old Jerusalem Damas Gate Market.JPG, Entrance Damascus Gate Market
File:Entrance to Nazareth market.jpg, Entrance to Nazareth market
File:Acre (Akko) - Israel (24846804171).jpg, Turkish Bazaar, Acre (Akko)
=Turkey
=
Street markets are called in Turkish
Turkish may refer to:
* Something related to Turkey
** Turkish language
*** Turkish alphabet
** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation
*** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey
*** Turkish communities in the former Ottoman Empire
* The w ...
and usually named after the name of the day since they are only installed at around 05:00 on that specific day and ended on same day around 18:00, in every week. Every district in Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...
has its own open market where people can choose and buy from a very wide range of products, from fresh fruits and vegetables to clothing, from traditional white cheese
White cheese includes a wide variety of cheese types discovered in different regions, sharing the sole common characteristic of their white hue. The specific type of white cheese can vary significantly depending on the geographical location.
Na ...
(which some people may consider feta
Feta ( ; ) is a Greek brined white cheese made from sheep milk or from a mixture of sheep and goat milk. It is soft, with small or no holes, and no skin. Crumbly with a slightly grainy texture, it is formed into large blocks and aged in brin ...
-like), to household items. In Istanbul
Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
area ''Wednesday Pazar'' of Fatih
Fatih () is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 15 km2, and its population is 368,227 (2022). It is home to almost all of the provincial authorities (including the mayor's office, police headquarters, metro ...
district, ''Tuesday Pazar'' of Kadıköy
Kadıköy () is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district on the Asian side of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 25 km2, and its population is 467,919 (2023). It is a large and populous area in the Asian si ...
, and ''Friday Pazar'' of Ortaköy
Ortaköy (, ''Middle Village)'' is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Beşiktaş, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 9,121 (2024). It is on the European shore of the Bosphorus. it was originally a small fishing villag ...
are the most popular and crowded open markets of the city.
A market with shops or permanent stalls is called and may include covered streets that are closed at night. Famous examples include the ( Grand Bazaar) and Spice Bazaar
The Spice Bazaar (, meaning "Egyptian Bazaar") in Istanbul, Turkey, is one of the largest bazaars in the city. Located in the Eminönü quarter of the Fatih district, it is the most famous covered shopping complex after the Grand Bazaar.
Histor ...
in Istanbul.
File:Fish market in Istanbul 2.jpg , Fish market in Istanbul
File:Fish market in Istanbul 3.jpg , Fish market in Istanbul
File:Dried fish at the market in Istanbul.jpg, Fish market in Istanbul
File:Spices at the market in Istanbul.jpg, Spices in Istanbul
File:Olives in Spice Bazaar, Istanbul.jpg, Olives in Spice Bazaar
File:Nuts in Spice Bazaar, Istanbul.jpg, Nuts in Spice Bazaar
Europe
Northern Europe
= Denmark
=
* Torvehallerne Market, Copenhagen – specializing in Nordic foods
File:Copenhagen Torvehallerne (30267894558).jpg, The inside of the Torvehallerne Market
File:20190709 copenhagen jpeg2 06.jpg, The outside of the Torvehallerne Market
= Finland
=
* Market Square, Helsinki
The Market Square (Finnish: ''Kauppatori'', Swedish: ''Salutorget'') is a central square in Helsinki, Finland. It is located in central Helsinki, at the eastern end of Esplanadi and bordering the Baltic Sea to the south and Katajanokka to the east ...
* Market Square, Kuopio
* Market Square, Turku
The Market Square (, ) is a city square in the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located in the city's VI District, and is generally considered the city's central square. It hosts a lively market on weekdays, and there are several cafés and resta ...
* Tammelantori
Tammelantori is a market square in the Tammela district in the center of Tampere in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It is one of Tampere's most significant marketplaces, which is very popular, especially during the summer. The market is very famous for its ...
, Tampere
= Netherlands
=
* Markthal Market, Rotterdam
* Vismarkt, Groningen
File:Sybrand van Beest 001.jpg, Fruit and vegetable market by Sybrand van Beest, 1652
Image:Alkmaar.jpg, Cheese market in Alkmaar
File:Vrijmarkt Den Haag Koninginnedag 30 april 2005 versie 2.JPG, Jumble sale
A jumble sale (UK), bring and buy sale (Australia, also UK) or rummage sale (US and Canada) is an event at which second hand goods are sold, usually by an institution such as a local Boys' Brigade, Boys' Brigade Company, Scouting, Scout group, ...
in The Hague
File:Roermond markt.jpg, Market in Roermond
= Latvia
=
* Riga Central Market
Riga Central Market () is Europe's largest market and bazaar in Riga, Latvia. It is one of the most notable structures from 20th century in Latvia and has been included in UNESCO World Heritage Site list together with Vecrīga, Old Riga in 1998. ...
File:Riga Central Market (47780146551).jpg, Fruit and vegetable pavilion of Riga Central Market
Riga Central Market () is Europe's largest market and bazaar in Riga, Latvia. It is one of the most notable structures from 20th century in Latvia and has been included in UNESCO World Heritage Site list together with Vecrīga, Old Riga in 1998. ...
File:Smoked fish in Riga main market.jpg, Smoked fish in Riga Central Market
Eastern Europe
= Romania
=
* Christmas market
A Christmas market is a street market associated with the celebration of Christmas during the four weeks of Advent. These markets originated in Germany, but are now held in many countries. Some in the U.S. have Phono-semantic matching, adapted ...
File:Bucharest market, 1869.jpg, Fish Market at Bucharest by Amadeo Preziosi, 1869
= Russia
=
= Ukraine
=
* Besarabsky Market
The Bessarabskyi Market (), or Besarabskyi Market (), also referred to as the Bessarabka (), is an indoor market located in the center of Kyiv on the Bessarabska Square at the southwest end of the city's main thoroughfare, the Khreshchatyk. Con ...
* Pryvoz Market
Pryvoz Market, located at 14 Pryvozna Street, is the largest food market in Odesa, Ukraine. p. 18
History
Pryvoz began in 1827, with wares sold from the back of horse-driven carts. The market was a large area where carts with goods that wer ...
* Seventh-Kilometer Market
The Seventh-Kilometer Market (, ''Rynok Siomyi Kilometr'') is an outdoor market outside of Odesa, Ukraine.
Description
Originally, in the 1960s and 1970s, it was open only on Sundays (later on Saturdays) in Slobidka, near the 3rd Jewish cemetery ...
Central Europe
= Austria
=
* Naschmarkt
The Naschmarkt is a popular fruit and vegetable market in Vienna. Located at the Wienzeile over the Wien River, it is about long. Originally known as Aschenmarkt, it started to be called the Naschmarket around 1820.
Nowadays, one can buy fres ...
, Vienna
Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
– a 16th-century market
= Czech Republic
=
= Hungary
=
* Central Market Hall, Budapest – built in 1897, the largest market in Budapest
Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...
File:Nádler Grand Market Hall in Budapest 1898.jpg, Grand Market Hall in Budapest by Róbert Nádler, 1898
= Slovakia
=
File:Perlmutter Market at Besztercebánya 1906.jpg, Market at Besztercebánya by Izsák Perlmutter, 1906
File:Deák Ébner, Lajos - Market of Melons.jpg, Market of Melons, Lajos, by Deák Ébner, n.d.
Western Europe
= Belgium
=
With the rise of global trade in the 16th century, Antwerp became the largest market town in Europe.
* Grote Markt (Antwerp), Grote Markt, Antwerp
* Gare du Midi, Brussels – Sunday market
= France
=
Paris was one of the first European cities to implement a system of formal, centralised and covered market places. Les Halles
Les Halles (; 'The Halls') was Paris' central fresh food market. It last operated on 12 January 1973 and was replaced by an underground shopping centre and a park. The unpopular modernist development was demolished yet again in 2010, and replac ...
, a vast centralised wholesale market, was known to be in existence at least by the 13th century when it was expanded, and was demolished in 1971 to make way for an underground shopping precinct. The French system of organised, designated central retail markets was extensively studied by architects in London with a view to emulating the system and ultimately eradicating the informal supply of produce via street vendors.
* Raspail Market, Paris
File:Louise Moillon - At the Market Stall - WGA16074.jpg, At the market stall, painting by Louise Moillon, 1609
File:Street market rue Mouffetard St Medard dsc00727.jpg, Street market, Rue Mouffetard, Paris, Rue Mouffetard
File:Georges Stein Flower Market.jpg, Flower market, Quai de l'Horloge
File:Rue Debelleyme. Marché. - panoramio.jpg, Rue Debelleyme, second-hand market
File:Marché Saint-Quentin 2016.jpg, Market Saint-Quentin, 2016
= Germany
=
*Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg, (Christmas market), Germany
* Markthalle IX, Berlin, Germany – built in 1891
*Striezelmarkt Dresden, Germany
File:Springer Cornelis Many Figures On The Market Square In Front Of The Martinikirche Braunschweig.jpg, ''Figures on the Market Square in Front of the Martinikirche Braunschweig'', by Cornelis Springer, 1874
=United Kingdom
=
Background and licensing
The majority of retail markets are operated by the public sector and administered by local governments. A small number are operated by private groups or individuals. Traders can be licensed to trade on a single pitch but not at a national level or when trading on private land. This piecemeal licensing system has contributed to declining public confidence in the reputation of markets. A voluntary scheme has been set up by The Market People, backed by the National Association of British Market Authorities (NABMA) to address this problem. It provides consumers with traceability of traders and goods as well as the ability to rate and contact the traders. A MarketPASS is issued to an operator or trader, once they have provided proof of identity, insurance and, where required, a hygiene certificate.
A study conducted by the Retail Alliance noted that Britain had 1,124 traditional retail markets, 605 farmers' markets, 26 wholesale markets and more than 45,700 retail traders and that retail markets had an annual turnover of over £3.5 billion while wholesale markets had turnover of £4.1 billion annually. The data also shows that traditional outdoor street markets continue to dominate the market space, but are in decline. Markets also have significant appeal for tourists and visitors.
Some researchers make a distinction between ''traditional markets'' and ''gentrified markets.'' Traditional markets which are primarily held outdoors on specific days, focus on high volume produce sold with low margins. In the gentrified market, the focus is on specialty produce, notably organic foods, hyper-local produce, artisanal products, vintage clothing, or designer brands. Whereas traditional markets are in decline, gentrified markets represent a major growth opportunity.
File:Jacques-Laurent Agasse - Old Smithfield Market - Google Art Project.jpg, Old Smithfield Market painting by Jacques-Laurent Agasse, 1824
File:Market Square in 1853, Portsmouth, NH.jpg, Market Square in Portsmouth, 1853
File:Leadenhall Market entrance Illustrated London New 1881.jpg, London's Leadenhall market (exterior), 1881
File:Market Day in Stockport 1910s.jpg, Market Day in Stockport, 1910s
File:Bryant, Henry Charles - The Market Stall - 20th century.jpg, ''The Market Stall'' by Henry Charles Bryant, early 20th century
England's chartered markets and fairs
From the 11th century, the English monarchs awarded a charter to local lords to create markets and fairs for a town or village. A charter granted the lords the right to take tolls from vendors and also afforded some protection to a town from rival markets. Once a chartered market was granted for specific market days, a nearby rival market could not open on the same days. Across the boroughs of England, a network of chartered markets sprang up between the 12th and 16th centuries, giving consumers reasonable choice in the markets they preferred to patronise. Gradually these market towns developed a reputation for quality or for trade in specific types of goods. Today, traders and showmen jealously guard these historic charters.
=County markets
=
* Covered Market, Oxford, Oxfordshire
* Covered Market, Preston
* Leeds Kirkgate Market, Yorkshire
* Old Market, Bristol
* The Old Market, Hove
* Market Harborough, Leicestershire
File:Salisbury Market 20040724.jpg, Salisbury chartered market
File:Sedbergh charter market.jpg, Sedbergh chartered market
File:Market Square, Huntingdon - geograph.org.uk - 1429707.jpg, Market Square, Huntingdon
File:Northampton Market Square Lights 9.jpg, Northampton Market is thought to be England's oldest continuously operating chartered market
File:Altrincham, Charter Market - geograph.org.uk - 1313227.jpg, Altrincham, Chartered Market
London
Between the 13th century and the Great Fire of 1666, London's main market was the Stocks Market, "on the site of the fixed pillory where traders were punished who fell foul of the Assize Courts". The Stocks Market was removed in 1737 as part of Christopher Wren's plans to rebuild the city. New wholesale markets were erected in strategic locations and these prospered until well into the 19th century with some continuing until modern times. The wholesale markets were highly controlled, closed environments that were minutely regulated and meticulously planned. These included Smithfield, London, Smithfield Meat Market (built in 1866), Billingsgate Fish Market (constructed in 1875) and Leadenhall Market (completed in 1881). The retail trade was largely serviced by itinerant street sellers or costermongers. In central London, costermongers worked along designated routes, selling door-to-door or by trading from some 36 unauthorised, but highly organised markets situated along major thoroughfares or meeting places such as Whitecross Street, Covent Garden and Leather Lane. In an attempt to regulate street trading, a number of authorised retail markets were built during the 19th century with limited success. Examples of retail markets constructed during this period include: St James, St George's (Southwark), Carnaby Street, Carnaby, Hungerford Market, Hungerford, Randall's (Poplar, London), Fitzroy, Finsbury, and the People's Market (Whitechapel), Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Angela Burdett-Coutts' Market and Columbia Road Market (now a flower market). Retail markets were less successful than their wholesale counterparts and the number of retail markets declined from 24 in 1800 to 17 in 1840. In reality, London's working classes generally preferred the convenience of street trading which continued to thrive until the 20th century.
Charles Knight devoted an entire section to markets in his pictorial essay, ''Pictorial Half-hours of London Topography'', (1851) in which he identifies the main wholesale markets as the Corn Market; the Coal Exchange; Billingsgate – the main fish market; Smithfield – a cattle market since at least 1150. Retail meat markets include Newgate; Whitechapel; Newgate; Newport, Oxford; St George's, and Shepherd's Market in Mayfair. Produce markets included Covent Garden, which Knight considered to be the 'pre-eminent' vegetable market; Farringdon Market between Holborn Hill and Fleet Street; Spitalfields, the largest potato market in London; Portman Market; Hungerford Market; and Leadenhall Market, a mixed produce and meat market. In addition, the Skin Market at Bermondsey dealt in leather and hay markets were held at Whitechapel, Cumberland Market, Regent's Park, and Smithfield.
Some examples of street markets operating today include Berwick Street Market, Broadway Market, London, Broadway Market, Camden Market, East Street Market, Petticoat Lane, and Portobello Road#Portobello Road Market, Portobello Road Market. The most popular for food is Borough Market which sell most fresh produce as well as having a bakery.
File:Old-Covent-Garden-Market,-1825.jpg, Covent Garden market, illustration by George Johann Scharf circa 1820
File:Leadenhall Market Illustrated London News 1881.jpg, Leadenhall Market from the ''Illustrated London News'', 1881
File:Leadenhall Market In London - Feb 2006 rotated.jpg, Leadenhall Market (interior), 2006
File:Microcosm of London Plate 009 - Billingsgate Market (unk).jpg, Billingsgate Fish Market, circa 1808
File:Billingsgate Fish Market. Interior ILN 1876.jpg, Billingsgate Fish Market, interior, 1876
File:Thomas Rowlandson - Rag Fair or Rosemary Lane - Google Art Project.jpg, Rag Fair (now Petticoat Lane Market) by Thomas Rowlandson, late 18th century
File:Petticoat Lane London 1971.jpg, Petticoat Lane Market, London, 1971
Wholesale markets in London
*New Covent Garden Market
*Borough Market
*Old Billingsgate Market
*Leadenhall Market
*Smithfield, London, Smithfield Market
*Old Spitalfields market, Spitalfields Market
Retail markets in London
* Bermondsey Market
* Brick Lane Market
* Broadway Market, London, Broadway Market
* Camden Market
* Chalton Street Market
* Earlham Street Market
* Inverness Street Market
* Islington Farmers' Market
* Goodge Place Market
* Greenwich Market
* Hungerford Market
* Leadenhall Market
* Leather Lane Market
* Petticoat Lane Market
* Piccadilly Market
* Plender Street Market
* Portobello Road
* Queen's Crescent Market
* Swiss Cottage Market
Southern Europe
= Greece
=
Street markets in Greece are called (') in plural, or () in singular, meaning "''people's market''". They are very common all over Greece, including the capital, Athens. Regular (weekly) morning markets sell mostly fresh produce from farming cooperatives – fruit, vegetables, fish, and flowers/plants. Some household items and prepared foods are often available.
Annual street markets () occur around churches on the day of their patron saint. These take place in the evenings and have a more festive character, often involving attractions and food stalls. The goods sold range from clothing and accessories to household items, furniture, toys, and trinkets. Athens also has several bazaars/enclosed markets.
* New Market (Nea Agora), Rhodes Island, Greece
* Central Municipal Market, Athinas Street, Athens - a 19th-century market
= Italy
=
* Campo de' Fiori, Rome
* – seasonal wine fair, Greve, Chianti
* – seasonal handicrafts market, Fortezza da Basso
* – seasonal antiques' market, Palazzo Shrozzi
* , Florence
* Testaccio Market, Rome
Ancient and historic Italian market places
*Trajan's Market
Trajan's Market (; ) is a large complex of ruins in the city of Rome, Italy, located on the Via dei Fori Imperiali, at the opposite end to the Colosseum. The surviving buildings and structures, built as an integral part of Trajan's Forum and ...
, Rome – ruins of ancient market place
* Loggia de Mercato Nuovo, Florence, built between 1547 and 1551 by Giovanni Battista del Tasso and is currently under restoration
* Loggia de Mercado Vecchio, now demolished
File:Loggia del pesce before 1880.jpg, Loggia del pesce, Mercato Vecchi, before its demolition in the 1880s
File:Telemaco Signorini, La Via del fuoco, 1881 circa 38,8x65cm.jpg, La Via del Fuoco and Mercato Vecchio, painting by Telemaco Signorini, c. 1881
File:Loggia del mercato nuovo 01.JPG, Loggia del Mercato Nuovo in 2008 (exterior)
File:Trajansmarkt.jpg, Trajan's Market, Rome (ruins)
File:Pompeii Market (4724888221).jpg, Entrance to Market place, Pompeii
= Spain
=
In Spain, two types of retail market can be identified; permanent markets and periodic markets. ''Permanent markets'' are typically housed in a building dedicated to the use of stallholders and vendors. ''Periodic markets'' appear in the streets and plazas on specific days, such as weekends or festival days and most often sell products made by local artisans including leather goods, fashion accessories, especially scarves and costume jewellery. Vendors at periodic markets typically erect tents or canvas awnings to provide some type of temporary cover for themselves and shoppers. Produce markets, farmers' markets and flea markets are all commonplace. In addition, street vendors are a relatively common sight across most parts of Spain. Street vendors roam around in search of a suitable venue such as a plaza, entrance to a railway station or beach front where they lay their goods out on mats. Products sold by street vendors are of highly variable quality.
Barcelona
The first reliable recorded references to markets in Barcelona date to the 10th century. Barcelona, at that time, was a walled city and the first open-air market was held outside the walls, (in the area now known as ). A merchant district soon grew up around the market. During the 19th century, numerous covered markets were erected, specifically Santa Caterina Market (1844); Sant Josep (c. 1840), Llibertat (1875), Sant Antoni (1882), Barceloneta (1884), Concepció and Hostafrancs (1888), Clot and Poblenou (1889), and Abaceria in Gracia (1892).
Barcelona residents are well served by the city's 39 produce markets. Every barri (suburb) has at least one fresh produce market. It is often said that no matter where you find yourself in Barcelona, you are never more than 10 minutes walk from a market. Barcelona's markets attract some 62 million visits yearly, turnover €950 million and employ 7,500 people.
Some of the larger produce markets still in operation include: Mercat de La Boqueria in El Raval; Mercat de Sant Antoni in Sant Antoni; Mercat de Sant Andreu in Sant Andreu; Mercat de Santa Caterina in L'Eixample, Mercat del Ninot in L'Eixample; Mercat de la Concepció also in L'Eixample; Mercat de la Llibertat in Gràcia; Mercat de Sants in Sants-Montjuïc; Mercat de Galvany in Sarrià-Sant Gervasi; Mercat de Vall d'Hebron. In addition, Barcelona offers many non-food markets including the street market; La Rambla de les Flors; Dominical de Sant Antoni; Encants de Sant Antoni; and Mercat Encants Barcelona - Fira de Bellcaire.
File:Barcelona 2015 10 10 0465 (22518828424).jpg, Main entrance to the Mercat de San Josep, known simply as La Boqueria
File:La Boqueria.JPG, Fruit display at Mercat de La Boqueria in La Rambla, Barcelona
File:Mercado de Santa Caterina.jpg, Mercat de Santa Caterina, Barcelona
File:Mercat S Antoni 25-8-13.JPG, Mercat de San Antoni, Barcelona
File:Sant Jordi 2007 Mataró.JPG, Street market at Sant Jordi, Mataró
Bilbao
* Mercado de la Ribera
Madrid
The main markets in central Madrid are San Anton Market; Market of San Miguel, San Miguel Market, a gourmet tapas market; Cámera Agraria (Madrid Farmers' Market); and El Rastro, the largest open air flea market.
File:Mercado de San Miguel - RI-51-0010569 -.JPG, Mercado de San Miguel (interior)
File:Night market in December, Madrid.JPG, Night market in December, Madrid
File:Madrid - Mercado de San Anton.jpg, Mercado de San Anton, Madrid
File:Mercado de Maravillas, calle Bravo Murillo, Madrid.JPG, Mercado de Maravillas, calle Bravo Murillo, Madrid
File:Rastro de Madrid (España) 6.jpg, El Rastro Madrid, the largest flea market
Valencia
The Mercat or Mercado Central, Valencia, Mercado Central is the main public market in Valencia. Built at the turn of the twentieth century, the building combines Gothic and Art Nouveau architectural features. Popular with both locals and visitors, a distinctive feature is the quality of fresh fish and seafood, which once purchased can be taken to the street stalls around the perimeter of the market who will cook it to order. The Mercado de Colón in Eixample, Valencia is also a very popular fresh produce market.
Image:Mercado Central de Valencia1.JPG, Mercado Central (exterior)
File:Mercado Central, Valencia, España, 2014-06-30, DD 118.JPG, Mercado Central, Valencia (interior)
File:Mercado de Colon 113.JPG, Mercado de Colón (exterior)
File:WLM14ES - MERCADODE COLÓN DE VALENCIA 05072008 181508 00002 - .jpg, Mercado de Colón (interior)
Seville
Popular markets in Seville include the Triana market and the Central market housed within the Metropol Parasol complex. In addition, Seville offers many smaller neighbourhood markets such as Mercado de la Calle Feria and Mercado de la Encarnación.
File:Mercado triana 2016002.jpg, Mercado Triana (Triana Market)
File:Mosaicodelmercadodetriana.JPG, Mosaic sign for the Triana Market
File:Mercado triana 2015001.jpg, Fish vendor at the Mercado Triana
File:Mercado encarnación 2015001.jpg, Mercado Encarnación
Southeastern Europe (Balkans)
= Croatia
=
In Serbo-Croatian, a farmer's market is formally known as , and colloquially as , , or depending on the region and dialect.
* Dolac Market, Dolac, Zagreb
= Serbia
=
In Serbo-Croatian, a farmer's market is formally known as , and colloquially as , , or depending on region and dialect. The markets in large cities are open daily, including Sunday, from around 5 or 6 am to mid-afternoon. In smaller towns, markets often open once a week, on a specific day known as .
* Kalenić (Belgrade)#Kaleni.C4.87 market, Kalenić, Belgrade
* Studentski Trg#Great Market, Great Market, Belgrade – Built in around 1854
* Vračar Square (Square of Flowers), Belgrade
North America
Canada
*Atwater Market – Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
*ByWard Market – Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
*The Forks, Winnipeg, The Forks Market – Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba
*Granville Island – Vancouver, Vancouver, British Columbia
*Jean Talon Market – Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
*Kensington Market – Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
*Lonsdale Quay – North Vancouver (city), North Vancouver, British Columbia
*St. Lawrence Market – Toronto, Ontario
*New Westminster, British Columbia#Westminster Quay, Westminster Quay – New Westminster, British Columbia
*Markham Village, Ontario#Main Street Markham Farmers' Market, Main Street Markham Farmers' Market (Seasonal) – Markham, Ontario
*Unionville, Ontario#Stiver Mills Farmers' Market and Stiver Mills, Stiver Mills Farmers' Market (Seasonal) - Markham, Ontario
*Kitchener Farmer's Market – Kitchener, Ontario
*St. Jacobs Farmers' Market – St. Jacobs, Ontario
*Thornhill, Ontario#Farmer's Market, York Farmers Market – Markham, Ontario
*Downsview Park, Downsview Park Farmers Market – Toronto
*Saint John City Market – Saint John, New Brunswick
Historic markets that have been converted to other uses include:
*St. Patrick's Market, Toronto – retail building
*St. Andrew's Market and Playground, St. Andrew's Market, Toronto – demolished 1937 and site of water works and park
File:Feature. Bonsecours Market BAnQ P48S1P05249.jpg, Public market at place Jacques-Cartier in Montreal, Quebec in 1940
File:Cambridge Farmers Market 1.jpg, Cambridge Farmers Market
File:Market 002.JPG, City Market, St Johns
File:St. Jacobs Farmers Market food building, 2010 July 10.jpg, St. Jacobs Farmers Market
File:F2248539.jpg, Arctic Market, Inuvik, Canada
Mexico
Since 2014, gourmet food halls have also sprung up in Mexico City
Mexico City is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city of Mexico, as well as the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North America. It is one of the most important cultural and finan ...
, starting with Mercado Roma
Mercado Roma ("Roma market") is a Marketplaces#Types, public market in the format of a gourmet food hall located on Querétaro street in the Colonia Roma Norte neighborhood of Mexico City. The market stalls offer organic and other food products fo ...
. Some traditional markets include:
*Mercado Jamaica, Mexico City, a traditional market in Mexico City
Mexico City is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city of Mexico, as well as the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North America. It is one of the most important cultural and finan ...
*Mercado de Sonora, a traditional market in Mexico City
Mexico City is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city of Mexico, as well as the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North America. It is one of the most important cultural and finan ...
*San Juan de Dios Market in Guadalajara
File:Murales Rivera - Markt in Tlatelolco 2.jpg, Market in Tlatelolco, mural by Diego Rivera
File:Churros Stand Coyoacán.jpg, Churro Stands, like this one in Coyoacán, Mexico City, are a common sight in Latin-America and Spain
File:MercadodeSanJuandeDios.jpg, Grocery stalls in San Juan de Dios Market in Guadalajara, Mexico
File:MercadoArtesaniasSanCris.JPG, Artesans' Market, San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
File:EntranceHidalgoMkt.JPG, Entrance to Hidalgo Market, Guanajuato
Caribbean
Puerto Rico
*Mercado de las Carnes, a former meat market in Ponce, Puerto Rico
United States
In the United States, the term public market is often used for a place where vendors or merchants meet at the same location on a regular basis. A public market has a sponsoring entity that has legal and financial responsibility to oversee operations and, sometimes, provides facilities to house the market activity. Public markets may incorporate the traditional market activity – the sale of fresh food from open stalls – and may also offer a wide range of different products. Public markets may incorporate elements of specialized markets such as farmers markets, craft markets, and antique markets. Traditionally public markets in the US were owned and operated by city governments, but this is no longer the case.
According to the Ford Foundation, what distinguishes public markets from other types of related retail activity are three characteristics. Public markets:[
#have public goals, a defined civic purpose. Typically, these goals include: attracting shoppers to a central business district, providing affordable retailing opportunities to small businesses, preserving farming in the region, and activating or repurposing public space
#are located in and/or create a public space in the community, where a wide range of people mix, and are, or aim to be, a heart of the community
#are made up of locally owned, independent businesses operated by their owners, not franchises. This gives public markets a local flavor and unique experience.
File:Pike-place-market.jpg, Pike Place Market in Seattle, Washington, looking west on Pike Street from First Avenue
File:Outer Market.jpg, Corridor of fruit and vegetable sellers at the ]West Side Market
}
The West Side Market is the oldest operating indoor/outdoor market space in Cleveland, Ohio. It is located at the corner of West 25th Street and Lorain Avenue in the Ohio City neighborhood. On December 18, 1973, it was added to the National ...
in Cleveland, Ohio
File:City Market, Grand Rapids.jpg, Postcard showing city market in Grand Rapids, Michigan, about 1910
File:Grand Central Terminal Market (3263906110).jpg, Grand Central Terminal, Grand Central Market, New York
File:Gerardi's Farmer Market (10009872396).jpg, Gerardi's Farmer Market, New York
=List of public markets
=
*Alemany Farmers' Market – San Francisco, California
*Boston Public Market – Boston, Massachusetts
*Broad Street Market – Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
*Brooklyn Flea – Brooklyn, New York
*Chattanooga Market (2001–present) – Chattanooga, Tennessee
*Chicago farmers' markets Chicago, Illinois
*City Market (Charleston, South Carolina)
*City Market (Petersburg, Virginia) – Petersburg, Virginia. Built in 1878–79 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places
*City Market (Savannah, Georgia)
*Crescent City Farmers Market – New Orleans, Louisiana
*Cross Street Market – Baltimore, Maryland
*Farmers Market, Dallas, Dallas Farmers Market – Dallas, Texas
*Dane County Farmers' Market – Madison, Wisconsin
*Dayton Arcade – Dayton, Ohio
*Eastern Market, Detroit, Eastern Market – Detroit, Michigan
*Eastern Market, Washington, D.C., Eastern Market – Washington, D.C.
*San Francisco Ferry Building#Ferry Plaza Farmers' Market & Ferry Building Marketplace, Ferry Plaza Farmers Market & Ferry Building Marketplace – San Francisco, California
*Findlay Market (1855–present) – Cincinnati, Ohio
*French Market – New Orleans, Louisiana
*Fulton Fish Market New York, New York
*Grand Central Market – Los Angeles, California
*Grand Central Terminal, Grand Central Market – New York, New York
*Haymarket - Boston, Haymarket – Boston, Massachusetts
*Hollins Market – Baltimore, Maryland
*Indianapolis City Market (1821–present) – Indianapolis, Indiana
*Italian Market, Philadelphia – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
*James Beard Public Market (future) – Portland, Oregon
*La Marqueta – New York, New York
*Lancaster Central Market – Lancaster, Pennsylvania
*Lexington Market (1782–present) – Baltimore, Maryland
*Farmers Market, Los Angeles Farmers Market – Los Angeles, California
*Maxwell Street, Maxwell Street Market – Chicago, Illinois
*Midtown Exchange, Midtown Global Market – Minneapolis, Minnesota
*Milwaukee Public Market (2005–present) – Milwaukee, Wisconsin
*North Market – Columbus, Ohio
*Olvera Street – Los Angeles, California
*Pike Place Market (1907–present) – Seattle, Washington
*Ponce City Market
Ponce City Market is a mixed-use development located in a former Sears catalogue facility in Atlanta, with national and local retail anchors, restaurants, a food hall, boutiques and offices, and residential units. It is located adjacent to the ...
– Atlanta, Georgia
*Portland Public Market (1933–1942) – Portland, Oregon
*Portland Saturday Market (1974–present) – Portland, Oregon
*Reading Terminal Market (1893–present) – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
*River Market, Kansas City, River Market (formerly known as Westport Landing, the City Market, and River Quay) - Kansas City, Missouri
*PNC Second Street Market – Dayton, Ohio
*Soulard Farmers Market, Soulard Market – St. Louis, Missouri
*Sweet Auburn Curb Market (1918–present) – Atlanta, Georgia
*Union Market – Washington, D.C.
*Union Square Greenmarket – New York, New York
*West Side Market
}
The West Side Market is the oldest operating indoor/outdoor market space in Cleveland, Ohio. It is located at the corner of West 25th Street and Lorain Avenue in the Ohio City neighborhood. On December 18, 1973, it was added to the National ...
– Cleveland, Ohio
=Lists of markets
=
*List of Farmers Markets in Indiana
Oceania
Australia
=Melbourne
=
The Queen Victoria Market is the city of Melbourne's central market. Opened in 1878, it is the largest open air market in the southern hemisphere and its largely intact original buildings offer visitors the opportunity to shop among 19th century retail rows and experience a vibrant, working market place. The Queen Victoria Market site has been listed as an historic place by Heritage Victoria and a number of its buildings are listed as notable buildings on the Historic Building Register of Victoria. The site is currently undergoing a site renewal project. It is a Melbourne landmark, popular with both locals and visitors.
Major suburban markets include the Prahran Market, South Melbourne market and the Footscray, Victoria, Footscray Market. Periodic farmers' markets are also very popular in Melbourne.
File:Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, 2017-10-29 01.jpg, Queen Victoria Market, entrance to the Meat and Fish Hall
File:Prahran market.jpg, Prahran Market, South Yarra
File:North Melbourne Market.jpg, Metropolitan Meat Market, North Melbourne
File:South Melbourne market outside 1a.jpg, South Melbourne market (exterior)
=Sydney
=
Sydney boasts a number of popular markets. The Rocks market, situated in the The Rocks, Sydney, Rocks district, near the Sydney Opera House, focuses on crafts, jewellery, and leather goods and operates at weekends. Paddy's Markets, Paddy's Market, near Chinatown, is the produce market and operates Wednesday through to Sunday. Haymarket, New South Wales, Haymarket is one of the main produce markets and is located in Flemington. The Sydney Fish Market, in Pyrmont opens from 7:00 am on Wednesday through to Saturday. Paddington Markets on Oxford Street sells a range of goods from fresh produce through to clothing.
File:Vegetable market0004.jpg, Haymarket fresh produce market, Hay Street, Sydney, NSW
File:Chinatown Night Market, Sydney.jpg, Chinatown Night Market, Sydney, NSW
File:Rocks Market.jpg, Rocks Market in 2007
File:Sydney Fish Market view from Glebe.JPG, Sydney Fish Market view from Glebe, NSW
=Perth
=
File:Fremantle Markets northwest corner iphone shot 2013.jpg, Fremantle Markets, northwest corner, Perth, Western Australia
File:OIC perth night market 2012-01-06 overview.jpg, Perth night market, 2012
File:Perth Night Noodle Markets.jpg, Perth Night Noodle Markets
=Adelaide
=
*Adelaide Central Market
File:Adelaide Central Market.jpg, Adelaide Central Market, 2006
File:Central Court, Adelaide Central Market.JPG, Central Court, Adelaide Central Market
File:Adelaide Central Market Buildings Foundation Stone.jpg, Adelaide Central Market Buildings Foundation Stone
=Hobart
=
*Salamanca Market
File:Salamanca Market, Hobart, Tasmania.jpg, Salamanca Place Market, Hobart, Tasmania
File:Salamanca Market Hobart Tasmania.jpg, Salamanca Market Hobart Tasmania
File:Salamanca market in Hobart.JPG, Salamanca market in Hobart
File:Salamanca Market May.JPG, Salamanca Market May
Papua New Guinea
Drawing heavily on the anthropological literature, Benedicktsson argues that a distinct type of ''Melanesian market'' that is substantially different to other Asian markets, can be identified. The key characteristics of the PNG market are that it is dominated by producer-sellers, most of whom are women. Prices are set at the start of the day's trade, and rarely change. Haggling and aggressive selling are rarely practised. At the end of the day's trade, produce is not cleared, but rather is taken away for the seller's private consumption or is distributed among kin and close family.[Karl Benediktsson, ''Harvesting Development: The Construction of Fresh Food Markets in Papua New Guinea'', Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2002, p. 24]
File:Gerehu Markets Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (10697550585).jpg, Gerehu Markets, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
File:Picturesque New Guinea Plate XXXIII - Kerepunu Women at the Market Place of Kalo.jpg, Kerepunu women at the market place of Kalo, 1885
File:Buin NSP Saturday market 1978.jpg, Buin NSP Saturday market, 1978
File:GorokaMarket.jpg, Goroka market
South America
Brazil
* – São Paulo, São Paulo (state), São Paulo
*Liberdade street market – São Paulo, São Paulo (state), São Paulo
* – Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
* – Uberlândia, Minas Gerais
* – Salvador, Bahia
File:Sao Paulo - Mercado Municipal.JPG, Mercado Municipal in São Paulo, Brazil
File:Açai no Mercado do Ver-o-peso.jpg, Açai vendor at the Ver-o-Peso Market, Belém, Brazil
File:Belem-Ver-o-pesokl.jpg, Fish seller at Belém, Pará, Brazil
File:Vendedor de pequi.jpg, "Vendedor de pequi", fruit seller, a common sight in Brazil
Chile
*, the central market of Santiago de Chile
Uruguay
*, a central fruit and vegetable wholesale market in Montevideo
See also
References
External links
Project for Public Spaces page on public markets
{{DEFAULTSORT:Market (place)
Retail markets,
Bazaars
Street culture, Market
fa:بازار