''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse

plant Plants are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all curr ...

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Phrymaceae Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Phrymaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Websit ...

. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section within the genus ''

Mimulus Mimulus is a plant genus in the family Phrymaceae, which was traditionally placed in family Scrophulariaceae. The genus now contains only seven species, two native to eastern North America and the other five native to Asia, Australia, Africa, ...

'', and recently returned to generic rank. ''Mimulus'' sect. ''

Diplacus ''Diplacus'' is a plant genus in the family Phrymaceae, which was traditionally placed in family Scrophulariaceae. In the 2012 restructuring of '' Mimulus'' by Barker, ''et al''., based largely upon DNA evidence, seven species were left in ''Mi ...

'' was segregated from ''Mimulus'' as a separate genus at the same time. ''Mimulus'' remains as a small genus of eastern North America and the Southern Hemisphere. Molecular data show ''Erythranthe'' and ''Diplacus'' to be distinct evolutionary lines that are distinct from ''Mimulus'' as strictly defined, although this nomenclature is controversial. Member species are usually annuals or

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition ...

perennials A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

. Flowers are red, pink, or yellow, often in various combinations. A large number of the ''Erythranthe'' species grow in moist to wet soils with some growing even in shallow water. They are not very drought resistant, but many of the species now classified as ''Diplacus'' are. Species are found at elevations from oceanside to high mountains as well as a wide variety of climates, though most prefer wet areas such as riverbanks. The largest concentration of species is in western North America, but species are found elsewhere in the United States and Canada, as well as from Mexico to Chile and eastern Asia. Pollination is mostly by either

bee Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfamil ...

s or

hummingbird Hummingbirds are birds native to the Americas and comprise the biological family Trochilidae. With about 361 species and 113 genera, they occur from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, but the vast majority of the species are found in the tropics ar ...

s. Member species are widely cultivated and are subject to several pests and diseases. Several species are listed as threatened by the

International Union for Conservation of Nature The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natur ...

Description

''Erythranthe'' is a highly diverse genus with the characteristics unifying the various species being axile

placentation Placentation refers to the formation, type and structure, or arrangement of the placenta. The function of placentation is to transfer nutrients, respiratory gases, and water from maternal tissue to a growing embryo, and in some instances to remov ...

and long

pedicel Pedicle or pedicel may refer to: Human anatomy *Pedicle of vertebral arch, the segment between the transverse process and the vertebral body, and is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures ...

s. Other characteristics of species can vary widely, especially between the sections, and even within some sections. Some species of ''Erythranthe'' are annuals and some are perennials. Flowers are red, pink, purple, or yellow, often in various combinations and shades of those colors. Some species produce copious amounts of aromatic compounds, giving them a

musk Musk ( Persian: مشک, ''Mushk'') is a class of aromatic substances commonly used as base notes in perfumery. They include glandular secretions from animals such as the musk deer, numerous plants emitting similar fragrances, and artificial s ...

y odor (hence "musk-flowers"). ''Erythranthe'' is used as food by the

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Th ...

e of some Lepidoptera species, such as the

mouse moth The mouse moth (''Amphipyra tragopoginis'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is a widespread species with a Holarctic distribution. Distribution Europe (except the extreme north, and not occurring in the south of Spain, Sicily, or the Balkan ...

(''Amphipyra tragopoginis''), as a main part of their diet. Within the section ''Erythranthe'', stems and leaves range from

glabrous Glabrousness (from the Latin '' glaber'' meaning "bald", "hairless", "shaved", "smooth") is the technical term for a lack of hair, down, setae, trichomes or other such covering. A glabrous surface may be a natural characteristic of all or part o ...

hirsute Hirsutism is excessive body hair on parts of the body where hair is normally absent or minimal. The word is from early 17th century: from Latin ''hirsutus'' meaning "hairy". It usually refers to a "male" pattern of hair growth in a female that ...

, and are generally glandular. Leaves can be oblong, elliptical, or oval, with small tooths. Fruiting

s are longer than calyces. Calyces have sharp, definite angles and flat sides. Corollas are deciduous, relatively large (tube-throat long), and strongly red to purplish, magentarose, pink, or white, rarely yellow. ''Erythranthe guttata'' is the most widespread of the genus ''Erythranthe'' and its characteristics are fairly representative of the genus. ''E. guttata'' is tall with disproportionately large long, tubular flowers. Leaves are opposite and oval, long. The species as strictly defined is perennial and spreads with stolons or rhizomes. The stem may be erect or recumbent. In the latter form, roots may develop at lower leaf nodes. Sometimes dwarfed, it may be hairless or have some hairs. Leaves are opposite, round to oval, usually coarsely and irregularly toothed or lobed. The bright yellow flowers are born on a

raceme A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the sh ...

, most often with five or more flowers. The

calyx Calyx or calyce (plural "calyces"), from the Latin ''calix'' which itself comes from the Ancient Greek ''κάλυξ'' (''kálux'') meaning "husk" or "pod", may refer to: Biology * Calyx (anatomy), collective name for several cup-like structures ...

has five lobes that are much shorter than the flower. Each flower has bilateral symmetry and has two lips. The upper lip usually has two lobes; the lower, three. The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots. The opening to the flower is hairy. The fruit is a two-valved capsule long, containing many seeds. ''

Erythranthe alsinoides ''Erythranthe alsinoides'' is a species of monkeyflower known by the common names wingstem monkeyflower and chickweed monkeyflower. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus alsinoides''. Distribution and habitat It is native to western North America f ...

'' is similar to several species found in the

Pacific Northwest The Pacific Northwest (sometimes Cascadia, or simply abbreviated as PNW) is a geographic region in western North America bounded by its coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains to the east. Though ...

. It is an annual herb that blooms from April–June with a preference for shady and moist dense habitats. The plant is hairy to slightly hairy and grows from tall. The stems are often reddish. The leaves are opposite and have a few prominent upper veins. Blades are long. The petiole is about the same length. The flowers are yellow with reddish-brown spots, usually on the lower lip, and the upper and lower lips have fused, growing . Each flower is attached by a

. The fruits are capsules.

Etymology and taxonomy

The derivation of ''Erythranthe'' is from Greek ἐρυθρός ("''erythros''"), red, with ἄνθος ("''anthos''"), flower. They are called monkey-flowers because some species have flowers shaped like a monkey's face. The widely used generic name,

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power ...

''mimus'' meaning "mimic actor", from the Greek ''mimos'' meaning "imitator" also alludes to the fancied monkey resemblance. The stem of ''Erythranthe'' can be either smooth or hairy, and this is known in a few species to be a trait determined by a simple

allelic An allele (, ; ; modern formation from Greek ἄλλος ''állos'', "other") is a variation of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same place on a long DNA molecule, as described in leading textbooks on genetics and evolution. ::"The chrom ...

difference. At least '' E. lewisii'' is known to possess " flypaper-type" traps and is apparently

protocarnivorous A protocarnivorous plant (sometimes also paracarnivorous, subcarnivorous, or borderline carnivore), according to some definitions, traps and kills insects or other animals but lacks the ability to either directly digestion, digest or absorb nutrie ...

, supplementing its

nutrient A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excr ...

s with small insects. Variations in color largely reflect concentrations of

anthocyanin Anthocyanins (), also called anthocyans, are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue, or black. In 1835, the German pharmacist Ludwig Clamor Marquart gave the name Anthokyan to a chemical co ...

s. The species that are

subshrub A subshrub ( Latin ''suffrutex'') or dwarf shrub is a short shrub, and is a woody plant. Prostrate shrub is a related term. "Subshrub" is often used interchangeably with "bush".Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their ...

s with

wood Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of ligni ...

y stems were originally placed in the section ''Diplacus'', and this was subsequently made a separate genus. ''Diplacus'' is clearly derived from within ''Mimulus,'' broadly defined, and was not usually considered to be a separate genus. The French botanist

Édouard Spach Édouard Spach (23 November 1801 – 18 May 1879) was a French botanist. The son of a merchant in Strasbourg, in 1824 he went to Paris, where he studied botany with René Desfontaines (1750–1831) and Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu (1748–1836) ...

established ''Erythranthe'' as a separate genus with just the type species ''Erythranthe cardinalis''. In 1885, American botanist

Edward Lee Greene Edward Lee Greene (August 20, 1843–November 10, 1915) was an American botanist known for his numerous publications including the two-part ''Landmarks of Botanical History'' and the describing of over 4,400 species of plants in the American W ...

classified ''Erythranthe'' as a section of ''

'' while adding ''E. lewisii'' and ''E. parishii''. In the 2012 restructuring of ''Mimulus'' by Barker ''et al''., based largely upon DNA evidence, seven species were left in ''Mimulus'' as strictly defined; ''Erythranthe'' was greatly enlarged to include 111 species, based upon axile placentation and long pedicels, 46 placed into ''Diplacus'' (species with parietal placentation and

sessile Sessility, or sessile, may refer to: * Sessility (motility), organisms which are not able to move about * Sessility (botany), flowers or leaves that grow directly from the stem or peduncle of a plant * Sessility (medicine), tumors and polyps that ...

flowers), two placed in ''

Uvedalia ''Uvedalia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Phrymaceae, native to Australia. It was resurrected from ''Mimulus'' in 2012. Species Currently accepted species include: *''Uvedalia clementii'' (Domin) W.R.Barker & Beardsley *''Uveda ...

'', and one each placed in ''

Elacholoma ''Elacholoma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Phrymaceae Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Phrymaceae" At: Angiosp ...

'', ''

Mimetanthe ''Mimetanthe'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Phrymaceae. It has only one species, ''Mimetanthe pilosa'', Synonym (taxonomy), synonym ''Mimulus pilosus'', known by the common names false monkeyflower and downy mimetanthe. It is nati ...

'', and ''

Thyridia ''Thyridia'' is a monotypic genus of clearwing (ithomiine) butterflies, named by Jacob Hübner in 1816. Its only species is ''Thyridia psidii'', the Melantho tigerwing or clapping ticlear. It is in the brush-footed butterfly family, Nymphalidae ...

''. All of the American genera are still referred to as "monkey-flowers". Views on the evolutionary position of the monkey-flower species have changed. It was long considered to be in the family

Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral ( zygomorphic) or rarely radial ( actinomorphic) symmetry. The S ...

, but is now placed in Phyrmaceae, primarily on the basis of DNA evidence. The genus ''

Phryma ''Phryma'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Phrymaceae, native to temperate Asia and eastern North America. Taxonomy The genus ''Phryma'' was erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 with the sole species ''Phryma leptostachya''. The Japanes ...

'' (comprising only a single species), for which the family is named, is considerably different in morphology from all of the monkey-flowers.. Attempts at crossing species, whether from different sections or within the same section, of ''Erythranthe'' are not always successful. '' E. peregrina'' is an example of a successful naturally occurring hybrid that not only arose independently in two different locations, but is also a rare example of evolutionary recent allopolyploidization, complete chromosomal inheritance.

Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English natural history#Before 1900, naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all speci ...

's 1876 study of inbreeding depression and self-fertility in South American species was a progenitor for the study of ''Erythranthe'' biology. The genus has become a

model system Systems modeling or system modeling is the interdisciplinary study of the use of models to conceptualize and construct systems in business and IT development.s it S, or s, is the nineteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''ess'' (pronounced ), plural ''esses''. History ...

... contains a wide array of phenotypic, ecological and genomic diversity." Species under intense genomic study are mostly among the section ''Simiolus'' (''E. guttata'' and relatives) and the section ''Erythranthe'' (including ''E. lewisii'', ''E. cardinalis'', ''E. parishii'', and others). The

genome sequence In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ge ...

of ''E. guttata'' was released in late spring, 2007. Many issues remain in ''Erythranthe'' taxonomy. ''E. guttata'' is highly complex, with many variations apparently reflecting differences in geographic environment and elevation. Molecular geneticists regard the species broadly as including both perennial and annual populations, but there is rationale for treating this complex as several distinct species (perennials are ''E. guttata'', ''E. grandis'', and ''E. corallina''; annuals are ''E. microphylla'' and others). The perennials and annuals differ as groups from each other by an inversion sequence on chromosome 8. Evidence tentatively indicates that the perennials evolved from annual ancestors, although some evidence has been interpreted to indicate that ''E. nasuta'' evolved from ''E. guttata'' in central California between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago and since then become primarily a self-pollinator. Relationships among the apparently closely related ''E. tilingii'', ''E. minor'', and ''E. caespitosa'' are not clearly understood. Some currently recognized species may be just variants of other species: ''E. arenicola'', ''E. brachystylis'', ''E. regni''. Chromosomal issues may affect the classification of some species: ''E. corallina'', ''E. guttata'', ''E. nasuta'', ''E. tilingii'', and ''E. utahensis''.

Species

Species alphabetically

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants ...

accepted the following species and hybrids: * ''

Erythranthe acutidens ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

'' (Douglas ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – chickweed monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) * ''

Erythranthe ampliata ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe androsacea ''Erythranthe androsacea'' is a species of Erythranthe, monkeyflower known by the common name rockjasmine monkeyflower. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus androsaceus''. Distribution It is Endemism, endemic to California, where its distribution ...

'' (Curran ex Greene) N.S.Fraga – rockjasmine monkey-flower (California) * ''

Erythranthe arenaria ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe arenicola ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe arvensis ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe austrolatidens ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe barbata ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Greene) N.S.Fraga * ''

Erythranthe bhutanica ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family (biology), family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regar ...

'' (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''

Erythranthe bicolor ''Erythranthe bicolor'', the yellow and white monkeyflower, is a species of flowering plant in the lopseed family ( Phrymaceae). It is endemic to California, United States. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus bicolor''. Description It is an annua ...

'' (Hartw. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – yellow and white monkey-flower (California) * ''

Erythranthe bodinieri ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Vaniot) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''

Erythranthe brachystylis ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family (biology), family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regar ...

'' (Edwin) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe bracteosa ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (P.C.Tsoong) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''

Erythranthe breviflora ''Erythranthe breviflora'' is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name shortflower monkeyflower. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Wyoming to the Modoc Plateau and northern Sierra Nevada The Sierra N ...

'' (Piper) G.L.Nesom – (British Columbia to California to Wyoming) * ''

Erythranthe brevinasuta ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe breweri ''Erythranthe breweri'' is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Brewer's monkeyflower. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to California to Colorado, where it grows in moist spots in several habitat types. Th ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Brewer's monkey-flower (British Columbia to California to Colorado) * ''

Erythranthe bridgesii ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (South America) * ''

Erythranthe caespitosa ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe calcicola ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' N.S.Fraga * ''

Erythranthe calciphila ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Gentry) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe cardinalis ''Erythranthe cardinalis'', the scarlet monkeyflower, is a flowering perennial in the family Phrymaceae. Together with other species in ''Mimulus'' section ''Erythranthe'', it serves as a model system for studying pollinator-based reproductive is ...

'' (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach – scarlet monkey-flower (southwestern United States and Baja California) * ''

Erythranthe carsonensis ''Erythranthe carsonensis'' is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Carson Valley monkeyflower. Distribution The species is native to Nevada and California, where its range is restricted to three valleys (Carson, Eagle Eag ...

'' N.S.Fraga – Carson Valley monkey-flower (California and Nevada) * ''

Erythranthe charlestonensis ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe chinatiensis'' G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe cinnabarina ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe corallina ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe cordata ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe cuprea ''Erythranthe cuprea'' is a species of monkeyflower also known by the common name ''flor de cobre'' (Eng: copper flower). It was formerly known as ''Mimulus cupreus''. Its characteristics in nectar and petal shape are markedly different from oth ...

'' (Dombrain) G.L.Nesom – ''Flor de cobre'' (Eng: copper flower) (central and southern Chile) * ''

Erythranthe decora ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe dentata ''Erythranthe dentata'' is a species of monkeyflower known by the common names coastal monkeyflower and toothleaf monkeyflower. It is native to the western coast of North America from British Columbia to northern California, where it grows in moi ...

'' (Nutt. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom – toothleaf monkey-flower, coastal monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) * ''

Erythranthe dentiloba ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (B.L.Rob. & Fernald) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe depressa ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Phil.) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe diffusa ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga * ''

Erythranthe diminuens ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' G.L.Nesom – (Sonora, Mexico) * '' Erythranthe discolor'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga * ''

Erythranthe eastwoodiae ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section w ...

'' (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga * '' Erythranthe erubescens'' G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe exigua ''Erythranthe exigua'' is a rare species of monkeyflower known by the common name San Bernardino Mountains monkeyflower. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus exiguus''. Distribution It is native to the San Bernardino Mountains of southern Califor ...

'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – San Bernardino Mountains monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) * ''

Erythranthe filicaulis ''Erythranthe filicaulis'', known by the common name slender-stemmed monkeyflower, is a species of monkeyflower. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus filicaulis''. Distribution ''Erythranthe filicaulis'' is endemic to California, where it is known ...

'' (S.Watson) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – slender-stemmed monkey-flower (California) * ''

Erythranthe filicifolia ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Sexton, K.G.Ferris & Schoenig) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe flammea ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family (biology), family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regar ...

'' G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe floribunda ''Erythranthe floribunda'' is a species of monkeyflower Monkey flower can refer to: *Several genera of plant family Phrymaceae, including: ** ''Diplacus'' ** ''Erythranthe'' ** ''Mimulus'' *Various snapdragon-like Lamiales, including: ** ''Lina ...

'' (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – manyflowered monkey-flower (western Canada, Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountains, northern Mexico) * ''

Erythranthe gemmipara ''Erythranthe gemmipara'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Phrymaceae, known by the common name Rocky Mountain monkeyflower. It is endemic to Colorado in the United States, where there are eight known occurrences.

'' (W.A.Weber) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Rocky Mountain monkey-flower (Colorado) * ''

Erythranthe geniculata ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe geyeri ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Torr.) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe glabrata ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Kunth) G.L.Nesom – roundleaf monkey-flower (widespread in North America, Mesoamerica and South America) * ''

Erythranthe glaucescens ''Erythranthe glaucescens'' is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name shieldbract monkeyflower. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus glaucescens''. Distribution It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the foothills o ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom – shieldbract monkey-flower (California) * '' Erythranthe gracilipes'' (B.L.Rob.) N.S.Fraga – slenderstalk monkey-flower (California) * ''

Erythranthe grandis ''Erythranthe grandis'', the magnificent monkeyflower, is a species of plant in the family Phrymaceae. Description ''Erythranthe grandis'' is a coastal perennial species closely related to ''E. guttata''. Prior to flowering and during winter m ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe grayi ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe guttata ''Erythranthe guttata'', with the common names seep monkeyflower and common yellow monkeyflower, is a yellow bee-pollinated annual or perennial plant. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus guttatus''. ''Erythranthe guttata'' is a model organism f ...

'' (Fisch. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom – common large monkey-flower, common monkey-flower, stream monkey-flower, seep monkey-flower (AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, ID, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OR, PA, SD, UT, WA, WY; Canada: BC, Yukon; Mexico to Guatemala; naturalized in Britain) * ''

Erythranthe hallii ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe hardhamiae ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' N.S.Fraga * '' Erythranthe howaldiae'' G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe hymenophylla ''Erythranthe hymenophylla'', synonym ''Mimulus hymenophyllus'', is a species of flowering plant in the lopseed family known by the common names thinsepal monkeyflower and membrane-leaf monkeyflower. It is native to Hells Canyon on the border be ...

'' (Meinke) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe inamoena ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe inconspicua ''Erythranthe inconspicua'', Synonym (taxonomy), synonym ''Mimulus inconspicuus'', is an uncommon species of Erythranthe, monkeyflower known by the common name smallflower monkeyflower. Distribution It is Endemism, endemic to California, where i ...

'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – (syns. ''Mimulus acutidens'' and ''M. grayi'') * ''

Erythranthe inflata ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Miq.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''

Erythranthe inflatula ''Erythranthe inflatula'', synonyms ''Mimulus inflatulus'' and ''Mimulus evanescens'', is a rare species of monkeyflower known by the common name disappearing monkeyflower. It is native to the western United States, where it is known from about ten ...

'' (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe jungermannioides ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section w ...

'' (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe karakormiana ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * '' Erythranthe laciniata'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe lagunensis'' G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe latidens ''Erythranthe latidens'', Synonym (taxonomy), synonym ''Mimulus latidens'', is a species of Erythranthe, monkeyflower known by the common name broadtooth monkeyflower. It is native to the valleys and coastal mountains of Northern through Souther ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom – broadtooth monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) * ''

Erythranthe lewisii ''Erythranthe lewisii'' (Lewis' monkeyflower, great purple monkeyflower) is a perennial plant in the family Phrymaceae. It is named in honor of explorer Meriwether Lewis. Together with other species in ''Erythranthe'', it serves as a model syste ...

'' (Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – great purple monkey-flower, Lewis' monkey-flower (Alaska to California to Colorado) * ''

Erythranthe linearifolia ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga * ''

Erythranthe lutea ''Erythranthe lutea'' is a species of monkeyflower Monkey flower can refer to: *Several genera of plant family Phrymaceae, including: ** '' Diplacus'' ** '' Erythranthe'' ** '' Mimulus'' *Various snapdragon-like Lamiales, including: ** '' Linari ...

'' (L.) G.L.Nesom – yellow monkey-flower, monkey musk, blotched monkey-flower, and blood-drop-emlets (North and South America, naturalized in Britain) * ''

Erythranthe madrensis ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (Seem.) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe marmorata ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe michiganensis'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom – Michigan monkey-flower (Michigan) * ''Erythranthe microphylla'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe minima'' (C.Bohlen) J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores– (Michoacan, Mexico) * ''Erythranthe minor'' (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe montioides'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – montia-like monkey-flower (California, Nevada) * ''Erythranthe moschata'' (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – (North and South America, naturalized in Britain and Finland) * ''Erythranthe naiandina'' (J.M.Watson & C.Bohlen) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe nasuta'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe nelsonii'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of ''Erythranthe verbenacea'' * ''Erythranthe nepalensis'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom (Asia) * ''Erythranthe norrisii'' (Heckard & Shevock) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe nudata'' (Curran ex Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe orizabae'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (Mexico) * ''Erythranthe pallens'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe palmeri'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Palmer's monkey-flower (central California south to Baja California) * ''Erythranthe pardalis'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe parishii'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Parish's monkey-flower (southern California, western Nevada, Baja California) * ''Erythranthe parvula'' (Wooton & Standl.) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe patula'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe pennellii'' (Gentry) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe percaulis'' G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe platyphylla'' (Franch.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''Erythranthe plotocalyx'' G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe primuloides'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – primrose monkey-flower (WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, UT, AZ, MT, NM) * ''Erythranthe procera'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''Erythranthe ptilota'' G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe pulsiferae'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – candelabrum monkey-flower (Washington to northern California) * ''Erythranthe purpurea'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga – little purple monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) * ''Erythranthe regni'' G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe rhodopetra'' N.S.Fraga * ''Erythranthe rubella'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – little redstem monkey-flower (CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, NM, TX) * ''Erythranthe rupestris'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga * ''Erythranthe scouleri'' (Hook.) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe serpentinicola'' D.J.Keil * ''Erythranthe sessilifolia'' (Maxim.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''Erythranthe shevockii'' (Heckard & Bacig.) N.S.Fraga – Kelso Creek monkey-flower (Kern County, California) * ''Erythranthe sierrae'' N.S.Fraga * ''Erythranthe sinoalba'' G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''Erythranthe sookensis'' B.G. Benedict – newly discovered 2012, originally named ''M. sookensis'' (British Columbia to northern California) * ''Erythranthe stolonifera'' (Novopokr.) G.L.Nesom – (Russia) * ''Erythranthe suksdorfii'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Suksdorf's monkey-flower and miniature monkey-flower (Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico) * ''Erythranthe szechuanensis'' (Pai) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''Erythranthe taylorii'' G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe tenella'' (Bunge) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''Erythranthe thermalis'' (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom – (Yellowstone National Park) * ''Erythranthe tibetica'' (P.C.Tsoong & H.P.Yang) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''Erythranthe tilingii'' (Regel) G.L.Nesom – large mountain monkey-flower, Tiling's monkey-flower (Alaska to New Mexico) * ''Erythranthe trinitiensis'' G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe unimaculata'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe utahensis'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe verbenacea'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga * ''Erythranthe veronicifolia'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe visibilis'' G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe washingtonensis'' (Gand.) G.L.Nesom * ''Erythranthe willisii'' G.L.Nesom Hybrids: * Erythranthe × burnetii, ''Erythranthe'' × ''burnetii'' (S.Arn.) Silverside * Erythranthe × hybrida, ''Erythranthe'' × ''hybrida'' (Voss) Silverside * Erythranthe × maculosa, ''Erythranthe'' × ''maculosa'' (T.Moore) Mabb. * Erythranthe × robertsii, ''Erythranthe'' × ''robertsii'' (Silverside) G.L.Nesom, syn. ''Erythranthe peregrina'' (M. Vallejo-Marin) G.L.Nesom – newly discovered 2012, originally named ''M. peregrinus'' (Scotland)

Species sectionally

In a 2014 paper, G. L. Nesom and N. S. Fraga placed ''Erythranthe'' members into the following 12 sections (unless listed below as "newly discovered"). Names accepted are from Plants of the World Online. *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Simiolus'' :''

'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Edwin) G.L.Nesom :''

'' G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Gentry) G.L.Nesom :''

'' G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe chinatiensis'' G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom :''

'' G.L.Nesom – newly discovered in 2017 and added to this list (Sonora, Mexico) :''

'' (B.L.Rob. & Fernald) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Sexton, K.G.Ferris & Schoenig) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Torr.) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Kunth) G.L.Nesom – roundleaf monkey-flower (widespread in North America, Mesoamerica and South America) :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom – shieldbract monkey-flower (California) :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe laciniata'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe lagunensis'' G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Seem.) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe michiganensis'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom – Michigan monkey-flower (Michigan) :''Erythranthe microphylla'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe minima'' (C.Bohlen) J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores – (Michoacan, Mexico) :''Erythranthe minor'' (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe nasuta'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe nudata'' (Curran ex Greene) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe pallens'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe pardalis'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe parvula'' (Wooton & Standl.) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe pennellii'' (Gentry) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe percaulis'' G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe peregrina'' M. Vallejo-Marin, synonym of Erythranthe × robertsii, ''Erythranthe'' × ''robertsii'' – newly discovered 2012, originally named ''M. peregrinus'' (Scotland) :''Erythranthe regni'' G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe scouleri'' (Hook.) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe sookensis'' B.G. Benedict – originally named ''M. sookensis'' (British Columbia to northern California) :''Erythranthe thermalis'' (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom – (Yellowstone National Park) :''Erythranthe tilingii'' (Regel) G.L.Nesom – large mountain monkey-flower, Tiling's monkey-flower (Alaska to New Mexico) :''Erythranthe unimaculata'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe utahensis'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe visibilis'' G.L.Nesom :*(South America) :''Erythranthe acaulis'' (Phil.) G.L.Nesom, synonym of ''

'' var. ''depressa'' :''Erythranthe andicola'' (Kunth) G.L.Nesom, synonym of ''

'' :''

'' (Dombrain) G.L.Nesom – ''Flor de cobre'' (Eng: copper flower) (central and southern Chile) :''

'' (Phil.) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe lacerata'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom, synonym of ''

'' var. ''lutea'' :''

'' (L.) G.L.Nesom – yellow monkey-flower, monkey musk, blotched monkey-flower, and blood-drop-emlets (North and South America, naturalized in Britain) :''Erythranthe naiandina'' (J.M.Watson & C.Bohlen) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe parviflora'' (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe pilosiuscula'' (Kunth) G.L.Nesom, synonym of ''

'' *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Erythranthe'' :''

'' (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach – scarlet monkey-flower (southwestern United States and Baja California) :''

'' G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe erubescens'' G.L.Nesom :''

'' :''

'' (Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – great purple monkey-flower, Lewis' monkey-flower (Alaska to California to Colorado) :''Erythranthe nelsonii'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of ''Erythranthe verbenacea'' :''Erythranthe parishii'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Parish's monkey-flower (southern California, western Nevada, Baja California) :''Erythranthe rupestris'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga :''Erythranthe verbenacea'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Mimulosma'' :''

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom :''

'' G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Piper) G.L.Nesom – (British Columbia to California to Wyoming) :''

'' (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – manyflowered monkey-flower (western Canada, Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountains, northern Mexico) :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Meinke) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe inodora'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom, synonym of ''Erythranthe moschata'' :''

'' (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom – broadtooth monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) :''Erythranthe moniliformis'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom, synonym of ''Erythranthe moschata'' :''Erythranthe moschata'' (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – (North and South America, naturalized in Britain and Finland) :''Erythranthe norrisii'' (Heckard & Shevock) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe patula'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe pulsiferae'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – candelabrum monkey-flower (Washington to northern California) :''Erythranthe taylorii'' G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe trinitiensis'' G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe washingtonensis'' (Gand.) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe stolonifera'' (Novopokr.) G.L.Nesom – (Russia) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Achlyopitheca'' :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – (syns. ''Mimulus acutidens'' and ''M. grayi'') *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Paradantha'' :''

'' (Curran ex Greene) N.S.Fraga – rockjasmine monkey-flower (California) :''

'' (Greene) N.S.Fraga :''

'' N.S.Fraga :''

'' N.S.Fraga – Carson Valley monkey-flower (California and Nevada) :''

'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe discolor'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe gracilipes'' (B.L.Rob.) N.S.Fraga – slenderstalk monkey-flower (California) :''

'' N.S.Fraga :''Erythranthe montioides'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – montia-like monkey-flower (California, Nevada) :''Erythranthe palmeri'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Palmer's monkey-flower (central California south to Baja California) :''Erythranthe purpurea'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga – little purple monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) :''Erythranthe rhodopetra'' N.S.Fraga :''Erythranthe rubella'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – little redstem monkey-flower (CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, NM, TX) :''Erythranthe shevockii'' (Heckard & Bacig.) N.S.Fraga – Kelso Creek monkey-flower (Kern County, California) :''Erythranthe sierrae'' N.S.Fraga :''Erythranthe suksdorfii'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Suksdorf's monkey-flower and miniature monkey-flower (Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Monantha'' :''

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga :''Erythranthe primuloides'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – primrose monkey-flower (WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, UT, AZ, MT, NM) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Monimanthe'' :''

'' (Hartw. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – yellow and white monkey-flower (California) :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Brewer's monkey-flower (British Columbia to California to Colorado) :''

'' (S.Watson) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – slender-stemmed monkey-flower (California) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Alsinimimulus'' :''

'' (Douglas ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – chickweed monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Simigemma'' :''

'' (W.A.Weber) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Rocky Mountain monkey-flower (Colorado) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Exigua'' :''

'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – San Bernardino Mountains monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Sinopitheca'' :''

'' (P.C.Tsoong) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''

'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (South America) :''Erythranthe platyphylla'' (Franch.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''Erythranthe sessilifolia'' (Maxim.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''Erythranthe tibetica'' (P.C.Tsoong & H.P.Yang) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Mimulasia'' :''

'' (Nutt. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom – toothleaf monkey-flower, coastal monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) :''Erythranthe orizabae'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (Mexico) :''

'' (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''

'' (Vaniot) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''

'' (Miq.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''

'' (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''Erythranthe nepalensis'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''Erythranthe procera'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''Erythranthe sinoalba'' G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''Erythranthe szechuanensis'' (Pai) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''Erythranthe tenella'' (Bunge) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)

Reproductive biology

Before recognition of ''E. cinnabarina'' as a species, ''E. lewisii'' was interpreted to be the sister of ''E. cardinalis''. It is now clear that ''E. cinnabarina'' and ''E. cardinalis'' are sister species and that ''E. lewisii'' and ''E. erubescens'' are sister species. In the hypothesized Phylogenetic tree, phylogeny, the 'cinnabarina/cardinalis' pair is sister to the 'lewisii/erubescens' pair. ''Erythranthe lewisii'' is a model system for studying pollinator-based reproductive isolation. ''E. lewisii'' is pollinated by bees, primarily ''Bombus'' and ''Osmia'', which feed on its nectar and transfer its pollen. Although it is fully interfertile with its sister species ''E. cardinalis'', the two do not interbreed in the wild, a difference ascribed primarily to pollinator differences; ''E. cardinalis'' is pollinated by hummingbirds, especially ''Calypte anna'' and ''Selasphorus rufus''. It was previously reported that evidence strongly linking pollination preference to color differences between the species, but this has been disproven. ''E. erubescens'' is mostly pollinated by ''Bombus balteatus'', ''Bombus centralis, B. centralis'', ''Bombus flavifrons, B. flavifrons'', and ''Bombus vosnesenskii, B. vosnesenskii''. ''Erythranthe parishii'' is also closely related to ''E. lewisii'', but it has evolved in a different direction as a self-pollination, self-pollinated species with small flowers. ''E. eastwoodiae'', ''E. nelsonii'', ''E. rupestris'', and ''E. verbenacea'' are also pollinated by hummingbirds. These four species as well as ''E. cardinalis'' and ''E. nelsonii'' produce Plant reproductive morphology, bisexual flowers and are Self-incompatibility in plants, self-compatible. This approximate ratio of insect vs hummingbird pollination holds true for the rest of the genus. There have been two separate transformations to hummingbird pollination. Pollination changes are highly affected by changes in flower morphology. ''E. cardinalis'' and its sister species ''E. cinnabarina'' likely evolved via allopatric speciation. ''Erythranthe guttata'' is pollinated by bees, such as ''Bombus impatiens''. Inbreeding reduces flower quantity and size and pollen quality and quantity. ''E. guttata'' also displays a high degree of self-pollination. ''Erythranthe nasuta'' evolved from ''E. guttata'' in central California between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago and since then has become primarily a self-pollinator.

Distribution and habitat

Over 80% of ''Erythranthe'' species are found in western North America, especially California, Oregon, and Washington. Genus members are also found in Baja California, Alaska, British Columbia, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and to a lesser extent the midwestern states, northeastern states, Canada, and Latin America. Members of this genus are found in eastern Asia; several species of which have a high degree of similarity with some of the species found in North and South America. A large number of the species grow in moist to wet soils with some growing even in shallow water. They are not very drought resistant, but the species now classified as ''Diplacus'' are. Some species grow in dry areas, others in wet habitats, such as members of the section ''Simiolus'', which are Hydrophile, hydrophilic. Both overall plant size and petal, corolla size vary greatly throughout the genus. A minimum of 25 of the species are listed as threatened by the

. Species are found at elevations from oceanside to high mountains as well as a wide variety of climates, though most prefer wet areas such as riverbanks.

Pests and diseases

''Diplacus'', ''Erythranthe'', and ''Mimulus'' are subject to a very similar set of pests and diseases. The pests these genera are susceptible to include: Cecidomyiidae, gall midges, golden Pseudococcidae, mealybugs, thrips, and Pentatomomorpha, seed bugs. Diseases they are susceptible to include: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, crown gall, phytoplasma, aster yellows phytoplasma, impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), leaf spots, powdery mildew — especially ''Erysiphe brunneopunctata'' and ''Erysiphe cichoracearum'', Botrytis cinerea, botrytis blight, pythium, pythium root rot, Rust (fungus), rusts, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), as well as Mineral deficiency, mineral and Micronutrient deficiency, nutrient deficiencies.

Human culture

Horticulture

In horticulture, several species, cultivars and Hybrid (biology), hybrids are used. Because of their wide range and many variations, the most important are those derived from ''E. gutatta'' and ''E. lutea''. ''E. cuprea'' alone has at least 10 cultivars and hybrids.

Culinary uses

''Erythranthe'' species tend to concentrate sodium chloride and other salts absorbed from the soils in which they grow in their leaves and stem tissues. Native Americans and early travelers in the American West used this plant as a salt substitute to season wild game. The entire plant is edible, but reported to be very salty and bitter unless well cooked. The juice from the leaves was used as a poultice for mild skin irritations and burns. Leaves can be used in salads and soups; flowers taste best before blooming. ''E. lutea'' has been used for cooking in Peru.

Alternative medical use

''Erythranthe'' has been listed as one of the 38 plants that are used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".

References

External links

{{Authority control Erythranthe, Lamiales genera Plant models