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The New Pendolino is a class of high-speed
tilting train A tilting train is a train that has a mechanism enabling increased speed on regular rail tracks. As a train (or other vehicle) rounds a curve at speed, objects inside the train experience centrifugal force. This can cause packages to slide about ...
s built by
Alstom Ferroviaria Alstom Ferroviaria S.p.A., formerly known as Fiat Ferroviaria S.p.A., is the Italian division of Alstom. Fiat Ferroviaria S.p.A. was the rail division of automobile manufacturer Fiat S.p.A., Fiat. It was founded in 1880 as Società Nazionale Offi ...
(Fiat Ferroviaria) for
Trenitalia Trenitalia Società per azioni, SpA is the primary train operator of Italy. A subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane, itself owned by the Italian government. It was established in 2000 following a European Union directive on the deregulati ...
and
Cisalpino Cisalpino AG () was a railway company, referred to as CIS in timetables, operating international trains between Switzerland and Italy connecting Basel, Schaffhausen, Zurich, Geneva, Milan, Venice, Trieste, Livorno, and Florence. The company ha ...
. As of 2024, Pendolinos have become a part of the Avelia Stream high speed train family.


Operational history


Background

The name ''Pendolino'' is used to identify a family of high-speed, tilting-technology trains, produced in Italy. These trains owe their name (''
pendolino Pendolino (from Italian language, Italian "pendulum", and ''-ino,'' a diminutive suffix) is an Italian family of high-speed tilting trains (and non-tilting) used in Italy, Spain, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Finland, the Czech Republic, ...
'' can mean "small
pendulum A pendulum is a device made of a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely. When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate i ...
" in
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
) to the mechanism enabling them to tilt when going around a curve. The maximum tilt of 8 degrees allows the trains to reach a speed that is up to 35% higher than conventional trains whilst remaining comfortable for passengers. Developed by Alstom Ferroviaria, which inherited tilting technology (including that of the British
Advanced Passenger Train The Advanced Passenger Train (APT) was a tilting high speed train developed by British Rail during the 1970s and early 1980s, for use on the West Coast Main Line (WCML). The WCML contains many curves, and the APT pioneered the concept of active ...
) after its acquisition of former producer
Fiat Ferroviaria Alstom Ferroviaria S.p.A., formerly known as Fiat Ferroviaria S.p.A., is the Italian division of Alstom. Fiat Ferroviaria S.p.A. was the rail division of automobile manufacturer Fiat. It was founded in 1880 as Società Nazionale Officine di Sav ...
, they are built at Alstom's
Savigliano Savigliano () is a of Piedmont, Northern Italy, in the Province of Cuneo, about south of Turin by rail. It is home to ironworks, foundries, locomotive works (once owned by Fiat Ferroviaria, now by Alstom) and silk manufactures, as well as sugar ...
plants Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria to produce sugars f ...
, in Piedmont, as well as in
Sesto San Giovanni Sesto San Giovanni (; , ), locally referred to as just Sesto (), is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan, in the Italian region of Lombardy. It was awarded with the honorary title of ''città'' (city) by decree of 10 Apri ...
near Milan (which supplies the traction converters). The
Pendolino Pendolino (from Italian language, Italian "pendulum", and ''-ino,'' a diminutive suffix) is an Italian family of high-speed tilting trains (and non-tilting) used in Italy, Spain, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Finland, the Czech Republic, ...
first began service in Italy in 1988, with model
ETR 450 ETR 450 (''ElettroTrenoRapido 450'') was the first series Italy, Italian tilting train (also called Pendolino). History The Pendolino project was started in the 1970s by FIAT Ferroviaria. Development included a number of prototypes, the last of ...
, followed by
ETR 460 The ETR 460 is an electric multiple unit (EMU) tilting train produced by FIAT Ferroviaria (now Alstom Ferroviaria) since 1993. It is also known as the Pendolino after the family of trains from which it comes. The ETR 460 is a development of th ...
,
ETR 470 ETR 470 ('' ElettroTreno 470'') is a high-speed tilting electric multiple unit, which is now only operated by the Greek company, Hellenic Train. Introduced in September 1996, nine units were built for the Italo-Swiss firm Cisalpino. They w ...
and
ETR 480 The ETR 480 is a tilting Electric Multiple Unit built by Fiat Ferroviaria (now Alstom Ferroviaria) since 1993, It is also known as Pendolino. It was developed from the first new-generation Pendolino, the ETR 460. The main difference between ETR 4 ...
. A new model generation was launched in 2006 with ETR 600 for Trenitalia and ETR 610 / RABe 503 for
Cisalpino Cisalpino AG () was a railway company, referred to as CIS in timetables, operating international trains between Switzerland and Italy connecting Basel, Schaffhausen, Zurich, Geneva, Milan, Venice, Trieste, Livorno, and Florence. The company ha ...
, a railway company that operated trains between Switzerland and Italy. Manufacturer Alstom labeled them as ''New Pendolino''.


ETR 600-610 (Italy) / RABe 503 (Switzerland)

The ETR 610 / RABe 503 (also known as the Cisalpino Due as it was the second class of tilting trains used by
Cisalpino Cisalpino AG () was a railway company, referred to as CIS in timetables, operating international trains between Switzerland and Italy connecting Basel, Schaffhausen, Zurich, Geneva, Milan, Venice, Trieste, Livorno, and Florence. The company ha ...
) primarily differs from the ETR 600 in the sense that the ETR 610 / RABe 503 supports the voltage and
signalling systems Railway signalling (), or railroad signaling (), is a system used to control the movement of railway traffic. Trains move on fixed rails, making them uniquely susceptible to collision. This susceptibility is exacerbated by the enormous weight ...
used in Switzerland and Germany. This includes the need for much heavier on-board traction power transformers necessary as a result of the lower traction power frequency of 16.7 Hz used in Switzerland and Germany in comparison with those required for the 25 kV 50 Hz AC traction power supplies. The innovative features concern the interior and exterior design, now closer to the customers’ brand strategy and an improved comfort and services for passengers. Moreover, some important technical characteristics have been increased, such as the power of the traction unit and the level of redundancy of components and equipment, in order to improve reliability. The new trains will be produced in full accordance with the new regulations governing interoperability (for example, passive security in case of impact). Initial testing of the type revealed some shortcomings, perhaps the most significant of which was that the type was too heavy for the main Gotthard route from Zurich to Milan for which they had been ordered. In fact, the ETR 610's weight impacted the train's permitted cornering speed due to forces exerted upon the track that it compelled a lower-than-expected operating speed; it was determined that the new trains would have to run so slowly that traditional trains that lacked tilting systems would be just as fast, and thus some officials publicly questioned the project's value. The original intended schedule for the type's introduction was to coincide with the December 2007 timetable change, together with the opening of the
Lötschberg Base Tunnel The Lötschberg Base Tunnel (LBT) is a railway base tunnel on the BLS AG's Lötschberg line cutting through the Bernese Alps of Switzerland some below the older Lötschberg Tunnel. It runs between Frutigen, Bern, and Raron, Valais. T ...
; however, it was deferred and rescheduled for spring 2009, this date was also missed. During August 2009, the ETR 610 fleet finally achieved sufficient progress as to permit it to enter revenue service. The train is run on international routes between Switzerland and Italy; it is also used to conduct a single daily trip from
Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof, also called Frankfurt Central Station and Frankfurt Main Station, is the busiest train station in the German state of Hesse. Due to its location near the middle of Germany and usage as a transport hub for long an ...
to
Milano Centrale Milano Centrale () is the main railway station of the city of Milan, Italy, and is the second busiest railway station in Italy for passenger flow (after Roma Termini) and the largest railway station in Europe by volume. The station is a terminu ...
via the
Gotthard Base Tunnel The Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT; , , ) is a railway tunnel through the Alps in Switzerland. It opened in June 2016 and full service began the following December. With a route length of , it is the world's longest railway and deepest traffic tunn ...
and back via
Simplon Tunnel The Simplon Tunnel (''Simplontunnel'', ''Traforo del Sempione'' or ''Galleria del Sempione'') is a railway tunnel on the Simplon railway that connects Brig, Switzerland, Brig, Switzerland and Domodossola, Italy, through the Alps, providing a shor ...
and
Lötschberg Base Tunnel The Lötschberg Base Tunnel (LBT) is a railway base tunnel on the BLS AG's Lötschberg line cutting through the Bernese Alps of Switzerland some below the older Lötschberg Tunnel. It runs between Frutigen, Bern, and Raron, Valais. T ...
to Frankfurt. In 2018, the fleet was rebranded as ''Astoro'' following a refurbishment. In January 2023, the SBB announced a SFr 120m ($US 131.2m) investment in an extensive refurbishment of the ETR 610 fleet to facilitate its continued operation for a further 15 years. The program involves renewing and replacing various components and systems, repainting the vehicle bodies, and making minor accessibility improvements in compliance with Swiss federal disabilities legislation.


ED250 (Poland)

On 30 May 2011 the Polish state railways PKP signed an agreement with Alstom for 20 ETR 610 Pendolinos. These new trains, referred to as Pendolino ED250, were procured with the intent of operating them several major trunk routes, including between
Gdynia Gdynia is a city in northern Poland and a seaport on the Baltic Sea coast. With an estimated population of 257,000, it is the List of cities in Poland, 12th-largest city in Poland and the second-largest in the Pomeranian Voivodeship after Gdańsk ...
and
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
, on the high-speed CMK Central Rail Line from
Kraków , officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...
/
Katowice Katowice (, ) is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the Katowice urban area. As of 2021, Katowice has an official population of 286,960, and a resident population estimate of around 315,000. K ...
to
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
and
Wrocław Wrocław is a city in southwestern Poland, and the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. It is the largest city and historical capital of the region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the Oder River in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Eu ...
to Warsaw. On 12 August 2013, the first ETR 610 was delivered. High speed tests involving the new trainset were largely conducted on the CMK Central Rail Line; on 16 November, the first day of testing, the Pendolino reached . On 17 November 2013, a new speed record for Polish railways was set when the Pendolino ED250 reached a speed of , breaking the previous record of set 19 years prior. On 24 November 2013, the final day of tests on the CMK Central Rail Line, the Pendolino reached . The contract between the Polish operator
PKP Intercity PKP Intercity is the subsidiary of the PKP Group responsible for long-distance rail passenger transport in Poland. It operates around 350 trains daily, connecting large agglomerations and smaller towns in Poland. It offers its services under ...
and Alstom called for the first eight Pendolino ED250 trainsets to be delivered on 6 May 2014, tested ('
certified Certification is part of testing, inspection and certification and the provision by an independent body of written assurance (a certificate) that the product, service or system in question meets specific requirements. It is the formal attestatio ...
') for operation at using
ETCS L2 The European Train Control System (ETCS) is a train protection system designed to replace the many incompatible systems used by European railways, and railways outside of Europe. ETCS is the signalling and control component of the European ...
signalling. These tests had not been performed by May, and PKP announced that Alstom had failed to meet the contract terms and would be charged penalties as of May 6. Alstom responded that homologation in Poland at using ETCS Level 2 was impossible, since ETCS Level 2 was not operational anywhere in Poland, and the Central Rail Line (where the first ED250 Pendolino had reached in testing) was equipped with ETCS Level 1, not Level 2. On 26 June 2014, a compromise was reached between PKP and Alstom under which the Pendolinos would be delivered under a two-stage homologation, first homologated for operation using ETCS Level 1 and eventually to be homologated for ETCS Level 2. Hopes were expressed that the Pendolinos could be in service by 14 December 2014. On 11 September 2014, Polands's Railway Transport Office (UTK) announced that the ED250 had been certified for operation at up to in accordance with the relevant
Technical Specifications for Interoperability A Technical Specification for Interoperability (abbreviated as TSI) is a text provided for in European Directive 2016/797 adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union on the interoperability of the European rail system ...
(TSI). In the 2020-21 timetable, ED250 routinely operated at a scheduled speed of up to along selected stretches of the Warszawa - Gdynia and Central Rail Line routes. Polish Pendolino trainsets do not have tilting mechanism which precludes them from the main advantage of faster taking of curves. In 2020, one train did derail in Germany during an instrumented test run.


Avant S-114 (Spain)

The Avant S-114, locally designated as the ''RENFE Class 114'', is a four-car variant of the New Pendolino series. During October 2004, it was announced that RENFE had placed an order for 30 high-speed trains, configured for medium distance routes and thus lacking tilting mechanisms. The order, which was subsequently reduced to thirteen trainsets, supplemented the operator's older fleet of Class 104 Pendolinos. In autumn 2008, the first train of the new class was formally presented. The RENFE has operated its S-114 fleet on its high-speed services between Madrid, Segovia, and Valladolid, along the
high-speed line This article provides a list of operational and under construction high-speed rail networks, listed by country or region. While the International Union of Railways defines high-speed rail as public transport by rail at speeds of at least for u ...
.


ETR 675 (Italy)

The Pendolino EVO ETR 675 operated by the open-access high-speed operator
Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori is an Italian open-access train operating company operating in the field of high-speed rail transport under the brand name Italo (), stylized as ''.italo''. Commencing services in early 2012, it became Europe's first private open access operat ...
(NTV), is a member of the ''Avelia'' family of
Alstom Alstom SA () is a French multinational rolling stock manufacturer which operates worldwide in rail transport markets. It is active in the fields of passenger transportation, signaling, and locomotives, producing high-speed, suburban, regional ...
, which also includes other rolling stock produced and operated across various different countries. The ETR 675, akin to the model operated by PKP, is not equipped with tilting apparatus. The name Pendolino, however, evidently remains as a brand for trains that can be structured both with and without oscillation. During October 2015, NTV announced that it would be procuring an initial batch of twelve ETR 675 trainsets as part of its efforts to expand its fleet via a contract valued at €460m. In comparison with the operator's preceding fleet of
Automotrice à grande vitesse The AGV (acronym for French: ''Automotrice à grande vitesse''; lit. "high-speed railcar") is a standard gauge, high-speed, electric multiple-unit train designed and built by Alstom. Alstom offers the AGV in configurations from seven to fourte ...
(AGV) trainsets, the new train's maximum speed was approximately slower; the new fleet was reportedly intended to facilitate NTV's expansion of its ''Italo'' services, as well as to introduce services to new destinations. On 3 October 2013, the first of NTV's Pendolinos was publicly presented at the Expo Ferroviaria exhibition in
Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...
; by this point, the type was undergoing certification trials ahead of operating regular revenue service. In November 2017, NTV announced that it was exercising an option to purchase an additional five trainsets. On 7 December 2017, the first four out of NTV's 17 ETR 675 trains entered service on its route between
Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
and
Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...
, enabling the operator to was increase the number of daily services on its network from 56 to 68. The introduction of the rest of the fleet saw service frequencies being further increased across 2018 to 90 trains per day.


CRH5A (China)

China Railway High-speed China Railway High-speed (CRH) is a high-speed rail service operated by China Railway in addition to China Railway's older Classic Rail services. The introduction of CRH series was a major part of the sixth national railway speedup, impleme ...
(CRH) purchased technologies from Alstom to assemble 60 sets of high speed EMU trains, which have been named CRH5 and are based on the New Pendolino trains. The CRH5 are non-tilting trains. 30 additional sets were ordered in 2009 and 20 additional sets was ordered in 2010 to complete the current fleet operating on China's northern and eastern lines.


Technical characteristics

The trains have the following characteristics: *Seven cars, 4 motors and 3 trailers *Gauge: *Voltage: **ETR 600 (Trenitalia): 3 kV DC – 25 kV AC **ETR 610 (Trenitalia and Swiss Federal Railways): 3 kV DC – 25 kV AC – 15 kV (16.7 Hz) AC *Length of coach: (total length ) *Total length: *Width: *Maximum load per axle: (with passengers) *Weight: *Total weight under normal load (with seated passengers): *Maximum speed: *Total installed power: *Seating: 430 +2 for wheel chair users *Tilting actuating system: electro-hydraulic *
HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC ) is the use of various technologies to control the temperature, humidity, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. ...
system with built-in redundancy Many of the new Pendolinos have been fitted with the European Train Control System (ETCS) Level 2 signalling system; some operations, such as the Swiss Federal Railway (ETR 610) have installed other signalling systems such as
SCMT Sistema di Controllo della Marcia del Treno (SCMT) is a discontinuous train Cab signalling, cab signalling system used in Italy. It shares many features with the RS4 Codici, Ripetizione Segnali (RS) system, the two systems co-existing and worki ...
, ZUB,
LZB Linienzugbeeinflussung (or LZB) is a cab signalling and train protection system used on selected Deutsche Bundesbahn, German and Austrian Federal Railways, Austrian railway lines as well as on the AVE and some commuter rail lines in Rail transpo ...
, and
Integra-Signum Integra-Signum is a Swiss train protection system introduced in 1933. Originally it was called Signum; the name Integra was added later. It transmits data inductively and is simple, robust and reliable also in snow. How it works The locomotives ...
, in order to operate over lines not equipped with ETCS.


See also

*
Pendolino Pendolino (from Italian language, Italian "pendulum", and ''-ino,'' a diminutive suffix) is an Italian family of high-speed tilting trains (and non-tilting) used in Italy, Spain, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Finland, the Czech Republic, ...
*
Avelia Liberty Avelia Liberty, also known as NextGen Acela and Acela II, is a tilting high-speed passenger trainset built for the North American market by French manufacturer Alstom and assembled in the United States. Amtrak has ordered 28 train sets for u ...
*
List of high speed trains The following is a list of high-speed trains that have been, are, or will be in commercial service. A high-speed train is generally defined as one which operates at or over in regular passenger service, with a high level of service, and often c ...
*
China Railways CRH5 The CRH5 Hexie () is an electric multiple unit high-speed train in use with China Railway High-speed in the northern regions of the People's Republic of China. The CRH5 is based on the ETR-600 New Pendolino used in Italy. The CRH5 are non-ti ...
, a non tilting New Pendolino * Avant class 114, a non tilting New Pendolino
Stamps with ETR 600





References


External links


Pendolino
– Alstom {{FS EMUs and DMUs High-speed trains of Italy Pendolino Passenger trains running at least at 250 km/h in commercial operations 3000 V DC multiple units 15 kV AC multiple units 25 kV AC multiple units Alstom multiple units Train-related introductions in 2008