''Dysoxylum'' is a genus of rainforest trees and shrubs in the

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

family

Meliaceae Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves) in the order Sapindales. They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by syncarp ...

. About 34 species are recognised in the genus, distributed from India and southern China, through southeast Asia to

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua or historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island, with an area of . Located in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is ...

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands, also known simply as the Solomons,John Prados, ''Islands of Destiny'', Dutton Caliber, 2012, p,20 and passim is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 1000 smaller islands in Melanesia, part of Oceania, t ...

, and

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

. The name ''Dysoxylum'' derives from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

word ‘''Dys''’ meaning "bad" referring to "ill-smelling" and ‘''Xylon''’ meaning "wood".

Distribution

The genus ranges from the

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...

Indochina Mainland Southeast Asia (historically known as Indochina and the Indochinese Peninsula) is the continental portion of Southeast Asia. It lies east of the Indian subcontinent and south of Mainland China and is bordered by the Indian Ocean to th ...

, southern

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. It is a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical kingdom. It was first recognized as a distinct region ...

and the

Solomon Solomon (), also called Jedidiah, was the fourth monarch of the Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy), Kingdom of Israel and Judah, according to the Hebrew Bible. The successor of his father David, he is described as having been the penultimate ...

and

Santa Cruz Islands The Santa Cruz Islands form an archipelago in Temotu Province, Solomon Islands. They lie approximately to the southeast of the Solomon Islands (archipelago), Solomon Islands archipelago, just north of the archipelago of Vanuatu and are con ...

, and northern and eastern Australia. Eight species are native to the Indian subcontinent.World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) checklist builder
search results for Indian Subcontinent (region) + Dysoxylon (genus). Accessed 28 February 2024. 15 species are native to Indochina, and 6 are native to southern China. 13 species are native to

, and seven species to

Papuasia Papuasia is a Level 2 botanical region defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It lies in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in the Melanesia ecoregion of Oceania and Tropical Asia. It comprises th ...

(New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and Solomon Islands) and the

. Four species – '' Dysoxylum acutangulum, D. latifolium, D. oppositifolium'', and '' D. pumilum'' – are native to Australia.World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) checklist builder
search results for Australia (region) + Dysoxylon (genus). Accessed 17 February 2024. They grow in northwestern

New South Wales New South Wales (commonly abbreviated as NSW) is a States and territories of Australia, state on the Eastern states of Australia, east coast of :Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria (state), Victoria to the south, and South ...

, the humid east coast regions of Queensland including the wet tropics rainforests region of northeastern

Queensland Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a States and territories of Australia, state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Austr ...

and

Cape York Peninsula The Cape York Peninsula is a peninsula located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest wilderness in northern Australia.Mittermeier, R.E. et al. (2002). Wilderness: Earth's last wild places. Mexico City: Agrupación Sierra Madre, ...

, and the northern parts of the

Northern Territory The Northern Territory (abbreviated as NT; known formally as the Northern Territory of Australia and informally as the Territory) is an states and territories of Australia, Australian internal territory in the central and central-northern regi ...

and

Western Australia Western Australia (WA) is the westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Aust ...

. In the

, including India,

Bhutan Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia, in the Eastern Himalayas between China to the north and northwest and India to the south and southeast. With a population of over 727,145 and a territory of , ...

Nepal Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China Ch ...

, and

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...

, large trees of the genus ''Dysoxylum'' grow naturally in forests from lowlands to mid-elevation mountains. Eight species are native to the region. ''D. beddomei'', ''D. malabaricum'', ''D. purpureum'', and ''D. swaminathanianum'' are endemic to southwestern India. ''D. cyrtobotryum'', ''D. gotadhora'', ''D. grande'', and ''D. pallens'' are native to the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia.

Habitats

These trees are important components of the native

tropical forest Tropical forests are forested ecoregions with tropical climates – that is, land areas approximately bounded by the Tropic of Cancer, tropics of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, Capricorn, but possibly affected by other factors such as prevailing ...

s of their range, such as New Guinea and the tropical forests of northern Australia. In this region, more than forty different species grow naturally, from the lowlands to the mountains. In New Guinea, ''D. enantiophyllum'' and an undescribed taxon have records of growing up to about elevation. In the forests of the region of China, India, Sri Lanka and the adjacent Himalayas including Bhutan and Nepal, about fourteen recorded different species grow naturally from the lowlands to the mountains up to elevation. In India, '' Dysoxylum malabaricum'' is known by many other names such as Indian white cedar, (ಬಿಳಿದೇವದಾರು), Bombay white cedar, Velley agile, Porapa, Vella agil, and (ದೇವರಿಗೆ). It grows in the evergreen forest regions of Western Ghats,

North Kanara Uttara Kannada is a fifth largest district in the Indian state of Karnataka, It is bordered by the state of Goa and Belagavi districts to the north, Dharwad District and Haveri District to the east, Shivamogga District, and Udupi District to the ...

Coorg Kodagu district () (also known by its former name Coorg) is an administrative district in the Karnataka state of India. Before 1956, it was an administratively separate Coorg State at which point it was merged into an enlarged Mysore State ...

Anaimalai Hills The Anamala or Anaimalai, also known as the Elephant Mountains, are a range of mountains in the southern Western Ghats of central Kerala ( Idukki district, Ernakulam district, Palakkad district, Thrissur district) and span the border of wester ...

, and

Travancore The kingdom of Travancore (), also known as the kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor () or later as Travancore State, was a kingdom that lasted from until 1949. It was ruled by the Travancore Royal Family from Padmanabhapuram, and later Thiruvanan ...

regions.

Uses

The Australian species were prized for their wood which is a rich red in colour and was widely used in the

furniture Furniture refers to objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., Stool (seat), stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (table (furniture), tables), storing items, working, and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks). Furnitur ...

trade. The common timber name for the Australian species is the rose mahogany. The New Zealand species,

Kohekohe Kohekohe (''Didymocheton spectabilis'') is a medium-sized tree in the Meliaceae family, native to New Zealand. It is found in lowland and coastal forests throughout most of the North Island and also occurs in the Marlborough Sounds in the no ...

(''D. spectabile''), is sometimes known as New Zealand mahogany, because its wood is light, strong and polishes to a fine red colour. Rohitukine (C16H19O5N), a chromane alkaloid, was first reported from '' Amoora rohituka'' (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (Meliaceae) and then from ''D. binectariferum'' (aka ''D. gotadhora'') Rohitukine exhibits both anti-inflammatory as well as immuno-modulatory properties besides acting as an anticancer compound. Rohitukine is an important precursor for the semi-synthetic derivative, flavopiridol (C21H20Cl NO5). In India, apart from its economic importance for building and furniture making, it is an important ingredient in

Ayurvedic Medicine Ayurveda (; ) is an alternative medicine system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. It is heavily practised throughout India and Nepal, where as much as 80% of the population report using ayurveda. The theory and practice of ayur ...

as many species have curative qualities taken independently or as an ingredient of a medicinal mixture. Some of the uses in Ayurveda reported are; Wood decoction of ''D. malabaricum'' to cure

rheumatism Rheumatism or rheumatic disorders are conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints or connective tissue. Rheumatism does not designate any specific disorder, but covers at least 200 different conditions, including a ...

and its oil is used to cure eye and ear diseases; a few species are used to cure inflammation, cardio-disorder, CNS disorder and also tumor. In Indian tradition and culture oil is extracted from the seeds ''Dysoxylum malabaricum'', which has wide beneficial application.

Taxonomy

The genus ''Dysoxylum'' was erected in 1825 by the German-Dutch botanist

Carl Ludwig Blume Charles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume (9 June 1796 – 3 February 1862) was a German-Dutch botanist and entomologist who spent most of his professional life in the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. As deputy director of agricul ...

to accommodate some newly discovered plant species from Java. Over the years many changes were made to the genus, and by the late 20th century it was clear that ''Dysoxylum'' had become

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

. A 2021 revision of the genus (which by then had come to include 94 species) confirmed the polyphyly and the authors reinstated several genera which had previously been considered synonyms of ''Dysoxylum'' – '' Didymocheton, Epicharis, Goniocheton, Prasoxylon'', and '' Pseudocarapa'' – in order to accommodate their findings. The authors (Holzmeyer et al.) proposed a

circumscription Circumscription may refer to: * Circumscribed circle * Circumscription (logic) *Circumscription (taxonomy) * Circumscription theory, a theory about the origins of the political state in the history of human evolution proposed by the American anthr ...

(i.e. a concept of included species) of the genus that included 28 species, plus one

subspecies In Taxonomy (biology), biological classification, subspecies (: subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (Morphology (biology), morpholog ...

. Following the publication of the 2021 paper,

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...

(POWO) revised their own circumscription of the genus to include 34 species. Of the 28 species proposed by Holzmeyer et al., only 23 are accepted by POWO, and there are 11 species included by POWO that were not proposed by Holzmeyer et al.

Species

34 species are currently accepted by

. * '' Dysoxylum acutangulum'' ** subsp. ''acutangulum'' –

Peninsular Thailand Southern Thailand (formerly Southern Siam and Tambralinga) is the southernmost cultural region of Thailand, separated from Central Thailand by the Kra Isthmus. Geography Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula, with an area of around , bou ...

, Malesia:

Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...

Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula is located in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area contains Peninsular Malaysia, Southern Tha ...

Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...

, Philippines ** subsp. ''foveolatum'' – New Guinea, Solomon Is.,

, NT, N. Australia; Malesia: Sumatra,

Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...

Flores Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, a group of islands in the eastern half of Indonesia. Administratively, it forms the largest island in the East Nusa Tenggara Province. The area is 14,250 km2. Including Komodo and Rinca islands ...

Timor Timor (, , ) is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia, in the north of the Timor Sea. The island is Indonesia–Timor-Leste border, divided between the sovereign states of Timor-Leste in the eastern part and Indonesia in the ...

Moluccas The Maluku Islands ( ; , ) or the Moluccas ( ; ) are an archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located in West Melanesi ...

* '' Dysoxylum beddomei'' – India * '' Dysoxylum brachybotrys'' – Malesia: Borneo, Philippines * '' Dysoxylum carolinae'' –

Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...

; Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo * '' Dysoxylum cupuliforme'' – south-central China (Yunnan) * '' Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum'' – SE Asia to Malesia: Nicobar Is., Andaman Is., Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Bali, Flores, Philippines * '' Dysoxylum enantiophyllum'' – New Guinea * '' Dysoxylum flavescens'' – Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo * ''

Dysoxylum gotadhora ''Dysoxylum gotadhora'' is a tree in the family Meliaceae. It is native to Bhutan, India, Laos, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. The name ''Dysoxylum ficiforme'' (Wight) Gamble in India and Sri Lanka is categorized as the same plant as is ''D. binec ...

'' – S. China,

Hainan Hainan is an island provinces of China, province and the southernmost province of China. It consists of the eponymous Hainan Island and various smaller islands in the South China Sea under the province's administration. The name literally mean ...

, Bhutan, India, Laos, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam - Syn. ''Dysoxylum ficiforme'' – India * '' Dysoxylum grande'' ; Synonym: ''D. verruculosum'' – NE India (

Assam Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...

), S. China, Vietnam, Thailand, Hainan, Bhutan; Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines * '' Dysoxylum hoaense'' – Vietnam * '' Dysoxylum juglans'' – Laos, Vietnam * '' Dysoxylum kaniense'' – New Guinea, Solomon Is. * '' Dysoxylum latifolium'' – New Guinea, Solomon Is., Queensland wet tropics, Cape York, NT,

* '' Dysoxylum laxiracemosum'' – south-central China (southern Yunnan) * '' Dysoxylum macrocarpum'' – Thailand; Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Philippines * '' Dysoxylum magnificum'' – SE Sumatra, Borneo * '' Dysoxylum malabaricum'' – , India * '' Dysoxylum medogense'' – southeastern Tibet * '' Dysoxylum middletonianum'' – eastern New Guinea * '' Dysoxylum oliveri'' – northern Myanmar * '' Dysoxylum oppositifolium'' , pink mahogany – New Guinea, Solomon Is., Queensland wet tropics, Cape York, NT; Malesia incl.: Borneo, Philippines,

Sumba Sumba (; ), natively also spelt as Humba, Hubba, Suba, or Zuba (in Sumba languages) is an Indonesian island (part of the Lesser Sunda Archipelago group) located in the Eastern Indonesia and administratively part of the East Nusa Tenggara pro ...

, Flores * '' Dysoxylum pachyrhache'' – Borneo * '' Dysoxylum pallens'' – S. China, Hainan, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Burma, Thailand * '' Dysoxylum papillosum'' – Peninsular Thailand; Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Borneo * '' Dysoxylum perryanum'' – Vietnam * '' Dysoxylum poilanei'' – southern Vietnam * ''

Dysoxylum pumilum ''Dysoxylum'' is a genus of rainforest trees and shrubs in the flowering plant family Meliaceae. About 34 species are recognised in the genus, distributed from India and southern China, through southeast Asia to New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and A ...

'' – Queensland wet tropics endemic * '' Dysoxylum purpureum'' – southern India * '' Dysoxylum quadrangulatum'' – Sulawesi * '' Dysoxylum randianum'' – New Guinea * '' Dysoxylum rubrocostatum'' - Vietnam * '' Dysoxylum rugulosum'' – Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo * '' Dysoxylum swaminathanianum'' – India (Kerala)

Formerly placed here

* '' Didymocheton aliquantulus'' (as ''Dysoxylum aliquantulum'' ) * '' Didymocheton aneityensis'' (as ''Dysoxylum aneityense'' ) * '' Didymocheton annae'' (as ''Dysoxylum annae'' ) * '' Didymocheton bijugus'' (as ''Dysoxylum bijugum'' , ''D. leratianum'' , ''D. parvifolium'' , ''D. patersonianum'' , and ''D. unijugum'' ) * '' Didymocheton boridianus'' (as ''Dysoxylum boridianum'' ) * '' Didymocheton canalensis'' (as ''Dysoxylum canalense'' ) * ''

Didymocheton fraserianus ''Didymocheton fraserianus'', commonly known as rosewood or rose mahogany, is a medium-sized to large tree native to New South Wales and Queensland. It is widely used with the purpose of street design and to provide shade in the eastern suburbs ...

'' (as ''Dysoxylum becklerianum'' , ''D. fraserianum'' , ''D. lessertianum'' , and ''D. ptychocarpum'' ) * '' Didymocheton gaudichaudianus'' (as ''Dysoxylum albiflorum'' , ''D. amooroides'' , ''D. bakerarum'' , ''D. betchei'' , ''D. blancoi'' , ''D. decandrum'' , ''D. gaudichaudianum'' , ''D. intermedium'' , ''D. macrophyllum'' , ''D. maota'' , ''D. otophorum'' , ''D. pubescens'' , ''D. quaifei'' , ''D. rufum'' var. ''glabrescens'' , ''D. salutare'' , ''D. spanoghei'' , and ''D. vestitum'' ) * '' Didymocheton hornei'' (as ''Dysoxylum hornei'' ) * '' Didymocheton huntii'' (as ''Dysoxylum huntii'' ) * '' Didymocheton kouiriensis'' (as ''Dysoxylum kouiriense'' ) * '' Didymocheton lenticellaris'' (as ''Dysoxylum lenticellare'' ) * '' Didymocheton loureiroi'' (as ''Dysoxylum loureiroi'' ) * '' Didymocheton macranthus'' (as ''Dysoxylum macranthum'' ) * '' Didymocheton macrostachyus'' (as ''Dysoxylum macrostachyum'' ) * '' Didymocheton minutiflorus'' (as ''Dysoxylum minutiflorum'' ) *'' Didymocheton mollis'' (as ''Dysoxylum molle'' , ''D. mollissimum'' subsp. ''molle'' , and ''Dysoxylum velutinum'' ) * '' Didymocheton mollissimus'' (as ''D. alliarum'' , ''D. filicifolium'' , ''D. floribundum'' , ''D. hainanense'' , ''D. hainanense'' var. ''glaberrimum'' , ''D. hamiltonii'' , ''D. leptorrhachis'' , ''D. mollissimum'' , ''D. octandrum'' , ''D. schizochitoides'' , and ''D. teysmannii'' ) * ''

Didymocheton muelleri ''Didymocheton muelleri'', the red bean or Miva mahogany, is a rainforest tree in the family Meliaceae. It occurs in tropical, sub-tropical and littoral rainforests in eastern Australia, from the Bellinger River in New South Wales in the south, ...

'' (as ''Dysoxylum muelleri'' ) * '' Didymocheton multijugus'' (as ''Dysoxylum seemannii'' ) * '' Didymocheton myriandrus'' (as ''Dysoxylum myriandrum'' ) * '' Didymocheton nutans'' (as ''Dysoxylum nutans'' ) * '' Didymocheton pachyphyllus'' (as ''Dysoxylum pachyphyllum'' ) * '' Didymocheton pachypodus'' (as ''Dysoxylum pachypodum'' ) * '' Didymocheton papuanus'' (as ''Dysoxylum micranthum'' and ''D. papuanum'' ) * '' Didymocheton pauciflorus'' (as ''Dysoxylum biflorum'' , ''D. laxum'' , and ''D. pauciflorum'' ) * '' Didymocheton pettigrewianus'' (as ''Dysoxylum pettigrewianum'' ) * '' Didymocheton phaeotrichus'' (as ''Dysoxylum phaeotrichum'' ) * '' Didymocheton roseus'' (as ''Dysoxylum comptonii'' , ''D. coriaceum'' , ''D. couveleense'' , ''D. francii'' , ''D. gamosepalum'' , ''D. pancheri'' , ''D. pancheri'' var. ''subsessilifolium'' , ''D. robertsii'' ''D. roseum'' , and ''Dysoxylum vieillardii'' ) * '' Didymocheton rufescens'' (as ''Dysoxylum rufescens'' ) * '' Didymocheton rufus'' (as ''Dysoxylum rufum'' ) * '' Didymocheton sessilis'' (as ''Dysoxylum sessile'' ) * '' Didymocheton setosus'' (as ''Dysoxylum setosum'' ) * '' Didymocheton sparsiflorus'' ) (as ''Dysoxylum sparsiflorum'' ) * '' Didymocheton spectabilis'' –

kohekohe Kohekohe (''Didymocheton spectabilis'') is a medium-sized tree in the Meliaceae family, native to New Zealand. It is found in lowland and coastal forests throughout most of the North Island and also occurs in the Marlborough Sounds in the no ...

(syn. ''Dysoxylum spectabile'' ) * '' Didymocheton stellatopuberulus'' (as ''Dysoxylum carrii'' , ''D. hirtum'' , and ''D. stellatopuberulum'' ) * '' Didymocheton tenuiflorus'' (as ''Dysoxylum tenuiflorum'' ) * '' Didymocheton tongensis'' (as ''Dysoxylum tongense'' ) * '' Didymocheton variabilis'' (as ''Dysoxylum variabile'' ) * '' Epicharis alata'' (as ''Dysoxylum alatum'' ) * '' Epicharis brevipanicula'' (as ''Dysoxylum brevipaniculum'' ) * '' Epicharis cumingiana'' (as ''Dysoxylum cumingianum'' ) * '' Epicharis cuneata'' (as ''Dysoxylum angustifoliolum'' , ''D. beccarianum'' , ''D. cauliflorum'' , ''D. cuneatum'' , ''D. foxworthyi'' ) * '' Epicharis densiflora'' – Bali floral emblem, known as ''majegau'' (as ''Dysoxylum densiflorum'' ) * '' Epicharis gillespieana'' (as ''Dysoxylum gillespieanum'' ) * '' Epicharis parasitica'' (as ''Dysoxylum brachypodum'' , ''D. callianthum'' , ''D. caulostachyum'' , ''D. densevestitum'' , ''D. fissum'' , ''D. fragrans'' , ''D. glochidioides'' , ''D. leytense'' , ''D. loheri'' , ''D. longicalicinum'' , ''D. longiflorum'' , ''D. longipetalum'' , ''D. megalanthum'' , ''D. novoguineeuse'' , ''D. parasiticum'' , ''D. ramiflorum'' , ''D. richardsonianum'' , ''D. robinsonii'' , ''D. roemeri'' , ''D. rumphii'' , ''D. schiffneri'' , ''D. sericeum'' , and ''D. speciosum'' ) * '' Goniocheton arborescens'' (as ''Dysoxylum arborescens'' ) * '' Goniocheton brassii'' (as ''Dysoxylum brassii'' ) * '' Goniocheton lenticellatus'' (as ''Dysoxylum lenticellatum'' ) * '' Prasoxylon alliaceum'' (as ''Dysoxylum alliaceum'' ) * '' Prasoxylon angustifolium'' (as ''Dysoxylum angustifolium'' ) * '' Prasoxylon excelsum'' (as ''Dysoxylum excelsum'' ) * '' Prasoxylon hapalanthum'' (as ''Dysoxylum hapalanthum'' ) * '' Prasoxylon hongkongense'' (''Dysoxylum hongkongense'' ) * '' Prasoxylon klanderi'' (as ''Dysoxylum klanderi'' ) * '' Prasoxylon rigidum'' (as ''Dysoxylum rigidum'' ) * '' Pseudocarapa championii'' (as ''Dysoxylum championii'' ) * '' Pseudocarapa crassa'' (as ''Dysoxylum crassum'' ) * '' Pseudocarapa dumosa'' (as ''Dysoxylum dumosum'' ) * '' Pseudocarapa inopinata'' (as ''Dysoxylum inopinatum'' ) * '' Pseudocarapa yunzaingensis'' (as ''Dysoxylum yunzaingense'' )

References

Cited works

* * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q949885 Meliaceae genera