Dryandra Ser. Armatae

''Dryandra'' ser. ''Armatae'' is an obsolete series within the former genus ''Dryandra'' (now ''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra''). It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk ''Dryandra'' into ''Banksia''.

According to Bentham

Bentham's definition of ''D.'' ser. ''Armatae'' was "Flower-heads usually large, mostly terminal, enclosed in floral leaves longer than the flowers. Involucres broad. Perianths above 1 in. long. Stigmatic end of the style slender, often scarcely distinct. Leaves with prickly teeth or lobes.". The placement and circumscription of the series may be summarised as follows:

:''Dryandra'' (now ''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'')
:: ''D.'' sect. ''Eudryandra''
:::''D.'' ser. ''Armatæ''
::::''D. quercifolia'' (now '' B. heliantha'')
::::''D. praemorsa'' (now '' B. undata'')
::::''D. cuneata'' (now '' B. obovata'')
::::''D. falcata'' (now '' B. falcata'')
::::''D. armata'' (now '' B. armata'')
::::''D. longifolia'' (now '' B. prolata'')
::::''D. Fraseri'' (now '' B. fraseri'')
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Floribundæ'' (5 species, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Concinnæ'' (4 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Formosæ'' (5 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Niveae'' (4 species, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Obvallatæ'' (12 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Gymnocephalæ'' (3 species)
:: ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' (7 species, 2 varieties)

According to George

Bentham's arrangement stood until 1996, when Alex George published his revision of ''Dryandra''. George gave ''D.'' ser. ''Armatae'' a different and somewhat broader circumscription, encompassing 20 species, including just four of the seven included there by Bentham. The species included are mostly erect shrubs with large conspicuous yellow flowers heads, easily detached follicles and a notched seed wing.

George's placement and circumscription of ''D.'' ser. ''Armatae'', as amended in 1999 and 2005, may be summarised as follows:
:''Dryandra'' (now ''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'')
:: ''D.'' subg. ''Dryandra''
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Floribundae'' (1 species, 4 varieties)
:::''D.'' ser. ''Armatae''
::::''D. cuneata'' (now '' B. obovata'')
::::''D. fuscobractea'' (now '' B. fuscobractea'')
::::''D. armata'' (now '' B. armata'')
:::::''D. armata'' var. ''armata'' (now ''B. armata'' var. ''armata'')
:::::''D. armata'' var. ''ignicida'' (now ''B. armata'' var. ''ignicida'')
::::''D. prionotes'' (now '' B. prionophylla'')
::::''D. arborea'' (now '' B. arborea'')
::::''D. hirsuta'' (now '' B. hirta'')
::::''D. pallida'' (now '' B. pallida'')
::::''D. purdieana'' (now '' B. purdieana'')
::::''D. xylothemelia'' (now '' B. xylothemelia'')
::::''D. cirsioides'' (now '' B. cirsioides'')
::::''D. acanthopoda'' (now '' B. acanthopoda'')
::::''D. squarrosa'' (now '' B. squarrosa'')
:::::''D. squarrosa'' subsp. ''squarrosa'' (now ''B. squarrosa'' subsp. ''squarrosa'')
:::::''D. squarrosa'' subsp. ''argillacea'' (now ''B. squarrosa'' subsp. ''argillacea'')
::::''D. hewardiana'' (now '' B. hewardiana'')
::::''D. wonganensis'' (now '' B. wonganensis'')
::::''D. trifontinalis'' (now '' B. trifontinalis'')
::::''D. stricta'' (now '' B. strictifolia'')
::::''D. echinata'' (now '' B. echinata'')
::::''D. polycephala'' (now '' B. polycephala'')
::::''D. subpinnatifida'' (now '' B. subpinnatifida'')
:::::''D. subpinnatifida'' var. ''subpinnatifida'' (now ''B. subpinnatifida'' var. ''subpinnatifida'')
:::::''D. subpinnatifida'' var. ''imberbis'' (now ''B. subpinnatifida'' var. ''imberbis'')
::::''D. longifolia'' (now '' B. prolata'')
:::::''D. longifolia'' subsp. ''longifolia'' (now ''B. prolata'' subsp. ''prolata'')
:::::''D. longifolia'' subsp. ''calcicola'' (now ''B. prolata'' subsp. ''calcicola'')
:::::''D. longifolia'' subsp. ''archeos'' (now ''B. prolata'' subsp. ''archeos'')
::::''D. borealis'' (now '' B. borealis'')
:::::''D. borealis'' subsp. ''borealis'' (now ''B. borealis'' subsp. ''borealis'')
:::::''D. borealis'' subsp. ''elatior'' (now ''B. borealis'' subsp. ''elatior'')
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Marginatae'' (1 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Folliculosae'' (1 species, 5 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Acrodontae'' (4 species, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Capitellatae'' (2 species, 2 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Ilicinae'' (3 species, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Dryandra'' (3 species, 2 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Foliosae'' (3 species, 2 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Decurrentes'' (1 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Tenuifoliae'' (2 species, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Runcinatae'' (4 species, 7 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Triangulares'' (3 species, 3 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Aphragma'' (9 species, 3 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Ionthocarpae'' (1 species, 2 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Inusitatae'' (1 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Subulatae'' (1 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Gymnocephalae'' (11 species, 4 subspecies, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Concinnae'' (3 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Obvallatae'' (7 species, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Pectinatae'' (1 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Acuminatae'' (1 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Niveae'' (7 species, 7 subspecies)
:: ''D.'' subg. ''Hemiclidia'' (2 species)
:: ''D.'' subg. ''Diplophragma'' (1 species)

Recent developments

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses have provided compelling evidence of the paraphyly of ''Banksia'' with respect to ''Dryandra''; that is, it seems that ''Dryandra'' arose from within the ranks of ''Banksia''. Early in 2007, Mast and Kevin Thiele initiated a rearrangement of ''Banksia'' by sinking ''Dryandra'' into it as ''B.'' ser. ''Dryandra''. This transfer necessitated the setting aside of George's infrageneric arrangement of ''Dryandra''; thus ''D.'' ser. ''Armatae'' is no longer current. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of ''Dryandra'' is complete.

References

External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dryandra Ser. Armatae
*ser. Armatae
Historically recognized angiosperm taxa
Plant series