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''Dasylirion'' is a genus of succulent, rosette-forming plants in the
Asparagaceae Asparagaceae (), known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, '' Asparagus officinalis''. This family includes both ...
family (where it is included in the Nolinoideae subfamily). Most species are native to mountainous arid regions of
Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...
, with some species also native to the
Southwestern United States The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest, is a geographic and cultural list of regions of the United States, region of the United States that includes Arizona and New Mexico, along with adjacen ...
. The common name sotol is used in English and Spanish to describe various ''Dasylirion'' species, as well as giving its name to a distilled spirit made from some species of the genus. The genus name ''Dasylirion'' is a compound word coming from the
Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
δασύς (''dasy)'', meaning ''dense, thick'' or ''shaggy'' and λείριον (''lirion)'', meaning ''lily''. As of November 2024, the genus ''Dasylirion'' includes 23 accepted species.


Description

Dasylirion are
perennial In horticulture, the term perennial ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. It has thus been defined as a plant that lives more than 2 years. The term is also ...
and often long lived plants. With age, most form erect or reclining trunks that vary in height, depending on the species. The leaves blades are long-linear, evergreen and numerous, and are arranged into rosettes, living for several years and remaining persistent even after dying leading to the formation of a skirt around the plant. Some species have sharp and/or curved prickles along the leaf margins. Similar to ''
Agave ''Agave'' (; ; ) is a genus of monocots native to the arid regions of the Americas. The genus is primarily known for its succulent and xerophytic species that typically form large Rosette (botany), rosettes of strong, fleshy leaves. Many plan ...
'', a genus in the same family and found in the same regions as ''Dasylirion'', the inflorescences consist of a tall stem or "mast" ("'' quiote''" in Mexico), which can grow several times the height of the plant, that grows apically from the center of the rosette. The flowers themselves are small and arranged in panicles at the end of the long, woody stem. Unlike most species of ''Agave'' that are
monocarpic Monocarpic plants are those that flower and set seeds only once, and then die. The term is derived from Greek (', "single" + , "fruit" or "grain"), and was first used by Alphonse de Candolle. Other terms with the same meaning are '' hapaxanth'' ...
, ''Dasylirion'' are
polycarpic Polycarpic plants are those that flower and set seeds many times before dying. A term of identical meaning is pleonanthic and iteroparous. Polycarpic plants are able to reproduce multiple times due to at least some portion of its meristems being ...
plants, meaning they do not die after flowering and may go on to flower many more times. ''Dasylirion'' are
dioecious Dioecy ( ; ; adj. dioecious, ) is a characteristic of certain species that have distinct unisexual individuals, each producing either male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproduction is ...
, with the male and female flowers on separate plants.


Native distribution

All 23 accepted species of ''Dasylirion'' are native to Mexico, with the genus covering much of the country from the border with the Southwestern United States to the border of
Oaxaca Oaxaca, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca, is one of the 32 states that compose the political divisions of Mexico, Federative Entities of the Mexico, United Mexican States. It is divided into municipalities of Oaxaca, 570 munici ...
in the south. Across Mexico, Dasylirion species are native to 20 states, with the greatest numbers found in
San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, officially the Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí, is one of the 32 states which compose the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 59 municipalities and is named after its capital city, San Luis Potosí. It ...
, followed by Chihuahua,
Coahuila Coahuila, formally Coahuila de Zaragoza, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza, is one of the 31 states of Mexico. The largest city and State Capital is the city of Saltillo; the second largest is Torreón and the thi ...
and
Zacatecas Zacatecas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas, is one of the Political divisions of Mexico, 31 states of Mexico. It is divided into Municipalities of Zacatecas, 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas City, Zacatec ...
. The typical habitat for most species are areas of transition between xerophilous shrublands and coniferous and Quercus (or oak) forests, such as the Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests. The greatest diversity in the genus is concentrated in the
Sierra Madre Oriental The Sierra Madre Oriental () is a mountain range in northeastern Mexico. The Sierra Madre Oriental is part of the American Cordillera, a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that ...
where two regions of species richness are found (in common with both being centers of endemism), the first in the Gran Sierra Plegada, and the second in the arid zone between the states of
Querétaro Querétaro, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro, is one of the Political divisions of Mexico, 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into Municipalities of Querétaro, 18 municipalities. Its capital city is Querétaro Cit ...
and Hidalgo. Three species also considered native to the Southwestern United States: '' Dasylirion wheeleri'', commonly known as desert spoon in the USA, is native to
Arizona Arizona is a U.S. state, state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States, sharing the Four Corners region of the western United States with Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. It also borders Nevada to the nort ...
,
New Mexico New Mexico is a state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States. It is one of the Mountain States of the southern Rocky Mountains, sharing the Four Corners region with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. It also ...
, and
Texas Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the we ...
, as well as Chihuahua and
Sonora Sonora (), officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora (), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Administrative divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is divided into Municipalities of Sonora, 72 ...
in Mexico; '' Dasylirion texanum'', native to Texas as well as Coahuila, Mexico; and '' Dasylirion leiophyllum,'' native to New Mexico, Texas, as well as Chihuahua, and Coahuila in Mexico.


Human use

Dasylirion was once a major food source in the drier regions of the Southwest USA and Mexico. Native Americans would bake or roast the crown of the plant in rock-lined pits before drying and pounding to form a flour that was then made into cakes. The flowering stems can also be roasted, boiled or eaten raw. The leaves were and are sometimes still used in thatching, basket making, and weaving into hats or mats.


Sotol

Sotol is a distilled spirit produced from various species of ''Dasylirion''. The most common species used to produce sotol are '' Dasylirion wheeleri'', '' Dasylirion durangense,'' '' Dasylirion cedrosanum'', and '' Dasylirion leiophyllum,'' and less commonly with '' Dasylirion texanum'' and '' Dasylirion lucidum''. Sotol has long been the most popular distilled spirit in the Mexican states of Chihuahua,
Coahuila Coahuila, formally Coahuila de Zaragoza, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza, is one of the 31 states of Mexico. The largest city and State Capital is the city of Saltillo; the second largest is Torreón and the thi ...
, and
Durango Durango, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, is one of the 31 states which make up the Political divisions of Mexico, 32 Federal Entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest portion of the country. With a population of 1,832,650 ...
, but sotol was technically illegal in Mexico until 1994. After legalization and it was granted a denomination of origin (DO) in 2002. According to the DO authorized by the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property, Sotol can only be produced in Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango. The indigenous peoples of the Chihuahuan desert, such as the Jumano Pueblos and the
Lipan Apache Lipan Apache are a band of Apache, a Southern Athabaskan languages, Southern Athabaskan Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous people, who have lived in the Oasisamerica, Southwest and Southern Plains for centuries. At the time of European ...
have made this traditional drink for centuries. Other indigenous peoples of Chihuahua, such as the Rarámuri, fermented sotol juice into a beer-like alcoholic beverage as early as 800 years ago. After baking, the crown of the plant is peeled, crushed and mixed with water before being fermented.
Distillation Distillation, also classical distillation, is the process of separating the component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically discrete substances; the separation process is realized by way of the selective boiling of the mixt ...
technology was introduced in the 16th century by early Filipino immigrants who arrived via the Manila galleons to the coastal regions of western
Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...
. Distinctive Filipino-type stills were initially used by Filipino coconut farmers in distilling tubâ into " ''vino de coco''" (coconut sap liquor). This technology and the knowledge of liquor production were acquired by the indigenous peoples who worked in the coconut plantations. They were then used to distil native drinks, resulting in sotol and the similarly produced
mezcal Mezcal (, ), sometimes spelled mescal, is a liquor, distilled alcoholic beverage made from any type of agave. Agaves or magueys are endemic to the Americas and found globally as ornamental plants. The ''Agave'' genus is a member of the Agavoid ...
.


Species

As of June 2025, the genus ''Dasylirion'' includes 23 accepted species.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
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Formerly placed here

*'' Nolina bigelovii'' (Torr.) S.Watson (as ''D. bigelovii'' Torr.)


References


Flora of North America: ''Dasylirion''
*Bogler, D. J. (1995). Systematics of Dasylirion: taxonomy and molecular phylogeny. ''Bol. Soc. Bot. México'' 56: 69–76.


External links

{{Authority control Asparagaceae genera Taxa named by Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini Dioecious plants