Czernowitz

Chernivtsi (, ; , ;, , see also other names) is a city in southwestern Ukraine on the upper course of the Prut River. Formerly the capital of the historic region of Bukovina, which is now divided between Romania and Ukraine, Chernivtsi serves as the administrative center for the Chernivtsi urban hromada, the Chernivtsi Raion, and the oblast itself. The Chernivtsi population is and the latest census in 2001 was 240,600.

The first document that refers to this city dates back to 1408, when Chernivtsi was a town in the region of Moldavia, formerly as a defensive fortification, and became the center of Bukovina in 1488. In 1538, Chernivtsi was under the control of the Principality of Moldavia under Polish suzerainty, later under Ottoman Empire suzerainty, and the Moldavian control lasted for two centuries until 1774, when Austria took control of Bukovina in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War. Chernivtsi (known at that time as ) became the center of the Galicia's Bukovina District until 1848, later becoming the Duchy of Bukovina until 1918. In the aftermath of World War I, Romania united with Bukovina in 1918, which led to the city regaining its Romanian name of ; this lasted until the Soviets occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Chernivtsi was under the control of the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1941, after which Romania recovered the city, and then again from 1944 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union, after which it became part of independent Ukraine.

Chernivtsi is viewed as one of Western Ukraine's main cultural centers. The city is also considered one of Ukraine's important educational and architectural sites. Historically a cosmopolitan community, Chernivtsi was once dubbed "Little Vienna" and "Jerusalem upon the Prut". The city is a major regional rail and road transportation hub, also housing an international airport.

Names

Aside from its Ukrainian name of Chernivtsi, the city is also known by several different names in various languages, which still are used by the respective population groups much as they used to be throughout the city's history, either in connection with the rule by one country or another or independently from it:

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In the times of Halych-Volyn Principality (1199–1253), the city's name was ''Chern''.

In "Documents of Western Russia" () published in Saint Petersburg in 1846 (Volume 1, page 32, document #21), the city is mentioned as Chernov'tsi ().

History

Prehistory

Archaeological evidence discovered in the area surrounding Chernivtsi indicates that a population inhabited it since the Neolithic era. Later settlements included those of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, the Corded Ware culture; artifacts from the Bronze and Iron Ages were also found in the city. In the Middle Ages there lived East Slavic tribes White Croats and Tivertsi.

Under Principality of Halych

A fortified settlement located on the left (north-eastern) shore of the Prut in a modern-day Chernivtsi dates back to the time of the Principality of Halych and is thought to have been built by Grand Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl. Accounts refer to this fortress-city as ''Chern, or ''Black city''; it is said to owe its name to the black color of the city walls, built from dark oak layered with local black-colored soil. This early stronghold was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Europe by Boroldai in 1259. However, the remaining ramparts of the fortress were still used for defense purposes; in the 17th century they were augmented with several bastions, one of which is still extant.

Following the destruction of the fortress, later settlements in the area centered on the right (south-western) shore of the Prut River, at a more strategically advantageous, elevated location. In 1325, when the Kingdom of Poland seized control of Galicia, and came into contact with the early Vlach ( Romanian) feudal formations, a fort was mentioned under the name ''Țețina''; it was defending the ford and crossing point on the Prut River. It was part of a group of three fortifications; the other two being the fortress of Hotin on the Dniester to the east, and a fort on the Kolachin River, an upriver tributary of Prut.

Under the Principality of Moldavia

Between 1359 and 1775, the city and its surroundings were part of the Principality of Moldavia, one of the historic provinces of Romania; the city being the administrative center of the homonymous ''ținut'' (county). The name Cernăuți is first attested in a document by Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Good) on 8 October 1408. In Ottoman sources, the city was mentioned as "Çernovi".

Under Austro-Hungarian rule

In 1775, the northwestern part of the territory of Moldavia was annexed by the Habsburg Empire; this region became known as Bukovina. The city became the region's capital, organized as the Bukovina District part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, which in 1849 was raised in status and became known as the Duchy of Bukovina, a crownland of the Austrian Empire. The city received Magdeburg rights. The city began to flourish in 1778 when Knight Karl von Enzenberg was appointed the chief of the Military Administration. He invited many merchants, craftsmen and entrepreneurs to help develop trade and other businesses. Saint Peter's Fairs (1–15 July) had given a new vibrant impulse to the market development from 1786. In the late 19th century the German language—due to the Habsburg and the very important Jewish influence—became the lingua franca and more and more newspapers were edited in German, also a remarkable literary production in German began in this period, featuring most prominently Karl Emil Franzos.

West Ukrainian People's Republic

During the 19th and early 20th century, Chernivtsi became a center of both Ukrainian and Romanian national movements. In 1908, it was the site of the first Yiddish language conference, the Czernowitz Conference, coordinated by Nathan Birnbaum. In 1910, Romanians and Ukrainians were almost in equal numbers with the Romanians concentrated mainly in the south and the Ukrainians mainly in the north.. When Austria-Hungary dissolved in 1918, due to loss in World War 2, two years of political uncertainty followed. During the short period of time, West Ukrainian People's Republic, was proclaimed in Lviv on 1st of November 1918. Prior to that, on 14/27th Of october, 1918 Ukrainian Bukovina executive committee was created, a constituent assembly to whom the Austrian governor of the province subsequently handed power.. In November, committee took power and controlled the Ukrainian part of Bukovina, constituting of Northern Bukovina, and including the city of Chernivtsi, Zastavna, Vashkivtsi, Vyzhnytsia.

On November 3rd, 1918, a large Ukrainian Bukovina Viche was held in Chernivtsi, at which the majority voted for reunification with the West Ukrainian People's Republic proclaimed in Lviv. It has further unanimously expressed a strong protest against the annexation of Bukovina to the Kingdom of Romania, and elected Omelian Popovych as a chairman of the Ukrainian Regional Committee . On November 6th, 1918, Ukrainians took over power in Chernivtsi, Yosyp Bezpalko was appointed as a mayor of the city. . At that time, a 2.5 thousand corps of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen were stationed in the city..

Chernivtsi Under Romanian rule

From 11th November to 19th December, Romanian army takes over Chernivtsi (Cernăuți) and formalizes Bukovina's annexation.. As the aftermath of World War I, Bukovina together with Chernivtsi was recognised and became a part of the Kingdom of Romania, which gained worldwide diplomatic recognition by the end of 1920 as an aftermath of unsuccessful Ukrainian War of Independence, as West Ukrainian People's Republic was crushed down together with Ukrainian People's Republic by its Neighbors. During those two years, even most city residents did not know of which country they were citizens, with most assuming Czernowitz still belonged to Austria-Hungary. German remained the lingua franca of the city and its suburbs for another decade. In 1930, the city reached a population of 112,400. While Romanians formed the majority of Bukovina's diverse population in 1930, the ethnic composition of Chernivtsi County had a Ukrainian majority. Ukrainians made up 44.5% of the population, followed by Romanians at 25.5%, Jews at 16.7%, Germans at 6.4%, and Poles at 4.9%. The remaining population consisted of Russians, Romani, Hungarians, and other smaller ethnic groups.UNGUREANU, Constantin. Populaţia Bucovinei în 1910 şi 1930. Evoluţii etno-demografice.  In: ''In honorem Alexandru Moşanu: Studii de istorie medievală, modernă şi contemporană a românilor'', 22 septembrie 2012, Cluj-Napoca. Cluj -Napoca, România: Academia Română. Centrul de Studii Transilvane: P resa Universitară Clujeană, 2012, pp. 449. ISBN 978-973-595-418-

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Soviet occupation and World War 2

In 1940, the Red Army occupied the area; the area around the city became known as Chernivtsi Oblast, and was allotted to the Ukrainian SSR by the Soviet Union. The city's large Romanian intelligentsia found refuge in Romania; while the Bukovina Germans were "repatriated" according to a Soviet-Nazi agreement. Under the regime of military dictator Ion Antonescu, Romania had switched from an ally of France and Britain to one of Nazi Germany; subsequently, in July 1941, the Romanian Army retook the city as part of the Axis attack on the Soviet Union during World War II. Chernivtsi would become the capital of the Romanian Bukovina Governorate.

In August 1941, Antonescu ordered the creation of a ghetto in the lowland part of the city, where 50,000 Bukovina Jews were crammed, two-thirds of whom would be deported in October 1941 and early 1942 to Transnistria, where the majority of the deportees died. The Romanian mayor of the city Traian Popovici managed to persuade Antonescu to raise the number of Jews exempted from deportation from 200 to 20,000.

After 29 March 1944, when Axis forces were driven out by the Red Army, the city was reincorporated into the Ukrainian SSR. Over the following years, most of the Jews emigrated to Israel; the city was an important node in the Berihah network. Bukovina Poles were expelled by the Soviets after World War II. The city became a predominantly Ukrainian one.

Independence

Since 1991, Chernivtsi has been a part of an independent Ukraine. In May 1999, Romania opened a consulate general in the city.

Until 18 July 2020, Chernivtsi was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to any raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernivtsi Oblast to three, the city was merged into Chernivtsi Raion.

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city has been a host for refugees from the fighting in eastern and central Ukraine and a resting point for refugees on their way to nearby Romania. Some Chernivtsi residents have also left the country.

Symbolics

Coat of arms

The Chernivtsi coat of arms is framed by a bronze ornamental cartouche, and a red heraldic shield depicting an open stone gate with a figured trident in the middle. Under the gate, there are two crossed laurel branches, tied with ribbons. The crown of the symbol is the stone crown.

Flag of Chernivtsi

The Chernivtsi flag consists of a tree, the top, and a rectangular cloth, the front of which forms framed by a red tooth-like ornament white background with an inscription in Ukrainian in the center, over which there is inscribed in Ukrainian: "Chernivtsi". Under the coat of arms, there is the sign "1408" – the date of the first written mention of the city. On both sides of the coat of arms and all four corners of the field are filled with floral ornaments and with the addition of two beech branches with nuts and leaves. The reverse side is formed by a yellow background with the coat of arms of Ukraine in the center with frames and ornaments similar to the front side.

Honorary chain of the mayor of Chernivtsi

The mayor's honorary chain is a symbol of Chernivtsi mayor's authority, which is served on behalf of the territorial community. Founded in 1908 and restored in 2008. The symbol is a medallion with the inscription engraved on it: "From Chernivtsi community to freely elected head", on the reverse – "The foundation of a free state is a free community". The medallion is attached to a chain consisting of stylized coats of arms Ukraine, Chernivtsi region and the city of Chernivtsi. The symbol is made of gold colour metal.

Medal "To the glory of Chernivtsi"

The medal "To the glory of Chernivtsi" is an honorary distinction of the Chernivtsi City Council, introduced to the 600th Anniversary of Chernivtsi (2008) in order to reward individuals who actively contributed to the prosperity of the city and its promotion in Ukraine and the world. The award is made of silver-gilt, it has a circle shape with a diameter of . The medal's strip is white with red stripes, which corresponds to the colours of the Chernivtsi flag. At the bottom of the strip, there is a beech branch. The obverse depicts the emblem of Chernivtsi and the inscription – "To the glory of Chernivtsi". On the reverse – the official Chernivtsi logo, designed and approved for the anniversary. The medal is awarded, according to the decision of the executive committee of the City Council, annually during the celebration of the city day.

The official motto of modern Chernivtsi, "Спільними зусиллями!", is a Ukrainian-language version of the Latin ''Viribus Unitis'' ("With United Forces"), the personal motto of Franz Joseph, who personally bestowed the right to use it on Chernivtsi. This indicates a special attitude of the emperor to the city. Along with the capital of Bukovina, only the first naval ship of the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( SMS ''Viribus Unitis'') was honoured with such honour.

Logo of Chernivtsi

The official ''Chernivtsi 600'' logo was developed and approved by the anniversary of the city in 2008. It was recognized so successful that it continues to be used. The main idea of components for emblem is based on the antiquity of the city, its exceptional architectural heritage and the hard work of its inhabitants. The symbol is made in the form of a blacksmith's work of art, which testifies to the soundness, prosperity, and success. The color scheme of the logo, represented by dark blue and yellow, has a higher degree of comfortable contrast and coincides with the colors of the State Flag of Ukraine.

In the early 2010s, a new city logo was developed and approved, and at the same time the official slogan was affixed: "Chernivtsi is unique in diversity". Old and new symbols of Chernivtsi were chosen for its creation. To the left, in the foreground, there is a trumpet player who wins the trumpet tune "Marichka". In the middle of the background, there is the town hall. The former Metropolitan Residence of Bukovina and Dalmatia which is recognized as the architectural pearl of the city is pictured to the right in the background.

The colour scheme of the logo represented in orange, blue and red, the name is purple. Such a combination is characteristic of tourism, which uses the notion of happiness, well-being, the joy of relaxation, visualizing positive symbols and images in a colourful, warm and vibrant colour scheme. The new logo uses old symbols from the "Chernivtsi 600" logo.

Geography

Chernivtsi is located in the historic region of Bukovina, which is currently shared between Romania (south) and Ukraine (north). Chernivtsi is located in the southwest of Ukraine, in the eastern Carpathians, on the border between the Carpathians and the East European Plain, from the border with Romania. The city lies 248 meters (817') above sea level and is surrounded by forests and fields. The River Prut runs through the city's landscape. The city is located in the Eastern European time zone in the region of meridian 26.

Chernivtsi is located at the intersection of the transport arteries: E85, H03, and H10

Climate

The city is located in a temperate climate zone. The climate is continental with mild winters and warm summers. The average annual temperature is +, the lowest in January (), the highest – in July (+). Winter weather usually comes on 28 November and ends 9 March; summer weather begins on 20 May, and ends on 10 September. The average annual rainfall in Chernivtsi is , with the lowest – in October and January–February, the highest – in June–July. Sometimes there are heavy rains during the summer. Snow cover is formed each winter, but its altitude is insignificant. The average wind speed ranges from 3.3 m/s (7 mph) in July to 4.0 m/s (9 mph) in January. The average annual humidity is 76%.

Landscape

The total area of Chernivtsi within the administrative boundaries of 2013 is about . According to the functional purpose the lands of the city are divided as follows: land of residential and public buildings (64%), lands of agricultural purpose (17%), lands of industry (9%), lands of recreational and environmental purpose (5%), lands of general use (3%), commercial land (2%).

The main water source of Chernivtsi is the Prut River in its upper reaches, which divides the city in half. Besides, there are six small streams and nine lakes within the city.

The relief is characterized by significant relief dip – from above sea level in the Prut valleys to in the western outskirts (Mount Tsetzino), which is caused by the location on the Chernivtsi Upland.

Chernivtsi is considered to be a "green city": the large territory is occupied by parks, squares, gardens, alleys and flower gardens. Nine objects are recognized as monuments of landscape art. The city has a botanical garden at the Yuriy Fedkovych National University with a unique orangery. Among the relict plants growing in the botanical garden, a special place is occupied by a giant Sequoiadendron.

Chernivtsi is located in the center of Chernivtsi Regional Park, which borders zakaznik "Thetzino" in the west and Mount Berda in the north.

State of the environment

At the end of the twentieth century, the main pollutants of the Chernivtsi environment were industrial enterprises, including the MIC. In the 1990s much of them ceased to exist or significantly reduced production capacity and thus reduced industrial emissions. Despite this, 58 enterprises (38.4% of the total amount in the region) are the main pollutants of the environment. Approximately 1.2 tonnes of pollutants are released into the air annually (34.9% of the total area emissions). Non-methane volatile organic compounds, carbon dioxide and substances in the form of solid suspended solids predominate in the structure of the emitted pollutants. In addition, carbon dioxide, which has a greenhouse effect, is periodically released into the atmosphere of the city. Emissions from stationary sources were 7.9 tonnes per of Chernivtsi territory. Each inhabitant of the regional center accounts for an average of of harmful emissions per year.

In 2008, Chernivtsi established an Environmental Monitoring System (EMS), an information structure that integrates environmental monitoring organizations and industrial enterprises that pollute the environment or which may adversely affect the environment or its components.

Since the late 1990s, transport is a significant factor in the negative impact on the environment. To some extent, the situation was improved with the construction of the first (2004) and the second (2010) queues of the bypass road, which connected the directions "Kyiv-Chernivtsi" and "Chernivtsi-Suceava". The problem of transit transport in the city will be finally resolved after the construction of the third branch of the bypass road, which will connect the directions "Suceava-Chernivtsi" and "Chernivtsi-Lviv".

Government

Chernivtsi is the administrative center of the Chernivtsi Oblast (province) and the city itself has own government within the oblast under subordination to Chernivtsi Raion.

Until 1 January 2016, the territory of Chernivtsi was divided into three administrative urban districts:

The current mayor of Chernivtsi is Roman Klichuk, who has been elected in 2020 Ukrainian local elections.

File:Czernowitz dom polski.jpg, Polish House, 1910
File:Chern old.jpg, Central Square of Czernowitz in the early 1900s
File:Czernowitz, residenz des erzbischofs.jpg, The Residence (photograph of c. 1899)
File:Chernivtsi Synagogue.jpg, An early 20th-century postcard depicting the Czernowitz Synagogue
File:Armenische Kirche in Czernowitz.jpg, Armenian church in the early 1900s

Demographics

The population, according to the data of the 2001 population census in Ukraine, was 236,691 inhabitants. Among them, there 189,021 identified themselves as ethnic Ukrainians (79.86%), 26,733 as Russians (11.29%), 10,553 as Romanians (4.36%), 3,829 as Moldovans (1.62%), 1,408 as Poles; (0.59%), 1,308 as Jews (0.55%) and 971 as members of other groups (0.41%).The Ukrainian census of 2001, ethnicity/nationality data by localities, at http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm The city of Chernivtsi had 236,691 inhabitants in 2001, of which 187,465 stated that they spoke Ukrainian (79.20%), 10,353 Romanian (4.37%, out of which 7,706 Romanian called it Romanian, or 3.26%, and 2,557 called it Moldovan, or 1.36%), 284 Polish (0.11%), and 36,150 Russian (15.27%).The Ukrainian census of 2001, language data by localities, at https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/

Based on the last available Soviet data, the population of the city, as of 1 January 1989, was 258,375 residents. Among these, there are some 171,925 Ukrainians (66.5%), 45,865 Russians (17.8%), 13,017 Romanians (5%), 6,361 Moldovans (2.5%), 2,205 Poles (0.9%), 1,725 Belarussians (0.7%) and 15,671 Jews (6.1%). At that time, 62.57% of the population was Ukrainian-speaking, 30.18% Russian-speaking, and 5.18% Romanian-speaking (of which 3.02% said that they were Romanian speaking, and 2.16% Moldovan-speaking).

The Romanian population in Chernivtsi started decreasing rapidly after 1950. Many Romanians fled to Romania or were deported to Siberia (where most of them died), and the remaining Romanian population quickly became a minority and assimilated with the majority. According to minority organizations, the Romanian minority in Chernivtsi is still decreasing nowadays as a result of cultural assimilation and emigration to Romania.

Chernivtsi once had a Jewish community of over 50,000, less than a third of whom survived World War II. Romanian lawyer and reserve officer , as well as the then city mayor Traian Popovici, supported by General Vasile Ionescu saved 19,689 Jewish people. Initially, Governor of Bukovina Corneliu Calotescu allowed only 190 Jewish people to stay, but Traian Popovici, after an incredible effort, obtained from the then dictator of Romania Marshal Ion Antonescu an allowance of 20,000. After World War II, the city was a key node in the Berihah network, which helped Jews to emigrate to the then Mandate Palestine from the difficult conditions after the War. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the majority of the remaining Jewish population emigrated to Israel and the United States. A famous member of this latter emigration is the actress Mila Kunis.

Chernivtsi was inhabited by Ukrainians, Romanians, Poles, Ruthenians, Jews, Roma, and Germans. During its affiliation with the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Chernivtsi enjoyed prosperity and culture as the capital of the Bukovina crown land. Until 1918, the main language of the city was German, which, in addition to the Germans, was also spoken by Jews (together they made up half the population of the city) and even partly by Ukrainians, Romanians and Poles. After World War II, the Shoah and Porajmos, and the resettlement and expulsion of the whole ethnic groups, including Germans and Romanians, this status was diminished. Today, the Ukrainians are the dominant population group.

Chernivtsi's change in demographic diversity is demonstrated by the following population statistics. Once, Romanians and Ukrainians formed the majority of the population. However, after 1870, Yiddish-speaking or German-speaking Jews surpassed the Romanians as the largest population group of the town. After 1880, the Ukrainians surpassed the Romanians as the second-largest population group.

Language

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:

Native language of the population of the former districts of the city according to the 2001 census.

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 82% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, 15% spoke Russian, and 2% spoke Romanian. This reflects the increasing proportion of Ukrainian-speakers in the city, from 79.2% in 2001 to 82% in 2023, while the proportion of Russian-speakers stayed stationary at 15%, and the percentage of Romanian-speakers decreased from 4.34% in 2001 to around 2% in 2023. Most of the self-identified ethnic Romanians (4.36% of the population in 2001) and Moldovans (1.36% of the population in 2001) seemed to be Ukrainian-speakers by 2023.

Economy

The total number of economic entities in the city is 25.4 thousand. On 1 January 2006, there were 6739 legal entities – business entities and almost 19,000 private entrepreneurs – individuals, primarily represented by small enterprises. The volume of sales and services provided to small enterprises is ₴578 million or 22% of the total Chernivtsi volumes. The share of the city's tax revenues is almost 35%. The most attractive for small businesses are trade and services, restaurant and tourist business.

Wholesale and retail trade, industry and construction are successfully developing in Chernivtsi. In 2005, wholesale and retail sales accounted for over 64%, industry – 23%, construction – 6%, real estate operations – 2.3%, transport and communications – more than 2%.

Industry

In the industrial sector of the city, there are 10 branches, which have 70 large enterprises with a total number of employees over 20 thousand people or 13% of the working population of the city. The annual volume of industrial production at these enterprises is about ₴775 million. The share of citywide tax revenues to the budgets of all levels of the industry is 21%. Defining industries in the city's industry are food, light, mechanical engineering and woodworking. Food processing companies produce sugar, bakery products, alcohol, oil, meat and milk, fruits, vegetables and other products. In the light industry, the production of garments, knitwear, hosiery, rubber and leather footwear and textiles prevails. Mechanical engineering is represented by the production of oil and gas processing equipment and agricultural machinery. The timber industry is dominated by the production of lumber, furniture, joinery and other wood products.

Trade and services

In 2005, there were 1922 trade enterprises, 609 restaurants, 892 services in the city. There are 22 markets and micro-markets in the city. ₴10 million are invested annually in their construction, reconstruction, improvement of trade conditions and creation of facilities for buyers. Chernivtsi City Shopping Complex, "Kalinivskiy Rynok" Municipal Enterprise is a modern multidisciplinary enterprise with powerful infrastructure. The average daily number of market visitors is 50,000 people, served by 9,100 entrepreneurs. The volume of services in 2005 amounted to almost ₴23 million, more than ₴18 million was paid into the city budget, or nearly 10% of the total revenues.

Health care

Almost all health care establishments of the region are concentrated in Chernivtsi. 39 medical establishments (hospitals, clinics, and polyclinics) provide citizens of Chernivtsi with necessary medical care. Medical services are provided by 4.47 thousand people, of which – 1102 doctors, 1902 – average health workers, 1473 – junior and support staff.

Municipal medical establishments provide the following medical services:
* Emergency care (emergency care station);
* Dispensary and polyclinic care (5 municipal polyclinics, a municipal children polyclinic, polyclinics of two maternity houses, a polyclinic of preventive examination and Municipal Dentistry Association, which includes two dentist clinics);
* Specialized medical care (3 hospitals, 2 maternity houses, a tuberculosis hospital and a municipal children hospital);
* Disease-prevention and anti-epidemic services (a municipal sanitary and epidemiological station).

Culture

Throughout the centuries Chernivtsi, as the center of Bukovina, was forming as a multicultural city with an atmosphere of tolerance, which contributed to the development of artists and artistic institutions across the ethnic boundaries.

The city has 2 theaters, a philharmonic hall, an organ hall (located in the building of an Armenian Catholic Church), more than 10 museums, 6 cinemas, 31 libraries, a palace of culture, 4 music schools and a fine arts school. The city has more than 100 religious organizations and diocesan authorities. More than a dozen of active non-profit cultural organizations operate in Chernivtsi, including Adam Mickiewicz Polish Culture Society, Mihai Eminescu Romanian Culture Society and the Society of Austrian and German Culture. The is a building of great relevance for the ethnic Romanians of the city and the surrounding area.

Since 1997 Chernivtsi has hosted an international art event under "Days of European Culture Heritage" project. Every year "Bukovinian Meetings" folklore festival is held during the City Day in which art groups from Poland, Hungary, Romania and Germany take part.

Important part of Chernivtsi cultural life is Malanka Fest, Ukraine's main carnival timed to the religious St. Melania (" Malanka") Day and St. Basil Day. The festival is usually held on 14 January, although the date may be moved to match the weekend. During the Festival groups from different towns and settlements of Bukovina compete in the artistic ingenuity.

One of the biggest literary festival in Ukraine is the Meridian Czernowitz International Poetic Festival. The purpose of the festival is to return Chernivtsi to the cultural map of Europe and to develop a dialogue between contemporary Ukrainian poets and their foreign colleagues. The festival saw the participants from more than 13 different countries.

Several of the publications of Ukraine's Romanian minority are published in Chernivtsi, including '' Zorile Bucovinei'', ''Concordia'', ''Libertatea Cuvântului'', ''Curierul de Cernăuți'', ''Arcașul'' and ''Septentrion literar''. Cernăuți TV, a private Romanian-language TV channel is also headquartered in Chernivtsi.

Museums

* Chernivtsi Museum of Local Lore has the largest collection of materials and artifacts of the nature, history, and culture of Northern Bukovina: a collection of old printed books with a unique Ostroh Bible, printed by Ivan Fedorov in 1581; numismatic collection with more than 3 thousand coins; a collection of weapons; an archaeological collection of more than 12,000 objects. The museum hosts a collection of works of fine and decorative arts, the basis of which consists of icons of the 16th to 18th centuries and works of prominent Bukovinian artists. The natural collection includes nearly 10,000 specimens, including taxidermy, herbarium and entomological collections.
* Chernivtsi Regional Art Museum. The museum is located in an Art Nouveau monument of architecture of national significance. The total number of exhibits in the museum exceeds 10,000, including a collection of unique Bukovinian folk and religious images, rugs and glass icons of the 19th and 20th centuries, Bukovina and Hutsul pysankas, old printed books, isuch as the 1632 printing of " The Apostle" and a number of academic and modernist paintings.
* History and Culture Museum of Bukovinian Jews, located in the former Jewish People's House (now the Central Palace of Culture). The museum hosts a collection of exhibits on the religious and secular lives of Bukovina Jewish community from 18th to the middle of the 20th century, including books, documents, photographs, costumes and decorative arts.
* Chernivtsi Museum of Folk Architecture and Folkways, an architectural and landscape complex consisting of monuments of folk architecture of the late 18th to the first half of the 20th centuries. The exposition of the museum includes about 35 structures, transported from different parts of the region and rebuilt in their original forms with appropriate natural surroundings.
* Olha Kobylianska Literary Memorial Museum
* Yuriy Fedkovych Literary Memorial Museum
* Volodymyr Ivasiuk Memorial Museum
* Museum of the Bukovinian Diaspora
* Air and Space Museum

Architecture

There are many places which attract residents and visitors of Chernivtsi: Drama Theatre, Regional Philharmonic Society, Organ and Chamber Music Hall, puppet theatre, Museum of Local Lore, History and Economy, Museum of Fine Arts, Bukovinian Diaspora Museum, Museum of Folk Architecture and Way of Life, memorial museums of writers, the Central Palace of Culture, the Star Alley in Teatralna Square.

The city of Chernivtsi has a lot of architecturally important buildings. Many historic buildings have been preserved, especially within the city's center. However, after years of disrepair and neglect, the buildings are in need of major restoration.

As Chernivtsi was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it was closely related to the empire's culture, including architecture. Main architectural styles present within the city include Vienna Secession and Neoclassicism, Baroque, late Gothic architecture, and fragments of traditional Moldavian and Hungarian architecture, Byzantine architecture as well as Cubism. During the Interwar Romanian administration, a great number of buildings in the Neo-Romanian and Art Deco architectural styles were also built. The city is sometimes dubbed ''Little Vienna'', because its architecture is reminiscent of the Austro-Hungarian capital Vienna.

The main architectural attractions of the city include: Olha Kobylianska Chernivtsi Drama Theater (1905); Chernivtsi Town Hall (1847); the Residence of Bukovinian and Damatian Metropolitans (the building of Chernivtsi University)—UNESCO World Heritage Site (1882); Chernivtsi University Botanical Garden (1877); the Regional Museum of Fine Arts—the former savings bank (1900); the building of the Regional Council—former Palace of Justice (1906); and the Chernivtsi Palace of Culture—former Jewish National House (1908); among many others. The Moorish Revival Czernowitz Synagogue was heavily damaged by fire in 1941, the walls were used to create the "Chernivtsi" movie theater.

The Czech architect Josef Hlávka designed, in 1864–1882, the buildings that currently house the Chernivtsi State University. They were originally the residence of the Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans. The Romanesque and Byzantine architecture is embellished with motifs of Ukrainian folk art; for example, the tile roof patterns duplicate the geometric designs of traditional Ukrainian embroidery.

Polish National House in Chernivtsi

The history of the Polish community in Chernivtsi dates back to the late 18th century, when authorities of the Habsburg Empire encouraged Poles to move to Bucovina. By the mid-19th century, several Polish organizations existed in the city, including Bratnia Pomoc (Brotherly Aid) and Czytelnia Polska (Polish Reading Room). On the initiative of publishers of the Gazeta Polska daily newspaper, collection of money for the construction of Polish House was initiated. In the early 20th century, two Polish activists, doctor Tadeusz Mischke and judge Jakub Simonowicz purchased a house. In 1904, its expansion was initiated. It was carried out by architect Franciszek Skowron, interior decorator Konrad Górecki and sculptors from Zakopane, Skwarnicki and Gerasimowicz. The expansion was completed in 1905, and Polish House operated until World War II.

In 1945, Soviet authorities opened here a cinema, later a music school. Currently, the complex houses Adam Mickiewicz Association of Polish Culture.

Apart from the Polish House, Chernivtsi also has German, Romanian and Jewish Houses.

German National House in Chernivtsi

It was built in the early 20th century by the union of the German community in Chernivtsi, which became the center of German cultural and social life in Chernivtsi and Bukovina. The German House was built in 1908–1910 according to plans developed by architect Gustav Fric. The building measures 1700 square metres, 25,000 cubic metres. built as a profitable house and a partnership house for 700,000 kroons on the site of the old German school building. The German House also had its own bank, and its own printing house, where various books, brochures, newspapers, and magazines were published, including the newspaper "German diary", which was popular at the time.

Jewish National House in Chernivtsi

The house was built in 1908 by the Jewish community and until the Second World War, it was the centre of Jewish life in Chernivtsi and home to various Jewish associations and organisations. At least 45,000 Jews from the Bukovina region fell victim to mass shootings, forced labour and deportations beginning in 1941. With the advent of the Soviet government (1944), the building was transferred to the City House of Culture. Today it is the Central Palace of Culture of Chernivtsi

Religion

* Cathedral of the Holy Spirit (Sviato-Dukhivskyi Cathedral) is a cathedral of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) in Chernivtsi. The first stone in its foundation was laid in July 1844. The construction was carried out under the supervision of local engineer Adolf Marin and Viennese architect Anton Röll. In 1860 the facade of the church was rebuilt under the design of Josef Hlavka. Twenty years after the work began in July 1864, Bishop Yevhenii Hakman consecrated the cathedral. However, interior decoration work continued until the end of the century. In 1892–1896, a group of artists from Vienna painted the walls. It was built in the style of the Italian Renaissance, based on one of the projects of the St. Isaac's Cathedral, which was presented to Bishop Hakman.
* The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church has an increasingly large number of believers in Chernivtsi. UGCC has several churches in the city. The main temple representing the church in Bukovina is the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, completed in 1821. On 12 September 2017, Pope Francis confirmed the decision of the Synod of Bishops of the UGCC to establish a separate Chernivtsi eparchy and to appoint Yosafat Moschych as its Bishop.
* The Armenian Catholic Saints Peter and Paul Church was built and consecrated in 1875. In 1979, it was included on the list of architectural monuments of national significance. Since 1987, it houses the organ hall of Chernivtsi Philarmonic.
* Basilica of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross is a Roman Catholic church with the status of a minor basilica, the first stone building of the city. At the time of Bukovina's annexation to Austria in 1774, there were no Roman Catholic churches in the province. The first holy mass was held at the wooden house of General Gabriel von Spleny, the first Austrian governor of Bukovina, attended by only a small number of Roman Catholics. In 1778, the building of the first Catholic church in Chernivtsi was completed. The architectural structure of the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross is characterized by classic features.

The Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans is included in the UNESCO list of Architectural Heritage.

Education

Chernivtsi is a known scientific and educational center in Western Ukraine. Research Institutes of Thermoelectricity, the Institute of Medical and Ecological Problems of the Ministry of Health Care of Ukraine, Chernivtsi National University, Bukovinian State Medical University, Trade and Economics Institute, Institute of Economics and Law, Bukovinian State Institute for Finance and Economics.

Secondary education in Chernivtsi is provided by:
* 46 high schools with the Ukrainian language of study – 97.3% of students;
* 4 high schools with the Romanian language of study – 2.7%;
* 2 private schools: Hope and Harmony.
* 3 lyceums and 7 gymnasium.

There are 5 gymnasiums, 3 lyceums, and 3 sport schools, the Municipal Center of Science, "Young Technicians" Club, "GERDAN" Theatre-Studio.

There are 15 higher educational institutions (universities, institutes, colleges). Among them:
* Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University (19,227 students) – one of the few classic universities in the country. It was opened on 4 October 1875, according to the decree of the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph. At that time the university consisted of three faculties: philosophical, theological and law. Today, 16 faculties and the Chernivtsi Pedagogical College within the ChNU are functioning at the university. Almost 13,000 students study in 61 specialities; the main areas of preparation are the natural sciences, and the humanities. This is the only university in the country where civilian theologians are trained.
* Bukovinian State Medical University (4321 students). The teaching process at the 42 departments is provided by 75 doctors and 321 candidates of sciences. The teaching staff provides training for 4,474 students, including 675 students from 35 countries. Foreign students are taught in English. The Faculty of Postgraduate Education trains about 800 interns and over 2000 attending physicians; the university provides continuity and continuity of higher medical education: junior specialist, bachelor, doctor-specialist, master, graduate student. BSMU prepares specialists in the specialties "Medical Affairs", "Pediatrics", "Dentistry", "Medical Psychology", "Clinical Pharmacy", "Pharmacy", "Nursing", "Laboratory diagnostics".
* Chernivtsi Trade-Economics Institute of the Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics (2315 students). The university trains specialists in the field of internal and foreign trade, restaurant business, state financial system and law, customs service, antitrust activity, business economics, banking and insurance, tax and accounting and control, audit, tourism, hospitality, household and other links in the infrastructure.
* Bukovinian University (the first private higher educational institution in the region) – 1,273 students.
* Bukovinian State Institute for Finance and Economics – 1,268 students.
* Chernivtsi Branch of the Interregional Academy of Personnel Management.

Sports

The most popular kinds of sports in Chernivtsi include archery, judo, field hockey, karate, power-lifting and orienteering. Chernivtsi's baseball, ice hockey, and football clubs (FC Bukovyna Chernivtsi) are participants in the Ukrainian national championships.

Chernivtsi has a large number of sports establishments and facilities, including five stadiums, 186 sports grounds, two tennis courts, eleven football fields, five skating rinks, 21 shooting galleries, three swimming pools, 69 gyms, 62 gyms with special training equipment, and an international motorcycle racing track.

Over 7,950 inhabitants are members of sport clubs within the city, and more than 50,000 people participate in various sport activities. Currently, eight sportsmen from the city are members of national teams and twelve are members of national youth teams. Three athletes from Chernivtsi were prize-winners in various world tournaments, two were winners of European and 42 of national championships in 2002.

Chernivtsi has been host to the Sidecross World Championship a number of times, most recently in June 2010.

Transport

Chernivtsi has two main modes of public transport: buses and trolleybuses. All modes of transport cost approximately $0.20 .
In 2018, Chernivtsi has begun testing hybrid trolleybuses. The new trolleybuses are designed to improve the public transport system of Chernivtsi by making it more energy-efficient, as well as covering the part of the town which currently has no trolleybus lines. In 2023, the municipal transit operator introduced electronic fare cards for use on its vehicles.

Rail

There are three railway stations in Chernivtsi: Chernivtsi station (38 Vokzalna Street., north from the centre), Chernivtsi-Pivnichna Railway station (Zavods'ka street, 13 (northwest ) and Chernivtsi-Pivdenna Railway station (Malovokzalna street, 21 (south )

Air

Chernivtsi is served by the Chernivtsi International Airport (CWC) located south of the city centre (Kadeniuka street, 30).

Road

Chernivtsi has access to the M19 highway, which is part of the European route E85, which links it to Bucharest (south) and Ternopil and Lutsk (north). Moreover, the H03 and H10 highways link Chernivtsi to other cities in Ukraine, the former connecting it to the capital city of Kyiv, which is located about north-east of Chernivtsi.

Twin towns – sister cities

The first international contacts with the city were established on 20 July 1989, when then-Mayor of Chernivtsi City Council Pavel Kaspruk, signed a twinning agreement with the Mayor of Salt Lake City (USA) – Lowell Turner. To commemorate this event, the Cradle of Peace was erected in Chernivtsi.

Chernivtsi is twinned with:

* Bălți, Moldova
* Chișinău, Moldova
* Cluj-Napoca, Romania
* Düsseldorf, Germany
* Iași, Romania
* İzmir, Turkey
* Klagenfurt, Austria
* Konin, Poland
* Mannheim, Germany
* Metz, France
* Netanya, Israel
* Nof HaGalil, Israel
* Rueil-Malmaison, France
* Salt Lake City, United States
* Saskatoon, Canada
* Suceava, Romania
* Timișoara, Romania
* Wolfsberg, Austria

Former twin cities

In February 2016 the Chernivtsi city council terminated its twinned relations with the Russian cities Bryansk and Podolsk due to the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Notable people

Natives

* Sophia Agranovich, American classical concert pianist, Centaur Records recording artist and music educator
* Aharon Appelfeld (1932–2018), Jewish writer
* Zamfir Arbore (1848–1933), Romanian politician
* Ninon Ausländer (1895–1966), art historian and wife of Hermann Hesse
* Rose Ausländer (1901–1988), Jewish German-language writer
* Elyakim Badian (1925–2000), Israeli politician
* Leon Birnbaum (1918–2010), Romanian mathematician and philosopher
* Charles K. Bliss (1897–1985), inventor of Blissymbolics
* Klara Blum (1904–1971), Jewish German-language writer in Austria, the Soviet Union, and China
* Aurica Bojescu, Ukrainian Romanian lawyer, minority rights activist and politician
* Dmitry Borisov, Russian journalist
* Ion Bostan (1914–1992), Romanian film director
* Octav Botnar (1913–1998), Romanian businessman, philanthropist, billionaire
* Josef Burg (1912–2009), last Yiddish poet in Chernivtsi
* Paul Celan (1920–1970), German-language poet and translator
* Erwin Chargaff (1905–2002), Jewish biochemist
* Eugen Ehrlich (1862–1922), Jewish jurist, pioneer of the field of sociology of law
* Natalia Fedner (born 1983), Ukrainian-American fashion designer
* Moysey Fishbeyn (1947–2020), a Ukrainian poet
* Maria Forescu (1875–1943/1947), Romanian opera singer and film actress
* Rudolf Gerlach-Rusnak (1895–1960), German operatic and concert lyrical tenor
* Max Glücksmann (1875–1946), Argentine Jewish pioneer of the music and film industries
* George Grigorovici (1871–1950), Romanian politician
* Radu Grigorovici (1911–2008), Romanian physicist
* Dmytro Hnatyuk (1925–2016), a Ukrainian baritone opera singer
* Alexandru N. Hurmuzachi (1869–1946), Romanian politician
* Constantin N. Hurmuzachi (1863–1937), Romanian biologist
* Doxuță Hurmuzachi (1845–1931), Romanian jurist and politician
* Frederick John Kiesler (1890–1965), a theater designer, artist, theoretician and architect
* Ruth Klieger Aliav (1914–1979), Romanian-Israeli Jewish activist
* Sam Kogan (1946–2004), stage director, actor and founding principal of the Academy of the Science of Acting and Directing in London
* Renata Kallosh (born 1943), theoretical physicist
* Mila Kunis (born 1983), American actress
* Elena Leușteanu (1935–2008), Romanian Olympic gymnast
* Ani Lorak (born 1978), Ukrainian singer, songwriter, actress
* Eusebius Mandyczewski (1857–1929), Ukrainian-Romanian musicologist and composer
* Itzik Manger (1901–1969), Yiddish writer
* Georg Marco (1863–1923), Austrian chess player and author
* Meinhard E. Mayer (1929–2011), Romanian-American mathematician and physicist, professor emeritus of Physics and Mathematics at the University of California
* Volodymyr Melnykov (born 1951), Ukrainian poet, writer and composer
* Karol Mikuli (1821–1897), Polish-Romanian musician of Armenian descent
* Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (1850–1905), Polish surgeon
* Ingrid Nargang (1929–2019), Austrian lawyer and contemporary historian
* Dan Pagis (1930–1986), Israeli writer
* Emil Paur (1855–1932), conductor
* Traian Popovici (1892–1946), Romanian lawyer, mayor of Chernivtsi, and a Righteous Among the Nations for saving 20,000 Jews during the Holocaust
* Iacob Pistiner, lawyer and Member of the Romanian Parliament in the interwar years
* Aron Pumnul (1818–1866), Romanian philologist and teacher, national and revolutionary activist
* Bernard Reder, sculptor
* Markus Reiner (1886–1976), one of the founders of rheology
* Gregor von Rezzori (1914–1998), German-language writer of Sicilian-Austrian origin
* Ludwig Rottenberg (1864–1932), conductor and composer
* Maximilien Rubel (1905–1996), Marxist historian
* Lev Shekhtman (born 1951), Russian-American theater director and actor
* Ze'ev Sherf (1904–1984), Israeli Minister of Finance
* Jan Tabachnyk (born 1945), singer and composer
* Sidi Tal (1912–1983), singer and actress
* Inna Tsymbalyuk (born 1985), Ukrainian model and actress; semifinalist at Miss Universe 2006.
* Viorica Ursuleac (1894–1985), Romanian opera singer (dramatic soprano)
* Inna Vernikov (Born 1984) New York City councilwoman
* Sofia Vicoveanca (born 1941), Romanian singer of popular music from the Bukovina region
* Roman Vlad (1919–2013) Romanian-Italian composer, pianist, and musicologist
* Sydir Vorobkevych (1836–1903) Ukrainian composer and writer
* Ruth Wisse, professor of literature
* Mariya Yaremchuk (born 1993), Ukrainian singer, represented Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
* Arseniy Yatsenyuk (born 1974), Ukrainian politician
* Constantin Zablovschi (1882–1967), Romanian engineer
* Frederic Zelnik (1885–1950), an important German silent movie director-producer

Residents

* Moyshe Altman (1890–1981), Yiddish writer
* Hermann Bahr
* Nicolae Bălan (1882–1955), Romanian cleric, a metropolitan bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church
* Grigore Vasiliu Birlic (1905–1970), Romanian actor
* Nathan Birnbaum
* Charles K. Bliss
* Kassian Bogatyrets
* Nikolay Bogolyubov
* Traian Brăileanu (1882–1947), Romanian sociologist and politician
* Romulus Cândea (1886–1973), Romanian ecclesiastical historian
* Erwin Chargaff
* Nicolae Cotos (1883–1959), Romanian theologian
* Mihai Eminescu (1850–1889), Romanian poet, novelist and journalist
* Iancu Flondor (1865–1924), Romanian activist who advocated Bukovina's unification with the Kingdom of Romania
* Jacob Frank (1726–1791), Polish rabbi and founder of Frankism
* Ivan Franko
* Karl Emil Franzos (1848–1904), Jewish writer and publicist, grew up in Chernivtsi and wrote a literary memorial of the Jewish ghetto, ''The Jews of Barnow''
* Constantin Isopescu-Grecul (1871–1938), Romanian jurist, politician and journalist
* Gala Galaction (1879–1961), Romanian writer
* Abraham Goldfaden, active here
* Zygmunt Gorgolewski
* Ion Grămadă (1886–1917) Romanian writer, historian and journalist
* Marian Hadenko (1955–2021), Ukrainian singer, songwriter and composer
* Maximilian Hacman (1877–1961), Romanian jurist
* Hans Hahn
* Eudoxiu Hurmuzachi (1812–1874), Romanian historian, politician ( Landeshauptmann of Bukovina) and patriot
* Volodymyr Ivasyuk (1949–1979), Ukrainian singer, songwriter and poet
* Joseph Kalmer (1898–1959), Austrian writer, poet and translator
* Leonid Kravchuk, first President of Ukraine from 1991 to 1994
* Olha Kobylyanska
* Zvi Laron
* Vasile Luca (1898–1963), Soviet and Romanian communist politician
* Anastasiya Markovich (born 1979), painter
* George Mihalcheon
* Karol Mikuli (1821–1892), Romanian pianist and composer, student of Frédéric Chopin
* Ivan Mykolaychuk (1941–1987)
* Grigore Nandriș (1895–1968), Romanian linguist, philologist and memoirist
* Miron Nicolescu (1903–1975), Romanian mathematician
* Ion Nistor (1876–1962), Romanian historian and politician
* Aurel Onciul
* Dimitrie Onciul (1856–1923), Romanian historian
* Dimitrie Petrino
* Israel Polack
* George Popovici (1863–1905), Romanian agrarian politician, jurist and poet
* Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883), Romanian composer
* Aron Pumnul (1818–1866), Romanian philologist and teacher, national and revolutionary activist
* Sextil Pușcariu
* Florin Piersic (born 1936), Romanian actor and TV personality
* Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957), Jewish psychoanalyst and sexologist, born in Dobrzanica, went to school in Chernivtsi
* Eric Roll, Baron Roll of Ipsden (1907–2005),
* Sofia Rotaru (born 1947), Romanian-Ukrainian pop singer
* Wojciech Rubinowicz
* Ion G. Sbiera (1836–1916), Romanian folklorist and historian
* Joseph Schmidt (1904–1942) singer, actor and cantor
* Fritz von Scholz (1896–1944), SS officer
* Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), economist and Minister of Finance, 1909–1911, professor in Chernivtsi
* Georg Wassilko von Serecki
* Nissan Spivak
* Wilhelm Stekel (1868–1940), Jewish psychoanalyst and sexologist, born in Boiany, grew up in Chernivtsi and attended the Gymnasium (grammar school)
* Benno Straucher
* Vasile Tărâțeanu (1945–2022), Romanian journalist and writer
* Emilian Voiutschi
* Salo Weisselberger
* Nazariy Yaremchuk (1951–1995), Hutsul singer
* Léon d'Ymbault (–1781), mayor

Gallery

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File:Kościół Najświętszego Serca Pana Jezusa w Czerniowcach (Panorama1).jpg
File:Кафедральний собор православної церкви Московського патріархату.jpg
File:2018 - Вірменська церква у Чернівцях.jpg
File:WLM - 2020 - Миколаївський кафедральний собор (Чернівці).jpg
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References

Further reading

* Weiner, Miriam; Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with); Moldovan State Archives (in cooperation with) (1999)
"Town Clips: Chernevtsy."
'' Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories''. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. p. 409. ISBY 978-0-96-565081-6. OCLC 607423469.

External links

Information Portal Chernivtsi
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Аn English-language city guide to Chernivsi

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Oblast centers in Ukraine
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine
Magdeburg rights
Bukovina
Duchy of Bukovina
Capitals of former Romanian counties
Ținutul Suceava
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Cities in Chernivtsi Oblast
Populated places on the Prut
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine
Market towns in Moldavia