Cypriniformes is an order of

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of sk ...

, which includes many families and

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

of cyprinid ( carps and their kin) fish, such as barbs, loaches, botias, and minnows (among others). Cypriniformes is an "order-within-an-order", placed under the superorder Ostariophysi—which is also made up of cyprinid, ostariophysin fishes. The order contains 11–12 families (with some authorities having listed as many as 23), over 400 genera, and more than 4,250 named

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

; new species are regularly described, and new genera are recognized frequently.Eschmeyer, W.N., Fong, J.D. (2015
Species by family/subfamily
in the Catalog of Fishes, California Academy of Sciences (retrieved 2 July 2015) Cyprinids are most diverse in

South South is one of the cardinal directions or compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both west and east. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Proto-Germanic ''*sunþa ...

and

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

and are entirely absent from

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

and

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...

.Nelson (2006) At 112 years old, the longest-lived cypriniform fish documented is the bigmouth buffalo. Their closest living relatives are the Characiformes ( characins, tetras and their kin), the Gymnotiformes (

electric eel The electric eels are a genus, ''Electrophorus'', of neotropical freshwater fish from South America in the family Gymnotidae, of which they are the only members of the subfamily Electrophorinae. They are known for their electric fish, ability ...

and American knifefishes), and the Siluriformes ( catfishes).

Description

Like other orders of the Ostariophysi, fishes of Cypriniformes possess a Weberian apparatus. They differ from most of their relatives in having only a dorsal fin on their backs; most other fishes of Ostariophysi have a small, fleshy adipose fin behind the dorsal fin. Other differences are the Cypriniformes' unique kinethmoid, a small median bone in the snout, and the lack of teeth in the mouth. Instead, they have convergent structures called pharyngeal teeth in the throat. While other groups of fish, such as cichlids, also possess pharyngeal teeth, the cypriniformes' teeth grind against a chewing pad on the base of the skull, rather than an upper pharyngeal jaw. Steinbeisser 001

The most notable family placed here is the

Cyprinidae Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family, including the carps, the true minnows, and their relatives the barbs and barbels, among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and t ...

(

carp The term carp (: carp) is a generic common name for numerous species of freshwater fish from the family (biology), family Cyprinidae, a very large clade of ray-finned fish mostly native to Eurasia. While carp are prized game fish, quarries and a ...

s and minnows), which make up two-thirds of the order's diversity. This is one of the largest families of fish, and is widely distributed across

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

Eurasia Eurasia ( , ) is a continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. According to some geographers, Physical geography, physiographically, Eurasia is a single supercontinent. The concept of Europe and Asia as distinct continents d ...

, and

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

. Most species are strictly freshwater inhabitants, but some are found in brackish water, such as roach and bream. At least one species is found in saltwater, the Pacific redfin, '' Tribolodon brandtii''. Brackish water and marine cyprinids are invariably anadromous, swimming upstream into rivers to spawn. Sometimes separated as family Psilorhynchidae, they seem to be specially adapted fishes of the Cyprinidae. The Balitoridae and Gyrinocheilidae are families of mountain-stream fishes feeding on algae and small

invertebrate Invertebrates are animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''spine'' or ''backbone''), which evolved from the notochord. It is a paraphyletic grouping including all animals excluding the chordata, chordate s ...

s. They are found only in

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

and

subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones immediately to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Ge ...

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

. While the former are a speciose group, the latter contain only a handful of

. The suckers ( Catostomidae) are found in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ran ...

and eastern Asia. These large fishes are similar to carps in appearance and ecology. Members of the Cobitidae are common across

and parts of

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

. A midsized group like the suckers, they are rather similar to catfish in appearance and behaviour, feeding primarily off the substrate and equipped with barbels to help them locate food at night or in murky conditions. Fishes in the families Cobitidae, Balitoridae, Botiidae, and Gyrinocheilidae are called loaches, although the last do not seem to belong to the lineage of "true" loaches, but are related to the suckers.He ''et al.'' (2008)

Systematics

Historically, these included all the forms now placed in the superorder Ostariophysi except the catfish, which were placed in the order Siluriformes. By this definition, the Cypriniformes were

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

, so recently, the orders Gonorhynchiformes, Characiformes, ( characins and allies), and Gymnotiformes ( knifefishes and

s) have been separated out to form their own

monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...

orders. The families of Cypriniformes are traditionally divided into two suborders. Superfamily Cyprinioidea contains the carps and minnows (

) and also the mountain carps as the family Psilorhynchidae. In 2012,

Maurice Kottelat Maurice Kottelat (born 16 July 1957 in Delémont, SwitzerlandC ...

reviewed the superfamily Cobitoidei and under his revision it now consists of the following families: hillstream loaches ( Balitoridae), Barbuccidae, Botiidae, suckers ( Catostomidae), true loaches ( Cobitidae), Ellopostomatidae, Gastromyzontidae, sucking loaches ( Gyrinocheilidae), stone loaches (

Nemacheilidae The Nemacheilidae, or stone loaches, are a family of cypriniform fishes that inhabit stream environments, mostly in Eurasia, with one genus, ''Afronemacheilus'' found in Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous ...

), Serpenticobitidae, and long-finned loaches ( Vaillantellidae).Kottelat, M. (2012) Catostomoidea is usually treated as a

junior synonym In taxonomy, the scientific classification of living organisms, a synonym is an alternative scientific name for the accepted scientific name of a taxon. The botanical and zoological codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. ...

of the Cobitoidei, but it could be split off the Catostomidae and Gyrinocheilidae in a distinct superfamily; the Catostomoidea might be closer relatives of the carps and minnows than of the "true" loaches. While the Cyprinioidea seem more "primitive" than the loach-like forms, they were apparently successful enough never to shift from the original

ecological niche In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition. Three variants of ecological niche are described by It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of Resource (biology), resources an ...

of the basal Ostariophysi. Yet, from the ecomorphologically conservative main lineage apparently at least two major

radiation In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium. This includes: * ''electromagnetic radiation'' consisting of photons, such as radio waves, microwaves, infr ...

s branched off. These diversified from the lowlands into torrential river

habitat In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species' habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ...

s, acquiring similar habitus and

adaptation In biology, adaptation has three related meanings. Firstly, it is the dynamic evolutionary process of natural selection that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness. Secondly, it is a state reached by the p ...

s in the process. The mountain carps are the highly

apomorph In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to ha ...

ic Cyprinidae, perhaps close to true carps (Cyprininae), or maybe to the danionins. While some details about the

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

structures of this massively diverse family are known – e.g. that Cultrinae and

Leuciscinae Leuciscinae is a subfamily of freshwater Actinopterygii, ray-finned fishes belonging to the Family (biology), family Leuciscidae, which includes the fishes known as daces, chubs, shiners and minnows. The fishes in this subfamily are mainly found i ...

are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae – no good consensus exists yet on how the main lineages are interrelated. A systematic list, from the most ancient to the most modern lineages, can thus be given as: Amyzon hunanensis 01

* Family † Jianghanichthyidae Liu, Chang, Wilson & Murray, 2015 (

Paleocene The Paleocene ( ), or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), ...

Eocene The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes ...

of China) * Suborder Gyrinocheiloidei Betancur-R, ''et al.'', 2017 ** Family Gyrinocheilidae

Gill A gill () is a respiration organ, respiratory organ that many aquatic ecosystem, aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow r ...

, 1907 (algae eaters) * Suborder Catostomoidei Betancur-R, et al., 2017 ** Family Catostomidae Agassiz, 1850 (suckers) * Suborder Cobitoidei Fitzinger, 1832 ** Family Botiidae Berg, 1940 (pointface loaches) ** Family Vaillantellidae Nalbant & Bănărescu, 1977 (longfin loaches) ** Family Cobitidae Swainson, 1838 (spined loaches) ** Family Barbuccidae Kottelat, 2012 (scooter loaches) ** Family Gastromyzontidae Fowler, 1905 (hillstream loaches) ** Family Serpenticobitidae Kottelat, 2012 (snake loaches) ** Family Balitoridae Swainson, 1839 (river loaches) ** Family Ellopostomatidae Bohlen & Šlechtová, 2009 (square-head loaches) ** Family

Regan, 1911 (brook loaches) * Suborder Cyprinoidei Fitzinger, 1832 ** Family Paedocyprididae Mayden & W.J. Chen, 2010 (tiny carps) ** Family Psilorhynchidae Hora, 1926 (mountain carps) ** Family

Rafinesque, 1815 (carps) ** Family Sundadanionidae Mayden & Chen, 2010 (tiny danios) ** Family

Danionidae The danionins are a group of small, minnow-type fish belonging to the family Danionidae. Species of this group are in the genera clades ''Danio'' and '' Devario'' (which also includes ''Chela'', ''Laubuka'', ''Microdevario'', and ''Microrasbora ...

Bleeker, 1863 (danionids) ** Family Leptobarbidae Bleeker, 1864 (cigar barbs) ** Family Xenocyprididae Günther, 1868 (East Asian minnows or sharpbellies) ** Family Tincidae D. S. Jordan, 1878 (tenches) ** Family Acheilognathidae Bleeker, 1863 (bitterlings) ** Family

Gobionidae Gobioninae is a monophyletic family of Eurasian cyprinoid fishes. This is a species rich clade which, as a subfamily of the Cyprinidae was divided into five tribes: Gobionini, Pseudogobionini, Hemibarbini, Coreiini, and Sarcocheilichthyini. T ...

Bleeker, 1863 (freshwater gudgeons) ** Family Tanichthyidae Mayden & Chen, 2010 (mountain minnows) ** Family

Leuciscidae Leuciscidae is a family of freshwater ray-finned fishes, formerly classified as a subfamily of the Cyprinidae, which contains the true minnows. Members of the Old World (OW) clade of minnows within this subfamily are known as European minnow ...

Bonaparte, 1835 (minnows)

Phylogeny

Phylogeny based on the work of the following worksJörg Bohlen, Vendula Šlechtová: ''Phylogenetic position of the fish genus ''Ellopostoma'' (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) using molecular genetic data.'' Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. Bd. 20, Nr. 2, 2009, S. 157–162
PDF
; 1,8 MB)

Evolution

Cypriniformes include the most primitive of the Ostariophysi in the narrow sense (i.e. excluding the Gonorynchiformes). This is evidenced not only by physiological details, but also by their great distribution, which indicates they had the longest time to spread. The earliest that Cypriniformes might have diverged from Characiphysi ( Characiformes and relatives) is thought to be about the

Early Triassic The Early Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic Period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 251.9 Ma and Ma (million years ago). Rocks from this epoch are collectively known as the Lower Triassic Series, which ...

, about 250 million years ago ( mya). However, their divergence probably occurred only with the splitting-up of

Pangaea Pangaea or Pangea ( ) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from the earlier continental units of Gondwana, Euramerica and Siberia during the Carboniferous period approximately 335 mi ...

in the

Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately 143.1 Mya. ...

, maybe 160 million years ago (Mya). By 110 Mya, the

plate tectonics Plate tectonics (, ) is the scientific theory that the Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago. The model builds on the concept of , an idea developed durin ...

evidence indicates that the

Laurasia Laurasia () was the more northern of two large landmasses that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent from around ( Mya), the other being Gondwana. It separated from Gondwana (beginning in the late Triassic period) during the breakup of Pa ...

n Cypriniformes must have been distinct from their

Gondwana Gondwana ( ; ) was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia (continent), Australia, Zea ...

n relatives. The Cypriniformes are thought to have originated in

South-east Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania. Southeast Asia i ...

, where the most diversity of this group is found today. The alternative hypothesis is that they began in

, similar to the other otophysans. If this were the case, they would have spread to Asia through Africa or North America before the continents split up, for these are purely freshwater fishes. As the Characiformes began to diversify and spread, they may have outcompeted South American basal cypriniforms in Africa, where more advanced cypriniforms survive and coexist with characiforms.Briggs (2005) Until 2025, no cypriniform fossil remains were known predating the

Cenozoic The Cenozoic Era ( ; ) is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history. It is characterized by the dominance of mammals, insects, birds and angiosperms (flowering plants). It is the latest of three g ...

. In 2025, multiple fossil remains of an indeterminate cypriniform, including jaws, tooth plates, and vertebrae, were identified from the early

Maastrichtian The Maastrichtian ( ) is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) geologic timescale, the latest age (geology), age (uppermost stage (stratigraphy), stage) of the Late Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch or Upper Cretaceous series (s ...

-aged (71-69 Mya) Prince Creek Formation of Alaska. This occurrence suggests that in contrast to previous hypotheses, cypriniforms may have originated in high-latitude regions and radiated southwards during the Cenozoic. The next-oldest cypriniform fossils are already assignable to the living

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Catostomidae; from the

-aged Paskapoo Formation of

Alberta Alberta is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province in Canada. It is a part of Western Canada and is one of the three Canadian Prairies, prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to its west, Saskatchewan to its east, t ...

, they are roughly 60 million years old. During the

(55–35 Mya), catostomids and cyprinids spread throughout Asia; the earliest members of the cyprinid subfamilies Barbinae and Danioninae are known from the Eocene Sangkarewang Formation of

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...

, in addition to possibly Smilogastrinae and Labeoninae. The extinct family Jianghanichthyidae is known from the Eocene of China. In the

Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch (geology), epoch of the Paleogene Geologic time scale, Period that extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that defin ...

, around 30 Mya, advanced cyprinids began to outcompete catostomids wherever they were

sympatric In biology, two closely related species or populations are considered sympatric when they exist in the same geographic area and thus frequently encounter each other. An initially interbreeding population that splits into two or more distinct spe ...

, causing a decline of the suckers. Cyprinids reached North America and Europe about the same time, and Africa in the early

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

(some 23–20 Mya). The cypriniforms spread to North America through the

Bering land bridge Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72° north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip of the ...

, which formed and disappeared again several times during the many millions of years of cypriniform

evolution Evolution is the change in the heritable Phenotypic trait, characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift act on genetic variation, re ...

Relationship with humans

The Cyprinidae in particular are important in a variety of ways. Many species are important food fish, particularly in Europe and Asia. Some are also important as aquarium fish, of which the

goldfish The goldfish (''Carassius auratus'') is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae of the order Cypriniformes. It is commonly kept as a pet in indoor aquariums, and is one of the most popular aquarium fish. Goldfish released into the w ...

and koi are perhaps the most celebrated. The other families are of less commercial importance. The Catostomidae have some importance in

angling Angling (from Old English ''angol'', meaning "hook") is a fishing technique that uses a fish hook attached to a fishing line to tether individual fish in the mouth. The fishing line is usually manipulated with a fishing rod, although rodless te ...

, and some "loaches" are bred for the international

aquarium An aquarium (: aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium of any size having at least one transparent side in which aquatic plants or animals are kept and displayed. fishkeeping, Fishkeepers use aquaria to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, aquati ...

fish trade. Accidentally or deliberately introduced populations of common carp (''Cyprinus carpio'') and grass carp (''Ctenopharyngodon idella'') are found on all

continent A continent is any of several large geographical regions. Continents are generally identified by convention (norm), convention rather than any strict criteria. A continent could be a single large landmass, a part of a very large landmass, as ...

s except

Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. ...

. In some cases, these exotic species have a negative impact on the environment. Carp in particular stir up the riverbed, reducing the clarity of the water, making plant growth difficult. In science, one of the most famous members of the Cypriniformes is the zebrafish (''Danio rerio''). The zebrafish is one of the most important vertebrate

model organism A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. Mo ...

s in biological and biochemical sciences, being used in many kinds of experiments. During early development, the zebrafish has a nearly transparent body, so it is ideal for studying developmental biology. It is also used for the elucidation of biochemical signaling pathways. They are also good pets, but can be shy in bright light and crowded tanks.

Threats and extinction

Habitat destruction Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss or habitat reduction) occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved elsewhere, or are dead, leading to a decrease ...

, damming of upland rivers,

pollution Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause harm. Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). Pollutants, the component ...

, and in some cases

overfishing Overfishing is the removal of a species of fish (i.e. fishing) from a body of water at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its population naturally (i.e. the overexploitation of the fishery's existing Fish stocks, fish stock), resu ...

for food or the pet trade have driven some Cypriniformes to the brink of

extinct Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...

ion or even beyond. In particular, Cyprinidae of southwestern

have been severely affected; a considerable number went entirely extinct after settlement by Europeans. For example, in 1900 the thicktail chub (''Gila crassicauda'') was the most common freshwater fish found in

California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...

; 70 years later, not a single living individual existed.

The well-known red-tailed black shark (''Epalzeorhynchos bicolor'') from the Mae Klong River of '' The Bridge on the River Kwai'' fame possibly only survives in captivity. Ironically, while pollution and other forms of overuse by humans have driven it from its native home, it is bred for the aquarium fish trade by the thousands. The Yarqon bleak (''Acanthobrama telavivensis'') from the Yarqon River had to be rescued into captivity from imminent extinction; new populations have apparently been established again successfully from captive stock. The Balitoridae and Cobitidae, meanwhile, contain a very large number of species about which essentially nothing is known except how they look and where they were first found. Globally extinct Cypriniformes species are:IUCN (2007) * '' Acanthobrama hulensis'' * Gökçe balığı, ''Alburnus akili'' * '' Barbus microbarbis'' * Snake River sucker, ''Chasmistes muriei'' * '' Chondrostoma scodrense'' * '' Cyprinus yilongensis'' * Mexican dace, ''Evarra bustamantei'' * Plateau chub, ''Evarra eigenmanni'' * Endorheic chub, ''Evarra tlahuacensis'' * Thicktail chub, ''Gila crassicauda'' * Pahranagat spinedace, ''Lepidomeda altivelis'' * Harelip sucker, ''Moxostoma lacerum'' * Durango shiner, ''Notropis aulidion'' * Phantom shiner, ''Notropis orca'' * Salado shiner, ''Notropis saladonis'' * Clear Lake splittail, ''Pogonichthys ciscoides'' * Las Vegas dace, ''Rhinichthys deaconi'' * Stumptooth minnow, ''Stypodon signifer'' * '' Telestes ukliva''

Notes

References

* (2005): The biogeography of otophysan fishes (Ostariophysi: Otophysi): a new appraisal. '' J. Biogeogr.'' 32(2): 287–294. (HTML abstract) * (2004a)
Family Balitoridae - River loaches
Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05. * (2004b)
Family Catostomidae - Suckers
Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05. * (2004c)
Family Cobitidae - Loaches
Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05. * (2004d)
Family Cyprinidae - Minnows or carps
Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05. * (2004e)
Family Gyrinocheilidae - Algae eaters
Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05. * (2004f)
Family Psilorhynchidae - Mountain carps
Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05. * (2005)
Order Summary for Cypriniformes
Version of 2005-FEB-15. Retrieved 2007-03-05. * (2006)

Retrieved 2007-03-05. * (2005)
Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)
Version of 2005-08-03. Retrieved 2007-05-03. * (2008): Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus ''Psilorhynchus'' (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes): Evidence from the mitochondrial genome. '' Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.'' 47: 419–425. (HTML abstract) * (1997): ''The Diversity of Fishes''. Blackwell Publishing. * (2007): '' ww.iucnredlist.org 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'. * Kottelat, M. (2012)
Conspectus cobitidum: an inventory of the loaches of the world (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitoidei).
''The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Suppl. No. 26: 1-199.'' * (2006): ''

Fishes of the World ''Fishes of the World'' is a standard reference for the systematics of fishes. It was first written in 1976 by the American ichthyologist Joseph S. Nelson (1937–2011). Now in its fifth edition (2016), the work is a comprehensive overview of t ...

''. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. * 007

FishBase FishBase is a global species database of fish species (specifically finfish). It is the largest and most extensively accessed online database on adult finfish on the web.

''Tribolodon brandtii''
Retrieved 2007-03-05. * (2003): Mitochondrial Genomics of Ostariophysan Fishes: Perspectives on Phylogeny and Biogeography. '' J. Mol. Evol.'' 56(4): 464–472. (HTML abstract) * (2018): Phylogenetic classification of extant genera of fishes of the order Cypriniformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). ''

Zootaxa ''Zootaxa'' is a peer-reviewed scientific mega journal for animal taxonomists. It is published by Magnolia Press (Auckland, New Zealand). The journal was established by Zhi-Qiang Zhang in 2001 and new issues are published multiple times a week ...

'' 4476(1): 006–039. (HTML abstract)

External links

Cypriniformes Tree of Life
{{Authority control Ray-finned fish orders Ostariophysi Fish of Africa Fish of Europe Fish of Asia Fish of North America Fish of Central America Extant Maastrichtian first appearances