Corvette

A corvette is a small warship. It is traditionally the smallest class of vessel considered to be a proper (or " rated") warship. The warship class above the corvette is that of the frigate, while the class below was historically that of the sloop-of-war.

The modern roles that a corvette fulfills include coastal patrol craft, missile boat and fast attack craft. These corvettes are typically between 500 and 2,000 tons. Recent designs of corvettes may approach 3,000 tons and include a hangar to accommodate a helicopter, having size and capabilities that overlap with smaller frigates. However unlike contemporary frigates, a modern corvette does not have sufficient endurance or seaworthiness for long voyages.

The word "corvette" is first found in Middle French, a diminutive of the Dutch word ''corf'', meaning a "basket", from the Latin ''corbis''.

The rank " corvette captain", equivalent in many navies to " lieutenant commander", derives from the name of this type of ship. The rank is the most junior of three "captain" ranks in several European (e.g.; France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Croatia) and South American (e.g., Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Colombia) navies, because a corvette, as the smallest class of rated warship, was traditionally the smallest class of vessel entitled to a commander of a "captain" rank.

Sailing vessels

During the Age of Sail, corvettes were one of many types of warships smaller than a frigate and with a single deck of guns. They were very closely related to sloops-of-war. The role of the corvette consisted mostly of coastal patrol, fighting minor wars, supporting large fleets, or participating in show-the-flag missions. The Royal Navy began using small ships in the 1650s, but described them as sloops rather than corvettes. The first reference to a corvette was with the French Navy in the 1670s, which may be where the term originated. The French Navy's corvettes grew over the decades and by the 1780s they were ships of 20 guns or so, approximately equivalent to the British navy's post ships. The Royal Navy did not adopt the term until the 1830s, long after the Napoleonic Wars, to describe a small sixth-rate vessel somewhat larger than a sloop.

The last vessel lost by France during the American Revolutionary War was the corvette ''Le Dragon'', scuttled by her captain to avoid capture off Monte Cristi Province, Saint-Domingue on January 1783. Most corvettes and sloops of the 17th century were in length and measured 40 to 70 tons burthen. They carried four to eight smaller guns on single decks. Over time, vessels of increasing size and capability were called "corvettes"; by 1800, they reached lengths of over and measured from 400 to 600 tons burthen.

Steam ships

Ships during the steam era became much faster and more manoeuvrable than their sail ancestors. Corvettes during this era were typically used alongside gunboats during colonial missions. Battleships and other large vessels were unnecessary when fighting the indigenous people of the Far East and Africa.

World War II

The modern corvette appeared during World War II as an easily-built patrol and convoy escort vessel. The British naval designer William Reed drew up a small ship based on the single-shaft Smiths Dock Company whale catcher , whose simple design and mercantile construction standards lent itself to rapid production in large numbers in small yards unused to naval work. First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill, later Prime Minister, had a hand in reviving the name "corvette".

During the arms buildup leading to World War II, the term "corvette" was almost attached to the . The Tribals were so much larger than and sufficiently different from other British destroyers that some consideration was given to resurrecting the classification of "corvette" and applying it to them.

This idea was dropped, and the term applied to small, mass-produced antisubmarine escorts such as the of World War II. (Royal Navy ships were named after flowers, and ships in Royal Canadian Navy service took the name of smaller Canadian cities and towns.) Their chief duty was to protect convoys throughout the Battle of the Atlantic and on the routes from the UK to Murmansk carrying supplies to the Soviet Union.

The Flower-class corvette was originally designed for offshore patrol work, and was not ideal when pressed into service as an antisubmarine escort. It was shorter than ideal for oceangoing convoy escort work, too lightly armed for antiaircraft defense, and the ships were barely faster than the merchantmen they escorted. This was a particular problem given the faster German U-boat designs then emerging. Nonetheless, the ship was quite seaworthy and maneuverable, but living conditions for ocean voyages were challenging. As a result of these shortcomings, the corvette was superseded in the Royal Navy as the escort ship of choice by the frigate, which was larger, faster, better armed, and had two shafts. However, many small yards could not produce vessels of frigate size, so an improved corvette design, the , was introduced later in the war, with some remaining in service until the mid-1950s.

The Royal Australian Navy built 60 s, including 20 for the Royal Navy crewed by Australians, and four for the Indian Navy. These were officially described as Australian minesweepers, or as minesweeping sloops by the Royal Navy, and were named after Australian towns.

The s or trawlers were referred to as corvettes in the Royal New Zealand Navy, and two, and , rammed and sank a much larger Japanese submarine, , in 1943 in the Solomon Islands.

In Italy, the Regia Marina, in dire need of escort vessels for its convoys, designed the , of which 29 were built between 1942 and 1943 (out of 60 planned); they proved apt at operations in the Mediterranean Sea, especially in regards to their anti-air and anti-submarine capability, and were so successful that the class survived after the war into the Marina Militare Italiana until 1972.

Modern corvettes

Modern navies began a trend in the late 20th and early 21st centuries of building corvettes geared towards smaller more manoeuvrable surface capability. These corvettes have displacements between and measure in length. They are usually armed with medium- and small-calibre guns, surface-to-surface missiles, surface-to-air missiles (SAM), and anti-submarine weapons. Many can accommodate a small or medium anti-submarine warfare helicopter, with the larger ones also having a hangar. While the size and capabilities of the largest corvettes overlap with smaller frigates, corvettes are designed primarily for littoral deployment while frigates are ocean-going vessels by virtue of their greater endurance and seaworthiness.

Most countries with coastlines can build corvette-sized ships, either as part of their commercial shipbuilding activities or in purpose-built yards, but the sensors, weapons, and other systems required for a surface combatant are more specialized and are around 60% of the total cost. These components are purchased on the international market.

Current corvette classes

Many countries today operate corvettes. Countries that border smaller seas, such as the Baltic Sea or the Persian Gulf, are more likely to build the smaller and more manoeuvrable corvettes, with Russia operating the most corvettes in the world.

In the 1960s, the Portuguese Navy designed the s as multi-role small frigates intended to be affordable for a small navy. The ''João Coutinho'' class soon inspired a series of similar projects – including the Spanish , the German MEKO 140, the French A69 and the Portuguese – adopted by a number of medium- and small-sized navies.

The first operational corvette based on stealth technology was the Royal Norwegian Navy's . The Swedish Navy introduced the similarly stealthy .

Finland has plans to build four multi-role corvettes, currently dubbed the , in the 2020s as part of its navy's Project Squadron 2020. The corvettes will have helicopter carrying, mine laying, ice breaking, anti-aircraft and anti-ship abilities. They will be over long and cost a total of 1.2 billion euros.

The new German Navy is designed to replace Germany's fast attack craft and also incorporates stealth technology and land attack capabilities. The Israeli Navy has ordered four of these, named s and a more heavily armed version of the type, deliveries commenced in 2019.

The Greek Navy has categorised the class as fast attack missile craft. A similar vessel is the fast attack missile craft of the Turkish Navy, which is classified as a corvette by Lürssen Werft, the German ship designer.

The Indian Navy operates four s built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers. All of them were in service by 2017.

The Israeli Navy operates three s. Built in the U.S. to an Israeli design, they each carry one helicopter and are well-armed with offensive and defensive weapons systems, including the Barak 8 SAM, and advanced electronic sensors and countermeasures. They displace over 1,200 tons at full load.

Turkey began to build MİLGEM-class corvettes in 2005. The MİLGEM class is designed for anti-submarine warfare and littoral patrol duty. The lead ship, TCG ''Heybeliada'', entered navy service in 2011. The design concept and mission profile of the MİLGEM class is similar to the of littoral combat ships of the United States.

In 2004, to replace the patrol boat, the United Arab Emirates Ministry of Defence awarded a contract to Abu Dhabi Ship Building for the of corvettes. This class is based on the CMN Group's Combattante BR70 design. The ''Baynunah'' class is designed for patrol and surveillance, minelaying, interception and other anti-surface warfare operations in the United Arab Emirates territorial waters and exclusive economic zone.

The United States is developing littoral combat ships, which are essentially large corvettes, their spacious hulls permitting space for mission modules, allowing them to undertake tasks formerly assigned to specialist classes such as minesweepers or the anti-submarine .

Current operators

* operates three s, four s.
* operates six s
* operates two s.
* operates two modified s, purchased from the United Kingdom, which was upgraded to guided-missile corvettes.
* operates four s purchased from Italy.
* operates two and one ''Imperial Marinheiro''-class corvette.
* operates two s and eleven corvettes.
* operates a single purchased from South Korea.
* operates six s.
* operates four s.
* operates a single .
* operates five s as of 2024.
* operates one , seven , two , four and four s
* operates 14 s purchased from Germany, three s, three s, four s, and one presidential corvette .
* operates three s.
*
** operates two s and a single .
** navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps has 3 Shahid Soleimani class corvettes and 1 Abu Mahdi Al-Muhandis class corvette
* operates two s.
* operates four s, two s, and one Amnok-class corvette.
* operates six ''Kedah''-class corvettes, two s, and four s.
* operates three s.
* operates six s.
* operates three s, and two s.
* has operates two with two more ships on order, besides one modified , with three more ships on order.
* operates six s.
* operates three s purchased from the United Kingdom, two ''Pohang-class'' corvettes, and a single .
* operates a single and a single ''Kaszub''-class corvette.
* operates one and one .
* operates four s.
* operates two s, and two s.
* operates 20 s, six s, three s, ten Buyan-M-class corvettes, three s, eight s (classed as frigates by NATO), a single (also classed as a frigate by NATO), and two ''Bora''-class corvettes.
* operates a single .
* operates two ''Al Jubail''-class corvettes, and four s.
* operates six s.
* operates five s and two s.
* operates three s, one , and one s.
* operates four s.
* operates a single .
* operates a single .
* operates six s, two s, and a single .

* operates two s and one Tarantul-class corvette
* operates single Pauk-class corvette

* operates three ships
* operates seven s and one
* operates 21 ships
* operates two ships
* operates 12 ships
* operates two ships

* operates single ships purchased from South Korea
* operates single ship purchased from South Korea
* operates five ships
* operates two ships donated from South Korea
* operates two ships purchased from South Korea
* operates two ships purchased from South Korea

* operates two ships purchased from Spain
* operates single ship
* operates single ship

Jiangdao-class corvette

* operates four ships ordered from China
* operates 50 ships
* operates two ships ordered from China

* operates four s
* operates five ships

* operates two ships
* operates one ship donated by India

* operates three ships
* operates eight ships

Former operators

* decommissioned its last in 1960.
* returned both its s to the United Kingdom in 1944.
* decommissioned all its s and s in 1945, following World War II.
* decommissioned its last in 1967.
* decommissioned its last in 2009.
* decommissioned its last in 1979.
* decommissioned its last ''Turunmaa''-class corvette in 2002.
* sold all of its 16 s to Indonesia in 1992.
* decommissioned its two s in 1995.
* decommissioned its last in 1952.
* decommissioned its two s in 2022.
* decommissioned its last in 2019.
* decommissioned both its s in 2009.
* decommissioned its lone in 2012.
* decommissioned its last in 1958.
* decommissioned both its s in 1948.
* decommissioned its lone in 1967.
* decommissioned its last in 1996.
* last ''Vinnytsia'' was sunk in Ochakiv in 2022.
* decommissioned all its s in 1945 following World War II.
* decommissioned its lone in 1975.
* decommissioned its last in 1962.
* returned its lone to the United Kingdom in 1949.

Future development

* will receive three s from Russia and six Jiangdao-class corvettes from China.
* will receive three s from the United Arab Emirates.
* is planning to build 11 more s.
* is will commission three more Gowind-class corvettes.
* is currently planning to build four s.
* is a partner nation in the European Patrol Corvette project.
* is building an additional five s.
* is a partner nation in the European Patrol Corvette project. Greece is also planning on receiving a number of ''Themistocles''-class corvettes, a variant of the Israeli Sa'ar 72 class. Greece has also ordered three Gowind 2500-class corvettes from France.
* has begun research into its NGC (Next-Gen Corvette) project. India is also building 16 Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) corvette, and has signed contracts to build a further 6 corvettes under Next Generation Missile Vessels project.
* has approved the procurement proposal of up to three s from South Korea.
*
** Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy 1 Shahid Soleimani class corvette and 3 Abu Mahdi Al-Muhandis class corvettes are under construction
* is currently building an additional two s. Israel is also planning a number of new s.
* is leading the development of the European Patrol Corvette in a joint project with other European Union partners.
* has ordered four s from Turkey.
* purchased an additional from South Korea, but is awaiting transfer due to lack of funding. The Philippines have also ordered two new corvettes from Hyundai.
* is a partner nation in the European Patrol Corvette project.
* has ordered four Luleå-class vessels.
* is currently building corvettes in six separate classes, including: the Karakurt class, Buyan-M-class, ''Bykov'' class, ''Steregushchiy'' class, ''Gremyashchiy'' class and ''Derzky'' class (the latter three classed as frigates by NATO).
* has ordered an unspecified number of s from Turkey.
* has ordered two Gowind-class corvettes.

Museum ships

* (Replica), 1854, in Iquique, Chile
* , 1874 steam and sail barque, Buenos Aires, Argentina
* , 1941 , Williamstown, Victoria, Australia
* , 1955 , Belém, Para, Brazil
* , 1941 , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
* , 1941 , Whyalla, South Australia, Australia
* , 1968 corvette, Turku, Finland
* in Diu, India
* in Samut Prakan Province, Thailand.
* , a in Pohang, South Korea.
* , a in Jinhae, South Korea.
* , a , was sunk by a North Korean submarine on March 26, 2010, and later raised, is on display in Pyeongtaek, South Korea.
* , a in Kronstadt, Russia.
* , 1986 in Peenemünde, Germany.

Former museum ships

* , 1984 missile corvette, Fall River, Massachusetts, US - Scrapped in 2023 due to severe hull deterioration.
* , 1955 , Porto Velho, Brazil - Scrapped in 2023, after partially sinking at her moorings.

See also

* List of corvette classes
* List of corvette and sloop classes of the Royal Navy
* List of corvettes of the Second World War
* List of Escorteurs of the French Navy
* Corvette 31, a sailboat named in honour of the warship class.

References

Further reading

* The collection ''Three Corvettes'' by Nicholas Monsarrat recounts the writer's World War II experiences on corvettes, starting as an inexperienced small-boat sailor and ending as captain.
* The novel '' The Cruel Sea'' (1951), also by Nicholas Monsarrat, about the life and death of a Flower-class corvette and the men in her, is regarded as one of the classic naval stories of World War II.
* James B. Lamb's two books, ''The Corvette Navy'' and ''On the Triangle Run'', give an autobiographical and historical perspective of life on Royal Canadian Navy corvettes in World War II. The author served on them for five years from Halifax to the beaches of D-Day.

External links

Watch the 1943 film ''Corvette Port Arthur'' at NFB.ca
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Ship types
Naval sailing ship types