Many words in the English vocabulary are of French origin, most coming from the Anglo-Norman spoken by the
upper class
Upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of people who hold the highest social status. Usually, these are the wealthiest members of class society, and wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the upper cla ...
es in England for several hundred years after the
Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Normans, Norman, French people, French, Flemish people, Flemish, and Bretons, Breton troops, all led by the Du ...
, before the language settled into what became
Modern English
Modern English, sometimes called New English (NE) or present-day English (PDE) as opposed to Middle and Old English, is the form of the English language that has been spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England
England is a Count ...
. English words of French origin, such as ''art'', ''competition'', ''force'', ''money'', and ''table'' are pronounced according to English rules of
phonology
Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics: "phonemics ''n.'' 'obsolescent''1. Any procedure for identifying the phonemes of a language from a corpus of data. 2. (formerly also phonematics) A former synonym for phonology, often pre ...
, rather than French, and English speakers commonly use them without any awareness of their French origin.
This article covers French words and phrases that have entered the English lexicon without ever losing their character as Gallicisms: they remain unmistakably "French" to an English speaker. They are most common in written English, where they retain French
diacritic
A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or accent) is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek (, "distinguishing"), from (, "to distinguish"). The word ''diacrit ...
s and are usually printed in italics. In spoken English, at least some attempt is generally made to pronounce them as they would sound in French. An entirely English pronunciation is regarded as a solecism.
Some of the entries were never "good French", in the sense of being grammatical, idiomatic French usage. Others were once normal French but have either become very old-fashioned or have acquired different meanings and connotations in the original language, to the extent that a native French speaker would not understand them, either at all or in the intended sense.
ellipsis
The ellipsis (, plural ellipses; from , , ), rendered , alternatively described as suspension points/dots, points/periods of ellipsis, or ellipsis points, or colloquially, dot-dot-dot,. According to Toner it is difficult to establish when t ...
of) ''à la manière de''; in the manner of/in the style of
; à la carte: lit. "on the card, i.e. menu". In restaurants it refers to ordering individual dishes from the menu rather than a fixed-price meal. In America "à la carte menu" can be found, an oxymoron and a pleonasm.
;
à propos À, à ( a-grave) is a letter of the Catalan, Emilian-Romagnol, French, Italian, Maltese, Occitan, Portuguese, Sardinian, Scottish Gaelic, Vietnamese, and Welsh languages consisting of the letter A of the ISO basic Latin alphabet and a ...
: regarding/concerning (the correct French is ''à propos de'')
; affaire de cœur: lit. a love affair
; aide-de-camp: lit. "camp helper"; A military officer who serves as an adjutant to a higher-ranking officer, prince or other political dignitary.
; aide-mémoire: lit. "memory aid"; an object or memorandum to help one to remember things, or a diplomatic paper proposing the major points of discussion.
; amour propre: "Self-love", self-respect.
; amuse-bouche or amuse-gueule: lit. "mouth-amuser"; a single, bite-sized
hors d'œuvre
An hors d'oeuvre ( ; ), appetiser, appetizer or starter is a small dish (food), dish served before a meal in European cuisine. Some hors d'oeuvres are served cold, others hot. Hors d'oeuvres may be served at the dinner table as a part of the ...
. In France, the exact expression used is ''amuse-gueule'', ''gueule'' being slang for mouth (''gueule'' is the mouth of a carnivorous animal; when used to describe a human mouth, it is vulgarakin to "gob" although the expression itself is not vulgar). The expression refers to a small mouthful of food, served at the discretion of the chef before a meal as an hors d'oeuvre or between main courses.
;
ancien régime
''Ancien'' may refer to
* the French word for " ancient, old"
** Société des anciens textes français
* the French for "former, senior"
** Virelai ancien
** Ancien Régime
** Ancien Régime in France
{{disambig ...
: a sociopolitical or other system that no longer exists, an allusion to pre-revolutionary France (used with capital letters in French with this meaning:
Ancien Régime
''Ancien'' may refer to
* the French word for " ancient, old"
** Société des anciens textes français
* the French for "former, senior"
** Virelai ancien
** Ancien Régime
** Ancien Régime in France
{{disambig ...
)
;
aperçu {{Short pages monitor
International authorities have adopted a number of words and phrases from French for use by speakers of all languages in voice communications during air-sea rescues. Note that the "phonetic" versions of spelling are presented as shown and not the Help:IPA, IPA.
; Securité, SECURITAY: (''sécurité'', "safety") the following is a safety message or warning, the lowest level of danger.
; Pan-pan, PAN PAN: (''panne'', "breakdown") the following is a message concerning a danger to a person or ship, the next level of danger.
; Mayday (distress signal), MAYDAY: (''[venez] m'aider'', come to help me"; ''aidez-moi'' means "help me") the following is a message of extreme urgency, the highest level of danger. ''(MAYDAY is used on voice channels for the same uses as SOS on Morse code, Morse channels.)''
; Seelonce, SEELONCE: (''silence'', "silence") keep this channel clear for air-sea rescue communications.
; SEELONCE FEE NEE: (''silence fini'', "silence is over") this channel is now available again.
; PRU DONCE: (''prudence'', "prudence") silence partially lifted, channel may be used again for urgent non-distress communication.
; MAY DEE CAL: (''médical'', "medical") medical assistance needed.
It is a serious breach in most countries, and in international zones, to use any of these phrases without justification.
''See Mayday (distress signal) for a more detailed explanation.''
See also
* Glossary of ballet, which is predominantly French
* Glossary of fencing, which are often in French
* Franglais
* French language
* Law French
* List of English words of French origin, English words of French origin
* Influence of French on English
* List of pseudo-French words adapted to English, Pseudo-Gallicisms
* List of German expressions in English, German expressions in English
* List of Greek phrases, Greek phrases
* List of Latin phrases, Latin phrases
* List of Latin words with English derivatives, Latin words with English derivatives
* List of French loanwords in Persian, French loanwords in Persian
References
Further reading
* Francoise Blanchard, Jeremy Leven. ''Say Chic: A Collection of French Words We Can't Live Without''. Simon and Schuster. 2007. 144 pages
* Winokur, J., ''Je Ne Sais What?: A Guide to'' de rigueur ''Frenglish for Readers, Writers, and Speakers''
External links
''Communications Instructions, Distress and Rescue Procedures'' (pdf) Combined Communications Electronics Board, Combined Communications-Electronics Board
''Online Etymology Dictionary'' , Harper, D.
*
(John Aldrich, University of Southampton) See Section on Contribution of French.
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