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''Coenogonium'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of crustose lichen
Crustose lichens are lichens that form a crust which strongly adheres to the Substrate (biology), substrate (soil, rock, tree bark, etc.), making separation from the substrate impossible without destruction. The basic structure of crustose lichen ...
s in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species. Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are restricted to growth on termite nests. The genus was circumscribed
In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius.
Not every polyg ...
in 1820 by German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (19 April 1795 – 27 June 1876) was a German naturalist, zoologist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopist. Ehrenberg was an evangelist and was considered to be of the most famous and productive scie ...
.
''Coenogonium'' has a worldwide distribution, with most species known from tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
areas. Most species grow in tropical rain forests in the shaded understorey. They typically inhabit tree trunks, branches, liana
A liana is a long- stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight. The word ''liana'' does not refer to a ta ...
s, and leaves.
Description
Although members of ''Coenogonium'' are relatively easy to identify given its unique characteristics, identifying to species is more difficult due to the slight differences between them. The genus is characterized bybiatorine
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.apothecia with a paraplectenchymatous excipulum, partially amyloid hymenium (I+ blue then quickly sordid green then red-brown), thin-walled unitunicate
The genus is quite well known in continental areas that border the
asci ASCI or Asci may refer to:
* Advertising Standards Council of India
* Asci, the plural of ascus, in fungal anatomy
* Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative
* American Society for Clinical Investigation
* Argus Sour Crude Index
* Association of ...
, and 1-septate
In biology, a septum (Latin for ''something that encloses''; plural septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. A cavity or structure divided in this way may be referred to as septate.
Examples
Human anatomy
* Interatri ...
or rarely non-septate ascospore
An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or s ...
s. The photobiont
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.green alga
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as ...
from the family Trentepohliaceae
Trentepohliaceae are a family of green algae in the order Trentepohliales
Trentepohliales is an order (biology), order of Ulvophyceaen green algae.See the National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI]webpage on Trentepohliales Data ext ...
. The structure of the ''Coenogonium'' thallus is largely determined by the algal partner.
Similar genera include ''Malcolmiella
''Malcolmiella'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Pilocarpaceae.
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed by Czech lichenologist Antonín Vězda 1997, with ''Malcolmiella cinereovirens'' as the type, and only species. The generic nam ...
'', which differs mainly by having amyloid asci with a thickened tholus and non-septate, usually longer and broader ascospores with an ornamented perispore; ''Absconditella
''Absconditella'' is a genus of lichenised fungi in the family Stictidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1965 by Czech lichenologist Antonín Vězda, with '' Absconditella sphagnorum'' assigned as the type species. ''Absconditella'' is chara ...
'', which has a chlorococcoid photobiont and non-amyloid asci; and ''Cryptodiscus
''Cryptodiscus'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Stictidaceae.
Species
, Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is ba ...
'', which has '' Gloeocystis'' as photobiont, amyloid asci with a thickened apex and non-septate paraphyses.
Research
Species of ''Coenogonium'' have frequently used in morphological/anatomical and ecophysiological studies. Examples include thallus growth, apothecial development,ultrastructure
Ultrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells and biomaterials that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope. This traditionally meant the resolution and magnification range of a co ...
, photobiont and resynthesis in culture, and photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical energy is stored i ...
. The filamentous thalli of ''Coenogonium'' serve as a home for diatom
A diatom (Neo-Latin ''diatoma''), "a cutting through, a severance", from el, διάτομος, diátomos, "cut in half, divided equally" from el, διατέμνω, diatémno, "to cut in twain". is any member of a large group comprising sev ...
s and other microorganisms. Johannes Müller Argoviensis
Johann Müller (9 May 1828 - 28 January 1896) was a Swiss botanist who was a specialist in lichens. He published under the name Johannes Müller Argoviensis to distinguish himself from other naturalists with similar names.
Biography
Müller w ...
even used his erroneous interpretation of the thallus organization of filamentous ''Coenogonium'' to oppose Simon Schwendener
Simon Schwendener (10 February 1829 – 27 May 1919) was a Swiss botanist who was a native of Buchs in the Canton of St. Gallen.
In 1856 he received his doctorate at the University of Zurich, where afterwards he was an assistant to Carl Wilhelm ...
's theory of the symbiotic nature of lichens.
Species
The genus is quite well known in continental areas that border the Caribbean
The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...
, such as Florida and Costa Rica. About half of the world's biodiversity of this genus occurs in Brazil.
*'' Coenogonium aciculatum'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium agonimioides''
*'' Coenogonium albomarginatum''
*'' Coenogonium antonianum''
*'' Coenogonium atroluteum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium aurantiacum'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium bacilliferum''
*'' Coenogonium barbatellum''
*'' Coenogonium barbatum'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium beaverae''
*'' Coenogonium borinquense'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium botryosum''
*'' Coenogonium brasiliense''
*'' Coenogonium bryophilum'' – Australia
*'' Coenogonium byssothallinum'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium chloroticum'' – Brazil
*'' Coenogonium ciliatum''
*'' Coenogonium confervoides''
*'' Coenogonium convexum'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium coppinsii'' – Brazil
*'' Coenogonium coralloideum''
*'' Coenogonium coronatum''
*'' Coenogonium curvulum''
*'' Coenogonium dattatreyense''
*'' Coenogonium davidii''
*'' Coenogonium degeneri''
*'' Coenogonium dilucidum''
*'' Coenogonium dimorphicum'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium disciforme'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium eximium'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium fallaciosum''
*'' Coenogonium flammeum''
*'' Coenogonium flavicans''
*'' Coenogonium flavovirens''
*'' Coenogonium flavoviride''
*'' Coenogonium flavum''
*'' Coenogonium frederici''
*'' Coenogonium fruticulosum'' – New Zealand
*'' Coenogonium fuscescens''
*'' Coenogonium geralense'' – pantropical
*'' Coenogonium hainanense'' – China
*'' Coenogonium hypophyllum''
*'' Coenogonium implexum''
*'' Coenogonium interplexum''
*'' Coenogonium interpositum''
*'' Coenogonium isidiatum''
*''Coenogonium isidiiferum
''Coenogonium'' is a genus of crustose lichens in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species. Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are ...
''
*'' Coenogonium isidiigerum''
*'' Coenogonium isidiosum''
*''Coenogonium kalbii
''Coenogonium'' is a genus of crustose lichens in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species. Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are ...
'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium kawanae''
*'' Coenogonium kiggaense''
*'' Coenogonium labyrinthicum''
*'' Coenogonium linkii''
*'' Coenogonium lisowskii''
*'' Coenogonium lueckingii''
*'' Coenogonium luteocitrinum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium luteolum'' – Europe
*'' Coenogonium lutescens''
*'' Coenogonium luteum''
*'' Coenogonium magdalenae'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium maritimum'' – Florida
*'' Coenogonium minidenticulatum''
*'' Coenogonium minimum''
*'' Coenogonium minutissimum''
*'' Coenogonium moniliforme''
*'' Coenogonium nepalense'' – Neotropics and eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium perminutum''
*'' Coenogonium persistens'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium pertenue''
*'' Coenogonium piliferum''
*'' Coenogonium pineti''
*'' Coenogonium platysporum''
*'' Coenogonium pocsii'' – African Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium portoricense'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium pulchrum''
*'' Coenogonium pusillum''
*'' Coenogonium pyrophthalmum''
*'' Coenogonium queenslandicum'' – eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium riparium''
*'' Coenogonium roumeguerianum''
*'' Coenogonium rubrofuscum''
*'' Coenogonium saepincola'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium seychellense''
*'' Coenogonium siquirrense''
*'' Coenogonium stenosporum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium stramineum''
*'' Coenogonium strigosum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium subborinquense'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium subdentatum'' – Neotropics; eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium subdilucidum''
*'' Coenogonium subdilutum''
*'' Coenogonium subdilutum''
*'' Coenogonium subfallaciosum''
*'' Coenogonium subluteum''
*'' Coenogonium subsquamosum''
*'' Coenogonium subzonatum''
*'' Coenogonium tanzanicum''
*'' Coenogonium tavaresianum''
*'' Coenogonium theae''
*'' Coenogonium upretianum'' – Brazil
*'' Coenogonium usambarense'' – African and eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium verrucimarginatum'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium verrucosum'' – South America
*'' Coenogonium vezdanum''
*'' Coenogonium weberi''
*'' Coenogonium wernerhuberi'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium wrightii''
*'' Coenogonium zonatum''
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q10456565, from2=Q2981793 Gyalectales Gyalectales genera Lichen genera Taxa described in 1820 Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg