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Gyalectales Genera
''Gyalectales'' is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 5 families, 15 genera and about 550 species. Taxonomy The Gyalectales were introduced in a 1974 publication by Aino Henssen and Martin Jahns, but not formally published until 1986 by David Hawksworth and Ove Eriksson. Phylogeny An early (2002) phylogenetics study showed that the order Ostropales, as was then circumscribed, was paraphyletic, and proposed that the Ostropales sensu lato included the Gyalectales and Trapeliaceae. Although they had traditionally been considered to be only distantly related, molecular studies suggested a much closer phylogenetic relationship. As a result, of the molecular data, Kauff and Lutzoni subsumed the Gyalectales into the Ostropales, as the latter name was published earlier (1932 vs. 1986). In 2018, Kraichak and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks. Based on this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia). Classification The ascocarp is classified according to its placement (in ways not fundamental to the basic taxonomy). It is called ''epigeous'' if it grows above ground, as with the morels, while underground ascocarps, such as truffles, are termed ''hypogeous''. The structure enclosing the hymenium is divided into the types described below (apothecium, cleistothecium, etc.) and this character ''is'' important for the taxonomic classification of the fungus. Apothecia can be relatively large and fleshy, whereas the others are microscopic—about the size of flecks ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumscription (taxonomy)
In biological taxonomy, circumscription is the content of a taxon, that is, the delimitation of which subordinate taxa are parts of that taxon. If we determine that species X, Y, and Z belong in Genus A, and species T, U, V, and W belong in Genus B, those are our circumscriptions of those two genera. Another systematist might determine that T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z all belong in genus A. Agreement on circumscriptions is not governed by the Codes of Zoological or Botanical Nomenclature, and must be reached by scientific consensus. A goal of biological taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxon. This goal conflicts, at times, with the goal of achieving a natural classification that reflects the evolutionary history of divergence of groups of organisms. Balancing these two goals is a work in progress, and the circumscriptions of many taxa that had been regarded as stable for decades are in upheaval in the light of rapid developments in molecular phylogene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phlyctis
''Phlyctis'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the order Gyalectales, and the type genus of the family Phlyctidaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called blemished lichens. The genus was circumscribed by German lichenologist Julius von Flotow in 1850. The ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (2008) estimated the widespread genus to contain 12 species, but several species have been described and added to the genus since then. Species *''Phlyctis agelaea'' *''Phlyctis argena'' *''Phlyctis boliviensis'' *''Phlyctis communis'' – India *''Phlyctis himalayensis'' *''Phlyctis karnatakana'' – India *''Phlyctis ludoviciensis'' *''Phlyctis lueckingii'' – Sri Lanka *''Phlyctis monosperma'' – India *''Phlyctis petraea'' *''Phlyctis psoromica'' *''Phlyctis sirindhorniae'' *''Phlyctis subagelaea'' – India *''Phlyctis subargena'' *''Phlyctis subhimalayensis'' – India *''Phlyctis subuncinata'' *''Phlyctis tolgensis ''Phlyctis'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semigyalecta
''Semigyalecta'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Gyalectaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ''Semigyalecta paradoxa'', described as new to science in 1921 by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio Edvard August Vainio (born Edvard Lang; 5 August 185314 May 1929) was a Finnish lichenologist. His early works on the lichens of Lapland, his three-volume monograph on the lichen genus ''Cladonia'', and, in particular, his study of the classif .... References Lichen genera Gyalectales Gyalectales genera Taxa named by Edvard August Vainio Taxa described in 1921 {{Lecanoromycetes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ramonia
''Ramonia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Gyalectaceae. It contains 24 species. The genus was circumscribed by Ernst Stizenberger in 1862. The genus name of ''Ramonia'' is in honour of Ramón Dionisio José de la Sagra (1798–1871), who was a Spanish anarchist, politician, writer, and botanist who founded the world's first anarchist journal, ''El Porvenir'' (Spanish for "The Future"). Species *''Ramonia athallina'' *''Ramonia calcicola'' *''Ramonia chrysophaea'' *''Ramonia cupellina'' *''Ramonia dictyospora'' *''Ramonia elixii'' *''Ramonia elongata'' *''Ramonia eungellae'' *''Ramonia extensa'' *''Ramonia himelbrantii'' *''Ramonia leptospora'' *''Ramonia melathelia'' *''Ramonia microspora'' *''Ramonia minima'' *''Ramonia nepalensis'' *''Ramonia nigra'' *''Ramonia subantarctica'' *''Ramonia valenzueliana'' *''Ramonia variespora'' *''Ramonia vermispora'' *''Ramonia xylophila ''Ramonia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Gyalecta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gyalecta
''Gyalecta'' is a genus of fungi in the family Gyalectaceae that contains 50 species. ''Gyalecta'' was circumscribed by lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1808. Selected species *'' Gyalecta ancistrospora'' *''Gyalecta arbuti'' *''Gyalecta azorellae'' *''Gyalecta bicellulata'' *'' Gyalecta biformis'' *''Gyalecta calcicola'' *'' Gyalecta caudata'' *''Gyalecta caudiospora'' *''Gyalecta coralloidea'' *''Gyalecta derivata'' *''Gyalecta flotovii'' *''Gyalecta foveolaris'' *''Gyalecta geoica'' *''Gyalecta gyalizella'' *''Gyalecta herculina'' *'' Gyalecta himalayensis'' *''Gyalecta hokkaidica'' *'' Gyalecta incarnata'' *''Gyalecta jenensis'' *'' Gyalecta kibiensis'' *''Gyalecta lumbrispora'' *''Gyalecta lyngei'' *'' Gyalecta mediterranea'' *''Gyalecta nidarosiensis'' *''Gyalecta nigritella'' *''Gyalecta obesispora'' *''Gyalecta ophiospora'' *'' Gyalecta pellucida'' *''Gyalecta pittieriana'' *'' Gyalecta russula'' *''Gyalecta saxatilis'' *'' Gyalecta stellaris'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coenogonium
''Coenogonium'' is a genus of crustose lichens in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species. Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are restricted to growth on termite nests. The genus was circumscribed in 1820 by German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. ''Coenogonium'' has a worldwide distribution, with most species known from tropical areas. Most species grow in tropical rain forests in the shaded understorey. They typically inhabit tree trunks, branches, lianas, and leaves. Description Although members of ''Coenogonium'' are relatively easy to identify given its unique characteristics, identifying to species is more difficult due to the slight differences between them. The genus is characterized by biatorine (rarely zeorine), yellow to orange or brown apothecia with a paraplectenchymatous excipulum, partially amyloid hymenium (I+ blue then quickly sordid green ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxonomic Authority
In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a more inclusive group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (''division'' is sometimes used in botany in place of ''phylum''), class, order, family, genus, and species. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the founder of the current system of taxonomy, as he developed a ranked system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorizing organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. With advances in the theory, data and analytical technology of biological systematics, the Linnaean system has transformed into a system of modern biological classification intended to reflect the evolu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crown Group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. It is thus a way of defining a clade, a group consisting of a species and all its extant or extinct descendants. For example, Neornithes (birds) can be defined as a crown group, which includes the most recent common ancestor of all modern birds, and all of its extant or extinct descendants. The concept was developed by Willi Hennig, the formulator of phylogenetic systematics, as a way of classifying living organisms relative to their extinct relatives in his "Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten", and the "crown" and "stem" group terminology was coined by R. P. S. Jefferies in 1979. Though formulated in the 1970s, the term was not commonly used until its reintroduction in 2000 by Graham Budd and Sören Jensen. Contents of the crown ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between org ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MYA (unit)
Mya may refer to: Brands and product names * Mya (program), an intelligent personal assistant created by Motorola * Mya (TV channel), an Italian Television channel * Midwest Young Artists, a comprehensive youth music program Codes * Burmese language, ISO 639-3 code is * Moruya Airport's IATA code * The IOC, license plate, and UNDP country code for Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ... ("MYA") People * Mya (given name) * Mya (singer) (Mya Marie Harrison, born 1979), an American R&B singer-songwriter and actress * Bo Mya (1927–2006), nom de guerre of a Myanmar rebel leader, chief rapist of the Karen National Union Other uses * ''Mýa'' (album), a 1998 album by Mýa * ''Mya'' (bivalve), a genus of soft-shell clams * MYA (unit) for "million ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
