''Gyalectales'' is an

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...

of lichen-forming

fungi A fungus (plural, : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of Eukaryote, eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and Mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified ...

in the class

Lecanoromycetes Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci (spore-bearing cells) of the Lecanoromycetes most often release spores by rostrate dehiscence. Genera of unc ...

. It contains 5

families Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

, 15

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...

and about 550 species.

Taxonomy

The Gyalectales were introduced in a 1974 publication by

Aino Henssen Aino Marjatta Henssen (12 April 1925, Elberfeld – 29 August 2011, Marburg), was a German lichenologist and systematist. Her father, Gottfried Henssen, was a folklorist and her mother was Finnish. Education and career Henssen began her studie ...

and Martin Jahns, but not formally published until 1986 by David Hawksworth and Ove Eriksson.

Phylogeny

An early (2002)

phylogenetics In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups ...

study showed that the order

Ostropales The Ostropales are an order of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. The order was circumscribed by Swedish botanist John Axel Nannfeldt in 1932. The order contains 4 families and 46 genera, including 6 genera of uncertain familial placement. Fa ...

, as was then

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every po ...

, was

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

, and proposed that the Ostropales

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

included the Gyalectales and

Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species. Taxonomy Trapeliaceae was originally circumscribed by French lichenologist Maurice Choisy in 1929. Hannes Hertel emended the f ...

. Although they had traditionally been considered to be only distantly related,

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioch ...

studies suggested a much closer phylogenetic relationship. As a result, of the molecular data, Kauff and Lutzoni subsumed the Gyalectales into the Ostropales, as the latter name was published earlier (1932 vs. 1986). In 2018, Kraichak and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks. Based on this approach, clades that share a common ancestor between 176 and 194 Mya and a time window of 111–135 Mya correspond to order-level and family-level, respectively. The Gyalectales clade, consisting of the families Trichotheliaceae, Coenogoniaceae, Sagiolechiaceae, Gyalectaceae and Phlyctidaceae, has a

crown A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, partic ...

node that falls within the temporal band for orders. For this reason the name Gyalectales was resurrected to represent the monophyletic clade. Gyalectales itself is placed in Ostropomycetidae, one of two major subclasses in the

. This proposed classification has been accepted in a later review of the temporal banding method for fungus systematics, as well a 2020 update on ascomycete classification.

Families and genera

This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Gyalectales, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification. Following the taxon name is the

taxonomic authority In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given ...

, year of publication, and (for genera) the number of species: *

Coenogoniaceae ''Coenogonium'' is a genus of crustose lichens in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species. Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are ...

::''

Coenogonium ''Coenogonium'' is a genus of crustose lichens in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species. Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are ...

'' – ca. 91 spp. *

Gyalectaceae The Gyalectaceae are a family of fungi in the order Gyalectales ''Gyalectales'' is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 5 families, 15 genera and about 550 species. Taxonomy The Gyalectales were introduc ...

::''

Gyalecta ''Gyalecta'' is a genus of fungi in the family Gyalectaceae that contains 50 species. ''Gyalecta'' was circumscribed by lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1808. Selected species *'' Gyalecta ancistrospora'' *''Gyalecta arbuti'' *''Gyalecta azorell ...

'' – 50 spp. ::''

Ramonia ''Ramonia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Gyalectaceae. It contains 24 species. The genus was circumscribed by Ernst Stizenberger in 1862. The genus name of ''Ramonia'' is in honour of Ramón Dionisio José de la Sagra (1798� ...

'' – 24 spp. ::''

Semigyalecta ''Semigyalecta'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Gyalectaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ''Semigyalecta paradoxa'', described as new to science in 1921 by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio E ...

'' – 1 sp. *

Phlyctidaceae The Phlyctidaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Gyalectales. Species in this family have primarily a tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cance ...

::''

Phlyctis ''Phlyctis'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the order Gyalectales, and the type genus of the family Phlyctidaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called blemished lichens. The genus was circumscribed by German lichenologist Julius von Fl ...

'' – 20 spp. ::''

Psathyrophlyctis ''Psathyrophlyctis'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in family Phlyctidaceae (order Gyalectales). The genus is monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monoty ...

'' – 1 sp. *

Sagiolechiaceae Sagiolechiaceae is a small family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Ostropales. It contains two genera, '' Rhexophiale'', and '' Sagiolechia'', the type genus. The family was circumscribed in 2010 by lichenologists Elisabeth Baloch, Robert ...

::'' Rhexophiale'' – 1 sp. ::''

Sagiolechia ''Sagiolechia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sagiolechiaceae. The genus was circumscribed by lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1854, who assigned '' Sagiolechia protuberans'' as the type species. The family Sag ...

'' – 3 spp. *

Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Gyalectales. The family was circumscribed by Friedrich von Schilling and Friedrich August Georg Bitter in 1927. In a recent (2018) molecular phylogenetic analysis, Trichotheliac ...

::'' Clathroporina'' – ca. 25 spp. ::'' Myeloconis'' – 4 spp. ::''

Porina ''Porina'' is a genus of lichens in the family Trichotheliaceae. A 2020 estimate places about 145 species in the widespread genus. Species *'' Porina abrupta'' *'' Porina adflata'' *''Porina africana'' *''Porina ahlesiana'' *''Porina al ...

'' – ca. 145 spp. ::'' Pseudosagedia'' – 80 spp. ::'' Segestria'' – 70 spp. ::'' Trichothelium'' – 40 spp.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5623940 Gyalectales Ascomycota orders Taxa described in 1986 Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth