Coa (argot)

Chilean Spanish ( es, español chileno) is any of several varieties of the Spanish language spoken in most of Chile. Chilean Spanish dialects have distinctive pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and slang usages that differ from those of Standard Spanish. Formal Spanish in Chile has recently incorporated an increasing number of colloquial elements.

The Royal Spanish Academy recognizes 2,214 words and idioms exclusively or mainly produced in Chilean Spanish, in addition to many still unrecognized slang expressions.

Alongside Honduran Spanish, Chilean Spanish has been identified by various linguists as one of the two most divergent varieties.

Variation and accents

In Chile, there are not many differences between the Spanish spoken in the northern, central and southern areas of the country, although there are notable differences in zones of the far south—such as Aysén, Magallanes (mainly along the border with Argentina), and Chiloé—and in Arica in the extreme north. There is, however, much variation in the Spanish spoken by different social classes; this is a prevalent reality in Chile given the presence of stark wealth inequality. In rural areas from Santiago to Valdivia, Chilean Spanish shows the historical influence of the Castúo dialects of Extremadura (Spain), but some authors point to the Spanish province of Andalusia and more specifically to the city of Seville as an even greater influence on the historical development of Chilean Spanish. In general, the intonation of Chilean Spanish is recognized in the Spanish-speaking world for being one of the fastest-spoken accents among Spanish dialects and with tones that rise and fall in its speech, especially in Santiago and its surroundings; such intonation may be less strong in certain areas of the north of the country and more pronounced in southern areas. It is also not uncommon that other Spanish speakers, native and otherwise, have more difficulty understanding Chilean Spanish speakers than other accents.

As result of past German immigration, there are a few German influences in the vocabulary, accent, and pronunciation of southern Chile. Speakers of Chilean Spanish who also speak German or Mapudungun tend to use more impersonal pronouns (see also: Alemañol). Dialects of southern Chile (Valdivia/Temuco to Chiloé) are considered to be have a melodic intonation (''cantadito'') relative to the speech in Santiago. A survey among inhabitants of Santiago also shows that people in the capital consider southern Chilean Spanish to be variously affected by Mapudungun, have poor pronunciation, be of rural character and, in the case of Chiloé, to be rich in archaisms. The same study does also show a perception that the speech of northern Chile is influenced by the Spanish spoken in Peru and Bolivia.

Chile is part of a region of South America known as the Southern Cone (Spanish: ''Cono Sur''; Portuguese: ''Cone Sul''). The region consists of Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay; sometimes it also includes Paraguay and some regions of Brazil ( Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo). The vocabulary across the region is similar for Spanish speakers, and in some cases it's also shared by the Portuguese speakers in the Southern Cone parts of Brazil.

The Chilean Spanish dialect of Easter Island, most especially the accent, is influenced by Rapa Nui language.

Phonology

There are a number of phonetic features common to most Chilean accents, but none of them is individually unique to Chilean Spanish. Rather, it is the particular combination of features that sets Chilean Spanish apart from other regional Spanish dialects. The features include the following:
*''Yeísmo'', the historical merger of the phoneme (spelled ) with (spelled ). For speakers with ''yeísmo'', the verbs ''cayó'' 's/he fell' and ''calló'' 's/he fell silent' are homophones, both pronounced . (In dialects that lack ''yeísmo'', maintaining the historical distinction, the two words are pronounced respectively and .) ''Yeísmo'' characterizes the speech of most Spanish-speakers both in Spain and in the Americas. In Chile, there is a declining number of speakers who maintain the distinction, mainly in some Andean areas south of Santiago.
*Like most other American dialects of Spanish, Chilean Spanish has seseo: is not distinguished from . In much of the Andean region, the merged phoneme is pronounced as apicoalveolar , a sound with a place of articulation intermediate between laminodental and palatal . That trait is associated with a large number of northern Spanish settlers in Andean Chile.
*Syllable-final is often aspirated to or lost entirely, another feature common to many varieties of Spanish in the Americas, as well as the Canary Islands and the southern half of Spain. Whether final aspirates or is elided depends on a number of social, regional, and phonological factors, but in general, aspiration is most frequent before a consonant. Complete elision is most commonly found word-finally but carries a sociolinguistic stigma. Thus, ''los chilenos'' '(the) Chileans' can be .
*The velar consonants , , and are fronted or palatalized before front vowels. Thus, ''queso'' 'cheese', ''guía'' 'guide', and ''jinete'' 'rider/horseman' are pronounced respectively , , and . Also, is pronounced or in other phonological environments and so ''caja'' 'box' and ''rojo'' 'red' are pronounced ~ and ~ respectively. In the rest of the article, the back allophone of is transcribed with the phonemic symbol .
*Between vowels and word-finally, commonly elides or lenites, as is common throughout the Spanish-speaking world); ''contado'' 'told' and ''ciudad'' 'city' are (contao) and (ciudá) respectively. Elision is less common in formal or upper-class speech.
*The voiceless postalveolar affricate is pronounced as a fricative by many lower-class speakers and so ''Chile'' and ''leche'' (milk) are pronounced and , respectively). That pronunciation is greatly stigmatized. Other variants are more fronted and include the alveolar affricate or an even more fronted dental affricate , mostly in the upper class. Thus, ''Chile'' and ''leche'' are pronounced or .
*Word-final // is pronounced as a velar nasal [] only in north Chilean dialects.
*Unstressed word-final vowels are often devoiced.
*The phoneme represented by the letters and may be pronounced in variation with and ; in most other Spanish dialects, only and may appear as allophones of that phoneme.
*Consonant cluster can be pronounced [] or , making ''cuatro'' 'four' and ''trabajo'' 'work' pronounced as [ and [ respectively. This is an influence of Mapudungun.

Syntax and grammar

* Doubling the object clitics ''me'', ''te'', ''se'', ''lo(s)'', ''la(s)'' and ''le(s)'' before and after the verb is common in lower-class speech. For example, 'I'm going to go' becomes ''me voy a irme'' (Standard Spanish: ''me voy a ir'' and ''voy a irme''). 'I'm going to give them to you' becomes ''te las voy a dártelas''.
* ''Queísmo'' (using ''que'' instead of ''de que'') is socially accepted and used in the media, and '' dequeísmo'' (using ''de que'' instead of ''que'') is somewhat stigmatized.
* In ordinary speech, conjugations of the imperative mood of a few of verbs tend to be replaced with the indicative third-person singular. For example, the second-person singular imperative of ''poner'' 'to put', which is ''pon'', becomes ''pone''; that of ''hacer'' 'to do', which is ''haz'', becomes ''hace''; and that of ''salir'' 'to exit', ''sal'', becomes ''sale'': ''hace lo que te pedí'' 'do what I asked'. However, that is not done in formal speech. Chileans also replace the etymological second-person singular imperative of the verb ''ir'' 'to go', ''ve'', with the second-person singular imperative of ''andar'' 'to walk', ''anda'', and ''ve'' is reserved for the verb ''ver'' 'to see': ''ve la hora'' 'look at the time'.
* Another feature to note is the lack of use of the possessive ''nuestro'' 'our', which is usually replaced by ''de nosotros'' 'of us': ''ándate a la casa de nosotros'', literally 'go to the house of us', instead of ''ándate a nuestra casa'' 'go to our house'.
* It is very common in Chile, as in many other Latin American countries, to use the diminutive suffixes ''-ito'' and ''-ita''. They can mean 'little', as in ''perrito'' 'little dog' or ''casita'' 'little house', but can also express affection, as with ''mamita'' 'mummy, mommy'. They can also diminish the urgency, directness, or importance of something to make something annoying seem more pleasant. So, if someone says ''espérese un momentito'' literally 'wait a little moment', it does not mean that the moment will be short, but that the speaker wants to make waiting more palatable and hint that the moment may turn out to be quite long.

Pronouns and verbs

Chileans use the '' voseo'' and '' tuteo'' forms for the intimate second-person singular. ''Voseo'' is common in Chile, with both pronominal and verbal ''voseo'' being widely used in the spoken language.

In Chile there are at least four grades of formality:

*Pronominal and verbal voseo, the use of the pronoun ''vos'' (with the corresponding ''voseo'' verbs):
''vos sabí(s)'', ''vos vení(s)'', ''vos hablái(s)'', etc.
This occurs only in very informal situations.

*Verbal ''voseo'', the use of the pronoun ''tú'':
''tú sabí(s)'', ''tú vení(s)'', ''tú hablái(s)'', etc.
This is the predominant form used in the spoken language. It is not used in formal situations or with people one does not know well.
*Standard ''tuteo'':
''tú sabes'', ''tú vienes'', ''tú hablas'', etc.
This is the only acceptable way to write the intimate second-person singular. Its use in spoken language is reserved for slightly more formal situations such as (some) child-to-parent, teacher-to-student, or peer-to-peer relations among people who do not know each other well.
*The use of the pronoun ''usted'':
''usted sabe'', ''usted viene'', ''usted habla'', etc.
This is used for all business and other formal interactions, such as student-to-teacher but not always teacher-to-student as well as "upwards" if one person is considered to be well respected, older or of an obviously higher social standing. Stricter parents will demand this kind of speech from their children as well.

The Chilean voseo conjugation has only three irregular verbs in the present indicative: ''ser'' 'to be', ''ir'' 'to go', and ''haber'' 'to have' (auxiliary).

Conjugation

A comparison of the conjugation of the Chilean ''voseo'', the ''voseo'' used in Latin American countries other than Chile, and ''tuteo'' follows:

* Rioplatense Spanish prefers the tuteo verb forms.

A 2014 article argues that Chilean, and Rioplatense, Spanish's verb forms with are derived from the same underlying representations as its verb forms with , with a few rules applied. First there is an accentuation rule which assigns stress to the syllable following the verb's base, which is either its root or the infinitive in the case of the future and conditional conjugations. Thus, the underlying representation becomes 'you dance'. This first rule alone derives all of Rioplatense Spanish's voseo forms. Chilean Spanish then has the processes of semi-vocalization and vowel raising. In semi-vocalization, becomes the semivowel after or . Thus, becomes and in general becomes . With vowel raising, stressed becomes . Thus, the underlying form , after stress placement and vowel raising, becomes 'you drink'.

Chilean voseo has two different future tense conjugations: one in , as in , and one in , as in 'you will dance'. These come from two different underlying representations, one ending in , and the other ending in . The representation corresponds to a historical future tense form ending in , as in . Such a historical conjugation existed in Spain in the 15th and 16th centuries, alongside the endings, and was recorded in Chile in the 17th century. All this said, the simple future tense is not actually used that often in Chile. Instead, the periphrastic future construction (ie ) is more common.

Ser

In Chile, there are various ways to say 'you are' to one person.

*''Vo(s) soi''
*''Vo(s) erí(s)''
*''Tú soi''
*''Tú erí(s)''
*''Tú eres''
*''Usted es''

Only the last two are considered Standard Spanish. Usage depends on politeness, social relationships, formality, and education. The ending ''(s)'' in those forms is aspirated or omitted.

The form is also occasionally found. It apparently derives from the underlying form , with the final becoming a semivowel , as happens in other voseo conjugations. The more common forms and are likewise derived from the underlying representations and .

Haber

The auxiliary verb , most often used to form existential statements and compound tenses, has two different present indicative forms with in Chile: and .

Ir

, 'to go', can be conjugated as with in the present tense in Chile.

Vocabulary

Chilean Spanish has a great deal of distinctive slang and vocabulary. Some examples of distinctive Chilean slang include ''al tiro'' (right away), ''gallo/a'' (guy/gal), ''fome'' (boring), ''pololear'' (to go out as girlfriend/boyfriend), ''pololo/polola'' (boyfriend/girlfriend), ''pelambre'' (gossip), ''pito'' (marijuana cigarette i.e. joint) ''poto'' (buttocks), ''quiltro'' (mutt) and ''chomba'' (knitted sweater) ''wea'' (thing; can be used for an object or situation). Another popular Chilean Spanish slang expression is ''poh'', also spelled ''po''', which is a term of emphasis of an idea, this is a monophthongized and aspirated form of ''pues.'' In addition, several words in Chilean Spanish are borrowed from neighboring Amerindian languages.

Argentine and Rioplatense influence

In Chilean Spanish there is lexical influence from Argentine dialects, which suggests a covert prestige. Lexical influences cut across the different social strata of Chile. Argentine summer tourism in Chile and Chilean tourism in Argentina provide a channel for influence on the speech of the middle and upper classes. The majority of the population receive Argentine influence by watching Argentine programs on broadcast television, especially football on cable television and music such as cumbia villera on the radio as well. Chilean newspaper ''La Cuarta'' regularly employs slang words and expressions that originated in the lunfardo slang of the Buenos Aires region. Usually Chileans do not recognize the Argentine borrowings as such, claiming they are Chilean terms and expressions due to the long time since they were incorporated. The relation between Argentine dialects and Chilean Spanish is one of asymmetric permeability, with Chilean Spanish adopting sayings from Argentine variants but usually not the reverse. Lunfardo is an argot of the Spanish language that originated in the late 19th century among the lower classes of Buenos Aires and Montevideo that influenced "Coa", an argot common among criminals in Chile, and later colloquial Chilean Spanish.

; Argentine slang loanwords

Mapudungun loanwords

The Mapudungun language has left a relatively small number of words in Chilean Spanish, given its large geographic expanse. Many Mapudungun loans are names for plants, animals, and places. For example:

Quechua loanwords

The Quechua language is probably the Amerindian language that has given Chilean Spanish the largest number of loanwords. For example, the names of many American vegetables in Chilean Spanish are derived from Quechua names, rather than from Nahuatl or Taíno as in Standard Spanish. Some of the words of Quechua origin include:

French, German and English loanwords

There are some expressions of non-Hispanic European origin such as British, German or French. They came with the arrival of the European immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries. There is also a certain influence from the mass media.

Sample

Here is sample of a normal text in carefully spoken Latin American Spanish and the same text with a very relaxed pronunciation in informal lower-class Chilean Spanish: Pages 82-83.

See also

* Languages of Chile
* Bello orthography
* Mapudungun
*Quechua languages

References

Bibliography

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External links

*
''Diccionario de Modismos Chilenos''
- Comprehensive "Dictionary of Chilean Terms".


- basic list of Chilean slang/unique colloquialisms.
Jergas de habla hispana
Spanish dictionary specializing in slang and colloquial expressions, featuring all Spanish-speaking countries, including Chile.

{{Languages of Chile

Spanish dialects of South America
Languages of Chile