Clemens Kapuuo
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Clemens Kapuuo (16 March 1923 – 27 March 1978) was a
Namibia Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. Its borders include the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south; in the no ...
n politician, academic and businessman. He was the first president of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), now called
Popular Democratic Movement The Popular Democratic Movement (PDM), formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), is an amalgamation of political parties in Namibia, registered as one singular party for representation purposes. In coalition with the United Democratic Front ...
(PDM), and chief of the
Herero people The Herero () are a Bantu people, Bantu ethnic group inhabiting parts of Southern Africa. 178,987 Namibians identified as Ovaherero in the 2023 census. They speak Otjiherero, a Bantu language. Though the Herero primarily reside in Namibia, there ...
of Namibia. Kapuuo was one of the leading opponents of South African apartheid rule of his country until his assassination following the Turnhalle Constitutional Conference. Kapuuo was related to Samuel Maherero and was also the blood nephew of the first Namibian nationalist leader, Hosea Kutako.


Early life

Clemens Kapuuo was born on 16 March 1923 at Teufelsbach, a farm near Okahandja. He attended St. Barnabas Anglican Church School in Windhoek's
Old Location The Old Location (or as it was known then the Main Location) was an area Apartheid, segregated for Black residents of Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. It was situated in the area between today's suburbs of Hochland Park and Pioneers Park. Histo ...
. He qualified as a teacher at Viljoensdrif and at the Stoffberg Training College, both in the
Orange Free State The Orange Free State ( ; ) was an independent Boer-ruled sovereign republic under British suzerainty in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeated and surrendered to the British Em ...
. From 1944 to 1945 he taught at primary schools in Waterberg and Karibib, and in 1946 transferred to St. Barnabas where he taught English. In 1946, he became one of the founding members of the African Improvement Society (AIS), which acted as a secretariat for the Herero Chiefs' Council. The AIS played a significant cultural and educational role and later rivaled the government-backed Bantu Welfare Club in Windhoek. He was President of the South West Africa Coloured Teachers' Association (SWACTA) from 1950 to 1953. During this period, he also became a member of the Herero Chiefs' Council and played a key role in drafting petitions to the
United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...
, advocating for Namibia's independence.


Political career

In 1959, Clemens Kapuuo was a founding member of the South West African National Union (SWANU), Namibia's first nationalist political party, formed as an umbrella body for anti-colonial resistance groups including the
Ovamboland People's Organization The Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO) was a nationalist organization that existed between 1959 and 1960 in South West Africa (present day Namibia). The aim of the organization was to end the South African colonial administration, and the plac ...
(OPO), SWAPA, the DEC and the Herero Chiefs' Council among others. On 27 September 1959, SWANU was officially launched at a public meeting in Windhoek with the backing of the Herero Chiefs' Council under Hosea Kutako, and OPO under Sam Nujoma and
Jacob Kuhangua Jacob Kuhangua (1933–?) was a Namibian nationalist and anti-colonial activist who played a key role in the pre-independence movement. He was a founding member of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) in 1960 and served as its fi ...
. Jariretundu Kozonguizi was elected president, and the executive office included representatives from OPO, SWAPA, the Herero Chiefs' Council, and DEC representing the Damara community under Fritz Gariseb. That same year, Kapuuo led the opposition to the forced relocation of black Namibians from the Old Location to Katutura and witnessed the Old Location Uprising. Kapuuo resigned as a teacher in 1960 when he was appointed deputy chief to Hosea Kutako. The Herero Chiefs' Council also appointed him as the automatic successor to Hosea Kutako, who was then old, as they feared that the South African authorities would try to take advantage of the death of Kutako to impose their own nominee as chief. That same year, he helped Sam Nujoma go into exile, facilitating his escape from South African authorities. In 1964, the Herero Chiefs' Council withdrew from SWANU and helped form the
National Unity Democratic Organisation The National Unity Democratic Organisation (NUDO) is a political party in Namibia. It has been represented in the National Assembly of Namibia and in the National Council of Namibia since it split from the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (now PDM ...
(NUDO), so that the council as such would not have to be directly involved in politics. The founding leader was Mburumba Kerina, but after disagreements with the Chiefs' Council, Kerina was replaced by Kapuuo. Following the decision of the
International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice (ICJ; , CIJ), or colloquially the World Court, is the only international court that Adjudication, adjudicates general disputes between nations, and gives advisory opinions on International law, internation ...
at the Hague in 1971 that South African rule in Namibia was illegal, Kapuuo, as the leader of NUDO was instrumental in forming the
National Convention The National Convention () was the constituent assembly of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for its first three years during the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the ...
. The National Convention included
SWAPO The South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO ; , SWAVO; , SWAVO), officially known as the SWAPO Party of Namibia, is a political party and former independence movement in Namibia (formerly South West Africa). Founded in 1960, it has been ...
under David Meroro, SWANU under Gerson Veii and several other political groups, and demanded an immediate take-over of Namibia by the
United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...
in preparation for independence. In 1973, however, the United Nations declared SWAPO the sole authentic representative of the people of Namibia, and this soured relations between NUDO and SWAPO. Kapuuo objected on the grounds that the Ovambo, who made up the majority of members of SWAPO, had not been dispossessed of their land under German and South African rule as the Hereros had, and were therefore relatively privileged newcomers to the country's independence movement. Kapuuo officially succeeded Hosea Kutako as Chief of the Herero people on 20 July 1970. However, his leadership was contested by Jephta Maharero, who led the Association for the Preservation of the Tjamuaha-Maharero Royal House. After the National Convention collapsed in 1974, Kapuuo participated in the South African-led Turnhalle Constitutional Conference held in Windhoek from 1975 to 1977, which aimed to establish a multi-racial government for Namibia. On 5 November 1977, the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) was formed as a counterbalance and main opposition to the SWAPO. Kapuuo was voted as DTA's first President and Dirk Mudge its Chairman. The DTA comprised several ethnically based parties, including the Republican Party, and Kapuuo's NUDO among others.


Death

Kapuuo was assassinated by two gunmen in the black township of Katutura on 27 March 1978, with both SWAPO and the South African authorities blaming each other. His killing led to violent clashes between Herero and Ovambo communities in Katutura and Okakarara. SWAPO activist Axel Johannes was detained, tortured, and falsely accused, despite evidence that he was not in Windhoek at the time. Kapuuo's assassination derailed the United Nations peace process and provided justification for South Africa's military crackdown on SWAPO. The incident also contributed to the downfall of South African Prime Minister
John Vorster Balthazar Johannes "B. J." Vorster (; 13 December 1915 – 10 September 1983), better known as John Vorster, was a South African politician who served as the prime minister of South Africa from 1966 to 1978 and the fourth state president of So ...
and the rise of P.W. Botha's militarized government. At his death he was described by the media as a "popular moderate and leader of the multiracial Democratic Turnhalle Alliance". Kapuuo is buried alongside Hosea Kutako in the traditionally Herero town of Okahandja. Over 10,000 members of the Herero tribe attended his burial, despite fears that the cemetery was mined. In 1999, Herero
Paramount Chief A paramount chief is the English-language designation for a king or queen or the highest-level political leader in a regional or local polity or country administered politically with a Chiefdom, chief-based system. This term is used occasionally ...
Kuaima Riruako urged the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa to investigate Kapuuo's death as they had done with killed SWAPO activist Anton Lubowski.


References


Bibliography

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapuuo, Clemens 1923 births 1978 deaths Assassinated Namibian politicians Popular Democratic Movement politicians SWANU politicians National Unity Democratic Organisation politicians People murdered in Namibia Deaths by firearm in Namibia Herero people Namibian schoolteachers People from Okahandja 20th-century Namibian politicians African politicians assassinated in the 1970s Politicians assassinated in 1978 Namibian chiefs Herero Chiefs' Council affiliate