The Cladoniaceae are a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

of lichenized

fungi A fungus (plural, : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of Eukaryote, eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and Mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified ...

in the order

Lecanorales The Lecanorales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The order contains 26 families, 269 genera, and 5695 species. Families * Aphanopsidaceae * Biatorellaceae * Briga ...

. It is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, with about 560

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

distributed amongst 17

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...

. The

reindeer moss ''Cladonia rangiferina'', also known as reindeer cup lichen, reindeer lichen (cf. Sw. ''renlav'') or grey reindeer lichen, is a light-colored fruticose, cup lichen species in the family Cladoniaceae. It grows in both hot and cold climates in ...

and cup lichens (''

Cladonia ''Cladonia'' is a genus of moss-like lichens in the family Cladoniaceae. They are the primary food source for reindeer/caribou. ''Cladonia'' species are of economic importance to reindeer-herders, such as the Sami in Scandinavia or the Nenets ...

'') belong to this family. The latter genus, which comprises about 500 species, forms a major part of the diet of large mammals in

taiga Taiga (; rus, тайга́, p=tɐjˈɡa; relates to Mongolic and Turkic languages), generally referred to in North America as a boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces ...

and

tundra In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sámi word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless mo ...

ecosystems. Many Cladoniaceae lichens grow on soil, but other can use decaying wood, tree trunks, and, in a few instances,

rocks In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's ...

as their

substrate Substrate may refer to: Physical layers *Substrate (biology), the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached ** Substrate (locomotion), the surface over which an organism lo ...

. They grow in places with high humidity, and cannot tolerate

arid A region is arid when it severely lacks available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Regions with arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic. Most ...

ity. Many Cladoniaceae species are characterized by a

thallus Thallus (plural: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or " twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. Many of these organisms ...

that has two distinct forms: a scaly or crust-like primary thallus that, depending on the species, can be permanent or temporary, and a secondary

fruticose A fruticose lichen is a form of lichen fungi that is characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure. It is formed from a symbiotic relationship of a photobiont such as green algae or less commonly cyanobacteria and one, two or m ...

thallus called a

podetium A podetium (plural: podetia) is the upright secondary thallus in '' Cladonia'' lichens. It is a hollow stalk extending from the primary thallus. Podetia can be pointed stalks, club like, cupped, or branch A branch, sometimes called a ram ...

or pseudopodetium. Cladoniaceae members form symbiotic associations with

green alga The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ( Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alg ...

e from the class

Trebouxiophyceae The Trebouxiophyceae are a class of green algae, in the division Chlorophyta. Their circumscription within the green algae is not well established due to the need for more genetic studies at higher levels within the group. Genera without inter ...

, usually the genus '' Asterochloris''. Five Cladoniaceae species are included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species.

Taxonomy

Cladoniaceae was formally introduced to science in 1827 by German naturalist Jonathan Carl Zenker in a publication of

Karl Goebel Karl Immanuel Eberhard Ritter von Goebel FRS FRSE (8 March 1855, Billigheim, Baden – 9 October 1932, Munich) was a German botanist. His main fields of study were comparative functional anatomy, morphology, and the developmental physiology o ...

. Zenker's initial concept of the family included genera that are now recognized as separate families, including Baeomycetaceae,

Icmadophilaceae The Icmadophilaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Pertusariales The Pertusariales are an order of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains the following families: Agyriaceae, Coccotremataceae, Icmadophilaceae, Megas ...

, and

Stereocaulaceae The Stereocaulaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Lecanorales. It contains five genera. Species of this family are widely distributed in temperate boreal and austral regions. Genera *'' Hertelidea'' – 6 spp. *''Lepraria ...

William Nylander William Andrew Michael Junior Nylander Altelius (born 1 May 1996) is a Canadian-born Swedish professional ice hockey right winger for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). Nylander was selected by the Maple Leafs in the ...

included 53 ''Cladonia'' species worldwide in his 1860 work ''Synopsis lichenum''. When

Edvard August Vainio Edvard August Vainio (born Edvard Lang; 5 August 185314 May 1929) was a Finnish lichenologist. His early works on the lichens of Lapland, his three-volume monograph on the lichen genus ''Cladonia'', and, in particular, his study of the classif ...

published his three-volume monograph on the Cladoniaceae (''Monographia Cladoniarum universalis'', 1887, 1894, and 1897), he included 134 species and subspecies. In his circumscription of the family, the genera ''

Pycnothelia ''Pycnothelia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. ''Pycnothelia'' was promoted to generic status by French naturalist Léon Jean Marie Dufour in 1821; it was originally circumscribed by Erik Acharius in 1799 as a s ...

'', ''

Cladia ''Cladia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. ''Cladia'' species have a crustose primary thallus and a fruticose, secondary thallus, often referred to as pseudopodetium. The type species of the genus, '' Cladia aggregat ...

'', and ''Cladina'' were included in the genus ''Cladonia''. Cladoniaceae is now one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, with about 560 species distributed amongst 18 genera. The

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nomina ...

, after which the family was named, is ''

'', circumscribed by Irish physician and botanist Patrick Browne in 1756. He included 8 species in his new genus. Of their occurrence, he wrote: "All these species are found in great abundance in the mountains of

Liguanea Liguanea ( ) is an area of the island of Jamaica. Its name came from the language of the Yamaye people who currently inhabit some of the island's rural areas in Cornwall County. and named it after the iguana lizard that is endemic to the island, ...

: they grow mostly on the ground, among other sorts of moss, but a few ... species chiefly are found upon the decaying trunks of trees."

Synonymy

Several

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

studies have shown that Cladoniaceae is a member of the order

, and is closely related to the family

. The family Cetradoniaceae, which was created in 2002 to contain the endangered species ''

Cetradonia linearis ''Cetradonia'' is a lichen genus in the family Cladoniaceae. A monotypic genus, ''Cetradonia'' contains the single species ''Cetradonia linearis'' (formerly known as ''Cladonia linearis'' and as ''Gymnoderma lineare''). The genus was circumscr ...

'', was folded into the Cladoniaceae in 2006. In 2018, Kraichak and colleagues used a technique called temporal banding to reorganize the

Lecanoromycetes Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci (spore-bearing cells) of the Lecanoromycetes most often release spores by rostrate dehiscence. Genera of unc ...

, proposing a revised system of classification based on correlating taxonomic rank with geological (evolutionary) age. They synonymized the families Squamarinaceae and

with the Cladoniaceae, resulting in a large increase in the number of genera and species. The Squamarinaceae had already been included in the Cladoniaceae by previous authors. Although this reorganization has been used in some later publications, the folding of the Stereocaulaceae into the Cladoniaceae was not accepted in a recent analysis. As Robert Lücking explained, "merging of the two families under the name Cladoniaceae is not possible without a conservation proposal because Cladoniaceae (Zenker, 1827) is antedated by Stereocaulaceae (Chevallier, 1826) by one year."

Description

The

of Cladoniaceae lichens are

foliose Foliose lichen is one of the morphological classes of lichens, which are complex organisms that arise from the symbiotic relationship between fungi and a photosynthetic partner, typically algae. This partnership allows lichen to live in divers ...

, and are often dimorphic–consisting of two distinct forms. The primary thallus is ephemeral to persistent,

crustose Crustose is a habit of some types of algae and lichens in which the organism grows tightly appressed to a substrate, forming a biological layer. ''Crustose'' adheres very closely to the substrates at all points. ''Crustose'' is found on rocks a ...

, foliose or

squamulose A squamulose lichen is a lichen that is composed of small, often overlapping "scales" called squamules. If they are raised from the substrate and appear leafy, the lichen may appear to be a foliose lichen, but the underside does not have a "skin ...

, while the secondary thallus is typically vertical and holds the

ascomata An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are mo ...

. The secondary thallus ranges in height from a few millimetres to more than . Some species, however, form neither a primary thallus nor any fruticose structures. The ascomata are in the form of an

apothecium An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are mo ...

, and are biatorine, meaning they are of the

lecideine A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship. Their colour is typically dark brown (sometimes pale brown), red,

ochraceous Ochre ( ; , ), or ocher in American English, is a natural clay earth pigment, a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand. It ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colours produced ...

, or black. The hamathecium (referring to all

hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one o ...

e between the asci in the

hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others som ...

) consists of branched

paraphyses Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes. The singular form of the word is paraphysis. In certain fungi, they are part of the fe ...

, and is

amyloid Amyloids are aggregates of proteins characterised by a fibrillar morphology of 7–13 nm in diameter, a beta sheet (β-sheet) secondary structure (known as cross-β) and ability to be stained by particular dyes, such as Congo red. In the hu ...

. The

asci ASCI or Asci may refer to: * Advertising Standards Council of India * Asci, the plural of ascus, in fungal anatomy * Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative * American Society for Clinical Investigation * Argus Sour Crude Index * Association of ...

are somewhat fissitunicate, meaning they have two layers that separate during ascus dehiscence. The ascus structure consists of an apical dome and a tube (both of which are amyloid), which is cylindrical to clavate.

Ascospore An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera o ...

s number eight per ascus, and they are usually non-

septate In biology, a septum (Latin for ''something that encloses''; plural septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. A cavity or structure divided in this way may be referred to as septate. Examples Human anatomy * Interatr ...

ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a surface that may be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface; that is, a surface that may be defined as the ...

to more or less spherical in shape,

hyaline A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from el, ὑάλινος, translit=hyálinos, lit=transparent, and el, ὕαλος, translit=hýalos, lit=crystal, glass, label=none. Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is ...

, and non-amyloid. Except for a few genera that produce septate ascospores (''Calathaspis'', ''Pycnothelia'' and ''Pilophorus''), the hymenium does not generally have characters that are useful in taxonomy. The conidiomata are

pycnidia A pycnidium (plural pycnidia) is an asexual fruiting body produced by mitosporic fungi, for instance in the order Sphaeropsidales ( Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes) or order Pleosporales (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes). It is often spherical or in ...

; the

conidia A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to th ...

are non-septate, usually filiform (thread-like), and hyaline.

Photobionts

The symbiotic algal partner (

photobiont A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.green algae The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ( Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alg ...

, usually in the genus '' Asterochloris'', but occasionally in the genus ''

Chlorella ''Chlorella'' is a genus of about thirteen species of single- celled green algae belonging to the division Chlorophyta. The cells are spherical in shape, about 2 to 10 μm in diameter, and are without flagella. Their chloroplasts contain t ...

''; both of these genera are in the class

. Eleven species of ''Asterochloris'' have found to be associated with genus ''Cladonia''; the algal genus – one of the most common lichen symbionts – occurs in the thalli of more than 20 lichen genera. The most common photobionts in this genus that associate with ''Cladonia'' are '' A. glomerata'', '' A. italiana'', and '' A. mediterranea'', with some lineages showing dominance in one or several climatic regions. The algal genus ''

Trebouxia ''Trebouxia'' is a unicellular green alga.Silverside, A. J. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.bioref.lastdragon.org/Chlorophyta/''Trebouxia''.html It is a photosynthetic organism that can exist in almost all habitats found in polar, tropical, an ...

'', a very common lichen photobiont, has not been recorded associating with the Cladoniacae. Some '' Pilophorus'' species associate with cyanobacterial symbionts (in addition to their association with green algae) in structures called cephalodia. The cyanobacterial genera ''

Nostoc ''Nostoc'', also known as star jelly, troll’s butter, spit of moon, fallen star, witch's butter (not to be confused with the fungi commonly known as witches' butter), and witch’s jelly, is the most common genus of cyanobacteria found in vari ...

'' and '' Stigonema'' are involved in these tripartite associations.

Development

The development of several Cladoniaceae genera have been studied in detail, although the interpretation of results has sometimes been controversial. Cladoniaceae species begin development with the formation of a prothallus – a fungal layer upon which an

algae Algae ( , ; : alga ) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms. The name is an informal term for a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from ...

-containing

will develop. It comprises the

e from the

germination Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of fungi, ...

of an

ascospore An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera o ...

. After the protothallus contacts the alga, lichenization begins with the development of small squamules (scale-like thallus segments) that make up the primary thallus. Most Cladoniaceae have a mixed thallus, consisting of two parts: a base, parallel to the

, called the primary thallus and the other erect, the secondary thallus. The primary thallus is squamulose (scaly) or crustose (crustose-like). The secondary thallus consists of vertical structures that are shrubby and hollow, although they can be solid in rare cases. If these structures are made of generative tissue, they are called '' podetia''; when they are made of vegetative tissue, they are called ''pseudopodetia''. The morphology of these structures determines to a large part the taxonomy of the Cladoniaceae, which can range from simple to very complex branching patterns. ''

Cladonia minisaxicola ''Cladonia minisaxicola'' is a rare species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Found in Bahia, Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Marcela Eugenia da Si ...

'', found in the mountains of

Bahia Bahia ( , , ; meaning "bay") is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region of the country. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population (after São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro) and the 5th-largest ...

(Brazil) is the only species in that large genus that is completely crustose and does not develop podetia. The tips of the podetia have a wide range of morphology in the Cladoniaceae. They can be straight, tapering from a wide base to a point (called subulate), or flaring on cup-shaped scyphi. The scyphi are sometimes closed, or have a central perforation, forming structures called funnels. The podetia are slow-growing, with an annual growth rate generally ranging from 1 to 15 mm.

Habitat and distribution

Cladoniaceae species have been recorded growing in many habitats and on a diversity of substrates, including soil, tree trunks, and rotten wood. In a few cases, Cladoniaceae can grow on rocks, such as ''

Cladonia salmonea ''Cladonia'' is a genus of moss-like lichens in the family Cladoniaceae. They are the primary food source for reindeer/caribou. ''Cladonia'' species are of economic importance to reindeer-herders, such as the Sami in Scandinavia or the Nenets ...

'' which grows on the rock faces of vertical cliffs, or '' Cladonia pyxidata'', which can grow on thin soil on rocks. They are absent from very dry regions. The range of their habitats includes

boreal forest Taiga (; rus, тайга́, p=tɐjˈɡa; relates to Mongolic and Turkic languages), generally referred to in North America as a boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces ...

bog A bog or bogland is a wetland that accumulates peat as a deposit of dead plant materials often mosses, typically sphagnum moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, mosses, quagmire, and muskeg; a ...

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

forests, the

of the Arctic and Antarctic, man-made habitats (e.g. roadsides), tropical highlands, and the sandy tropical lowlands of the Amazon rainforest. Twenty-six Cladoniaceae species (25 ''Cladonia'' and 1 ''Cladia'') are known to occur in the Galapagos Islands. There, some species form mats on lava flows that have developed little soil. A 2013 monograph of Northern European Cladoniaceae treated 100 species (95 ''Cladonia'', 4 ''Pilophorus'', and the monotypic genus ''Pycnothelia''). In the 2021 key to lichen species in Italy, 86 Cladoniaceae are included.

Conservation

Five Cladoniaceae species have been assessed for the global

IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biol ...

: ''

'' (

vulnerable Vulnerable may refer to: General * Vulnerability * Vulnerability (computing) * Vulnerable adult * Vulnerable species Music Albums * ''Vulnerable'' (Marvin Gaye album), 1997 * ''Vulnerable'' (Tricky album), 2003 * ''Vulnerable'' (The Used album) ...

, 2015), '' Cladonia appalachiensis'' (

endangered An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and inv ...

, 2020), '' Cladonia perforata'' (endangered, 2003), '' Pilophorus fibula'' (endangered, 2020), and '' Gymnoderme insulare'' (endangered, 2014). On the

red list The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biolog ...

of China's macrofungi, '' Cladonia delavayi'' (vulnerable), '' Cladonia pseudoevansii'' ( critically endangered), '' Gymnoderma coccocarpum'' (endangered), and '' Gymnoderma insulare'' (endangered) are the representatives of the Cladoniaceae.

Genera

After more than a century of discovery and research, including recent advances in understanding revealed by

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

studies, the Cladoniaceae encompass 17 genera and more than 550 species. This is a list of the genera contained within the Cladoniaceae, based on the

Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxonomic I ...

; this includes taxa formerly classified in the Squamarinaceae, but does not include the

. Following the genus name is the

taxonomic authority In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given ...

, year of publication, and the number of species: *'' Calathaspis'' – 1 sp. *'' Carassea'' – 1 sp. *'' Cetradonia'' – 1 sp. *''

'' – ca. 27 spp. *''

'' – ca. 500 spp. *''

Heteromyces ''Heteromyces'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ''Heteromyces rubescens''. Both the genus and species were described by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argovi ...

'' – 1 sp. *'' Metus'' – 3 spp. *'' Muhria'' – 1 sp. *'' Notocladonia'' – 2 spp. *'' Paralecia'' – 1 sp. *'' Pilophorus'' – 17 spp. *''

Pulchrocladia ''Pulchrocladia'' is a genus of fruticose lichens in the family Cladoniaceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscribed in 2018 by lichenologists Soili Stenroos, Raquel Pino-Bodas, Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, and Teuvo Ahti. The genus name ( ...

'' – 3 spp. *''

'' – 2 spp. *'' Rexiella'' – 1 sp. *'' Sphaerophoropsis'' – 2 spp. *'' Squamella'' – 1 sp. *'' Thysanothecium'' – 3 spp. ''

Myelorrhiza ''Myelorrhiza'' is a genus of two Australian species of lichenized fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It was circumscribed in 1986 by Australian lichenologists Doug Verdon and John A. Elix. ''Myelorrhiza'' was originally classified in the fami ...

'' was transferred from the Cladoniaceae to the

Ramalinaceae The Ramalinaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. The family name is synonymous with the name ''Bacidiaceae''. Species of this family have a widespread distribution. Genera *'' Aciculopsora'' *''Adelolecia'' *'' Arth ...

by Kistenich and colleagues in 2018. '' Neophyllis'', originally classified in the Cladoniaceae, was transferred to

Sphaerophoraceae The Sphaerophoraceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. Species of this family have a widespread distribution, especially in southern temperate regions. Sphaerophoraceae was circumscribed by mycologist Elias Magnus Frie ...

in 1999.

References

Cited literature

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q1363839 Lichen families Lecanoromycetes families Taxa described in 1827 Taxa named by Jonathan Carl Zenker